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題名 非賓格不及物動詞在U型語言發展中受到非賓格及物動詞，被動語態，和主詞生命度的影響
Interaction of Alternating Unaccusatives, Passives, and Animacy Effect in the U-shaped Development of Non-alternating Unaccusatives
作者 石惠中
Shih, Hui Jung
貢獻者 張郇慧
Chang, Hsun Huei
石惠中
Shih, Hui Jung
關鍵詞 非賓格動詞
U型
主詞生命度
Unaccusatives
U-shaped
Animacy Effect
日期 2013
上傳時間 12-Aug-2014 13:59:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文是以Kellerman (1978) 的U型學習理論為基礎做擴大研究。本篇論文旨在探討英文程度不同的中文為母語之人士，在學習非賓格不及物動詞時是否也會出現U型曲線，除此之外，非賓格不及物動詞與非賓格及物動詞，被動態，主詞生命度之間的互動也將做討論。
在這個研究中，我們採用語法判斷(Grammaticality judgment)來測試受測者對於非賓格不及物動詞的理解和中英轉譯(Chinese to English translation)來測試受測者對於主詞生命度和主被動態之間的影響。此研究共有123位受測者，他們根據學習英文的長短被分為四個組別，分別是低、低中、中、與中高程度。
此研究可歸納為以下結論。(1) 不同英文程度的中文為母語之人士，在學習英文非賓格不及物動詞時也會出現U型曲線。此即意味著U型曲線不僅僅出現在母語為荷蘭語學習非賓格及物動詞Break的學習上，更可擴大到母語為中文學習非賓格不及物動詞上。(2) 中文為母語之人士無法正確使用非賓格及物動詞，並且會把非賓格及物動詞當作非賓格不及物動詞。(3) 在學習非賓格不及物動詞中，主詞生命度確實會影響學習者使用主被動態之不同。當主詞有生命時，句子傾向使用主動態，當主詞是無生命時，句子傾向使用被動態。
The study is based on Kellerman’s (1978) U-shaped leaning on break to do further study. The study aims to examine if the learning of non-alternating unaccsatives for L2 Chinese learners of English with different proficiency presents a U-shaped curve. In addition, the interactions among alternating unaccusatives, non-alternating unaccusatives, passives and animacy effect are discussed as well.
In the study, we use grammaticality judgment task to test participants’ understanding of non-alternating unaccusatives, and adopt Chinese to English translation task to test animacy effect in non-alternating unaccusatives. 123 participants involve the experiment of the study. Among these participants, they are classified as four groups, low, low-intermediate, intermediate, and high-intermediate, according to how long they studied English.
The results of the study are summarized as follows. (1) There is a U-shaped curve in learning of non-alternating unaccusatives for L2 Chinese speakers learning English. It suggested that U-shaped learning is not only in alternating unaccusatives break in L1 Dutch but also in non-alternating unaccusatives in L1 Chinese. (2) For L2 learners, they are unable to use alternating unaccusatives correctly and tend to view alternating unaccusatives as non-alternating ones. (3) Animacy effect does influence the choices of voice forms. The study showed that participants tend to use active voice while the subject is animate and prefer to use passive voice while the subject is inanimate.
參考文獻 Balcom, P. (1997). Why is this happened? Passive morphology and unaccusativity. Second Language Research, 13(1), 1-9.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1987). Markedness and salience in second-language acquisition. Language Learning, 37(3), 385-407.
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J., & Tanaka, M. (2008). Contributions of animacy to grammatical function assignment and word order during production. Lingua, 118(2), 172-189.
Burzio, L. (1986). Italian syntax: A government-binding approach: Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Co.
Croft, W. (1995). Modern syntactic typology. Approaches to language typology, 85-144.
Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic proto-rules and argument selection. Language, 67(3), 547-619.
Ferreira, F. (1994). Choice of passive voice is affected by verb type and animacy. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(6), 715-736. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1034
Givón, T. (1995). Functionalism and grammar. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
Green, C. (1996). The origins and effects of topic-prominence in Chinese-English interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 34(2), 119-135.
Huang, C.-T. J. (1982). Logic relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Jackendoff, R. (1978). Grammar as evidence for conceptual structure: na.
Ju, M. K. (2000). Overpassivization errors by second language learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(01), 85-111. doi: doi:null
Kellerman, E. (1978). Giving learners a break: Native language intuitions as a source of predictions about transferability. Working Papers in Bilingualism, 15, 59-92.
Kellerman, E. (1979). The problem with difficulty. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4, 27-48.
Kittilä, S., Västi, K., & Ylikoski, J. (2011). Case, animacy and semantic roles (Vol. 99): John Benjamins Publishing.
Kleinmann, H. H. (1977). Avoidance behavior in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning, 27(1), 93-107.
Levin, B., & Hovav, M. R. (1995). Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexical semantics interface. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1976). Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Subject and Topic (pp. 457-489). New York: Academic.
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: U of California P.
Lightbown, P. M. (1983). Exploring relationships between developmental and instructional sequences in L2 acquisition. In H. S. a. M. H. Long (Ed.), Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 217-243). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Montrul, S. (1999). Causative errors with unaccusative verbs in L2 Spanish. Second Language Research, 15(2), 191-219. doi: 10.1191/026765899669832752
Oshita, H. (1998). "The Unaccusative Trap": L2 acquisition of English intransitive verbs. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) database.
Oshita, H. (2001). The unaccusative trap in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(2), 279-304.
Perlmutter, D. (1978). Impersonal passives and the unaccusative hypothesis (BLS No.4).
Rutherford, W. (1989). Preemption and the learning of L2 grammar. Studies in Second Language Acquisition.
Sasaki, M. (1990). Topic prominence in Japanese EFL students` existencial constructions. Language Learning, 40, 337-368.
Schachter, J. W. R. (1979). Discourse function and language transfer. Working Papers in Bilingualism.
Shyu, S.-I. (1995). The syntax of focus and topic in Mandarin Chinese. Los Angeles: University of Southern California dissertation.
Sorace, A. (1993a). Incomplete vs. divergent representations of unaccusativity in non native grammars of Italian. Second Language Research, 9(1), 22-47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839300900102
Sorace, A. (1993b). Unaccusativity and auxiliary choice in non-native grammars of Italian and French: Asymmetries and predictable indeterminacy. Journal of French Language Studies, 3(1), 71-93.
Sorace, A., & Shomura, Y. (2001). Lexical constraints on the acquisition of split intransitivity. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(2), 247-278.
Yip, V. (1990). Interlanguage ergative constructions and learnability [microform] / Virginia Yip. [Washington, D.C.]: Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse.
Yip, V. (1995). Interlanguage and learnability: From Chinese to English: Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Yuan, B. (1999). Acruiring the unaccuative/unergative distinction in a second language: Evidence from English-speaking learners of L2 Chinese. Linguistics, 37, 275-296.
Zhang, S. I. (1987). A study of interference of the subjeless sentence in Chinese. English Teaching, 11:3, 69-84.
Zobl, H. (1989). Canonical typological structures and ergativity in English L2 acquisition. In S. M. Gass & J. Schachter (Eds.), Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition (pp. 203-221). New York: Cambridge UP.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
99555013
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0995550131
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張郇慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Hsun Hueien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 石惠中zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Shih, Hui Jungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 石惠中zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Shih, Hui Jungen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 12-Aug-2014 13:59:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 12-Aug-2014 13:59:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 12-Aug-2014 13:59:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0995550131en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/68515-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99555013zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文是以Kellerman (1978) 的U型學習理論為基礎做擴大研究。本篇論文旨在探討英文程度不同的中文為母語之人士，在學習非賓格不及物動詞時是否也會出現U型曲線，除此之外，非賓格不及物動詞與非賓格及物動詞，被動態，主詞生命度之間的互動也將做討論。
在這個研究中，我們採用語法判斷(Grammaticality judgment)來測試受測者對於非賓格不及物動詞的理解和中英轉譯(Chinese to English translation)來測試受測者對於主詞生命度和主被動態之間的影響。此研究共有123位受測者，他們根據學習英文的長短被分為四個組別，分別是低、低中、中、與中高程度。
此研究可歸納為以下結論。(1) 不同英文程度的中文為母語之人士，在學習英文非賓格不及物動詞時也會出現U型曲線。此即意味著U型曲線不僅僅出現在母語為荷蘭語學習非賓格及物動詞Break的學習上，更可擴大到母語為中文學習非賓格不及物動詞上。(2) 中文為母語之人士無法正確使用非賓格及物動詞，並且會把非賓格及物動詞當作非賓格不及物動詞。(3) 在學習非賓格不及物動詞中，主詞生命度確實會影響學習者使用主被動態之不同。當主詞有生命時，句子傾向使用主動態，當主詞是無生命時，句子傾向使用被動態。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The study is based on Kellerman’s (1978) U-shaped leaning on break to do further study. The study aims to examine if the learning of non-alternating unaccsatives for L2 Chinese learners of English with different proficiency presents a U-shaped curve. In addition, the interactions among alternating unaccusatives, non-alternating unaccusatives, passives and animacy effect are discussed as well.
In the study, we use grammaticality judgment task to test participants’ understanding of non-alternating unaccusatives, and adopt Chinese to English translation task to test animacy effect in non-alternating unaccusatives. 123 participants involve the experiment of the study. Among these participants, they are classified as four groups, low, low-intermediate, intermediate, and high-intermediate, according to how long they studied English.
The results of the study are summarized as follows. (1) There is a U-shaped curve in learning of non-alternating unaccusatives for L2 Chinese speakers learning English. It suggested that U-shaped learning is not only in alternating unaccusatives break in L1 Dutch but also in non-alternating unaccusatives in L1 Chinese. (2) For L2 learners, they are unable to use alternating unaccusatives correctly and tend to view alternating unaccusatives as non-alternating ones. (3) Animacy effect does influence the choices of voice forms. The study showed that participants tend to use active voice while the subject is animate and prefer to use passive voice while the subject is inanimate.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledges………………………………………………………………………...iii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………...…….v
Chinese Abstract………………………………………………………………………ix
English Abstract………………………………………………………………………xi
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..………1
1.1 Background and Motivation………………………………….….……...1
1.2 Purposes of the Study….……………………………………….….……5
1.3 Organization of the Pater…………………………………….…….……6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………….……….….7
2.1 The Unaccusative Hypothesis……………………………….……....….7
2.2 The Confusion of Unaccusatives and Passives………….……………...9
2.2.1 Alternating Unaccsative and Non-alternating Unaccusative
Verbs………………..………………………………………….14
2.3 U-shaped Learning…………………………………………………….16
2.3.1 U-shaped in Language Development…………………………..16
2.3.2 Previous Study on U-shaped Learning…………………………18
2.4 Typology Issue…………………………………………………………19
2.4.1 Chinese Topic-comment Structure……………………………..20
2.4.1.1 Topic-comment Structure on L2 English Passives…...…21
2.4.1.2 Topic-comment Structure on L2 English Unaccusatives.22
2.5 Two Hypotheses on Unaccusatives: Transitivization Hypothesis and
Postverbal NP Movement Hypothesis………………………………..23
2.6 Animacy Effect on Argument………………………………………….24
2.7 Research Questions….………………………………………………..28
3. METHOD…………………………………………………………………….30
3.1 Subjects………………………………………………………………..30
3.2 Material………………………………………………………………..31
3.2.1 GJ Task…...…………………………………………………….31
3.2.2 CET Task...............……………………………………………..34
3.3 Procedures……………………………………………………………..36
3.3.1 Pilot Study……………………………………………………...36
3.3.2 Formal Testing………………………………………………….37
3.4 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..37
4. RESULTS and DISSCUSSION……………………………………………...41
4.1 The Results and Discussion of U-shaped Curve in Learning of
Non-alternating Unaccusatives………………………………………41
4.1.1 Results ……………………………………….………….……..41
4.1.2 Discussion…………………………………..………………….43
4.1.2.1 Salience in Language and Reluctance in NP-V Word Order………………………………………….…………44
4.1.2.2 Transitivization in Non-alternating Unaccusatives…….…………………………………..…46
4.2 The Influences of Alternaing Unaccusatives and Passives
with Respect to Learning of Non-alternating Unaccusatives………...48
4.2.1 Results………………………………………………………….48
4.2.2 Discussion……………………………………………………...55
4.2.2.1 NP-V Word Order in Topic-comment Structure and Pro Drop in Chinese……….…………….…………………..55
4.2.2.2 No Subject-intransitive Word Order or Passives in a Single Verb.……………………….……………………………57
4.2.2.3 “No Subject-intransitive Word Order or Passives in a Single Verb” in U-shaped Learning…………………....60
4.3 Animacy Effect……………………..……………………………….…62
4.3.1 Results………………………………………………………….62
4.3.2 Discussion……………………………………………………...63
4.3.2.1 Examination on Transitivization Hypothesis…………...64
5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………66
5.1 Major Findings of the Study…………..………………………………66
5.2 Pedagogical Implication in Language Teaching……….……………...68
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions…...……………………………………...69
REFERENCES…………………………………………….…………………………72
APPENDIXES
A: GJ Task………...…………………………………………………………….75
B: CET Task…...………………………………………………………………..76
C: Alternating and Non-alternating Unaccusative, and Passive Verbs in GJ Task…………………………………………………………………………..77		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 488210 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0995550131en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非賓格動詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) U型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主詞生命度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Unaccusativesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) U-shapeden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Animacy Effecten_US
dc.title (題名) 非賓格不及物動詞在U型語言發展中受到非賓格及物動詞，被動語態，和主詞生命度的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Interaction of Alternating Unaccusatives, Passives, and Animacy Effect in the U-shaped Development of Non-alternating Unaccusativesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Balcom, P. (1997). Why is this happened? Passive morphology and unaccusativity. Second Language Research, 13(1), 1-9.
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1987). Markedness and salience in second-language acquisition. Language Learning, 37(3), 385-407.
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J., & Tanaka, M. (2008). Contributions of animacy to grammatical function assignment and word order during production. Lingua, 118(2), 172-189.
Burzio, L. (1986). Italian syntax: A government-binding approach: Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Co.
Croft, W. (1995). Modern syntactic typology. Approaches to language typology, 85-144.
Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic proto-rules and argument selection. Language, 67(3), 547-619.
Ferreira, F. (1994). Choice of passive voice is affected by verb type and animacy. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(6), 715-736. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1034
Givón, T. (1995). Functionalism and grammar. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
Green, C. (1996). The origins and effects of topic-prominence in Chinese-English interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 34(2), 119-135.
Huang, C.-T. J. (1982). Logic relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Jackendoff, R. (1978). Grammar as evidence for conceptual structure: na.
Ju, M. K. (2000). Overpassivization errors by second language learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(01), 85-111. doi: doi:null
Kellerman, E. (1978). Giving learners a break: Native language intuitions as a source of predictions about transferability. Working Papers in Bilingualism, 15, 59-92.
Kellerman, E. (1979). The problem with difficulty. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4, 27-48.
Kittilä, S., Västi, K., & Ylikoski, J. (2011). Case, animacy and semantic roles (Vol. 99): John Benjamins Publishing.
Kleinmann, H. H. (1977). Avoidance behavior in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning, 27(1), 93-107.
Levin, B., & Hovav, M. R. (1995). Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexical semantics interface. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1976). Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Subject and Topic (pp. 457-489). New York: Academic.
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: U of California P.
Lightbown, P. M. (1983). Exploring relationships between developmental and instructional sequences in L2 acquisition. In H. S. a. M. H. Long (Ed.), Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 217-243). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Montrul, S. (1999). Causative errors with unaccusative verbs in L2 Spanish. Second Language Research, 15(2), 191-219. doi: 10.1191/026765899669832752
Oshita, H. (1998). "The Unaccusative Trap": L2 acquisition of English intransitive verbs. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) database.
Oshita, H. (2001). The unaccusative trap in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(2), 279-304.
Perlmutter, D. (1978). Impersonal passives and the unaccusative hypothesis (BLS No.4).
Rutherford, W. (1989). Preemption and the learning of L2 grammar. Studies in Second Language Acquisition.
Sasaki, M. (1990). Topic prominence in Japanese EFL students` existencial constructions. Language Learning, 40, 337-368.
Schachter, J. W. R. (1979). Discourse function and language transfer. Working Papers in Bilingualism.
Shyu, S.-I. (1995). The syntax of focus and topic in Mandarin Chinese. Los Angeles: University of Southern California dissertation.
Sorace, A. (1993a). Incomplete vs. divergent representations of unaccusativity in non native grammars of Italian. Second Language Research, 9(1), 22-47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839300900102
Sorace, A. (1993b). Unaccusativity and auxiliary choice in non-native grammars of Italian and French: Asymmetries and predictable indeterminacy. Journal of French Language Studies, 3(1), 71-93.
Sorace, A., & Shomura, Y. (2001). Lexical constraints on the acquisition of split intransitivity. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(2), 247-278.
Yip, V. (1990). Interlanguage ergative constructions and learnability [microform] / Virginia Yip. [Washington, D.C.]: Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse.
Yip, V. (1995). Interlanguage and learnability: From Chinese to English: Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Yuan, B. (1999). Acruiring the unaccuative/unergative distinction in a second language: Evidence from English-speaking learners of L2 Chinese. Linguistics, 37, 275-296.
Zhang, S. I. (1987). A study of interference of the subjeless sentence in Chinese. English Teaching, 11:3, 69-84.
Zobl, H. (1989). Canonical typological structures and ergativity in English L2 acquisition. In S. M. Gass & J. Schachter (Eds.), Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition (pp. 203-221). New York: Cambridge UP.		zh_TW