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題名 以優選理論分析國語中的法語借字
An OT analysis of French loanwords in Mandarin Chinese作者 洪聖瑋
Hung, Sheng Wei貢獻者 蕭宇超
Hsiao, Yu Chau
洪聖瑋
Hung, Sheng Wei關鍵詞 法語借詞
國語
優選理論
ROE模型
借詞語料庫
語言變異
French loanwords
Taiwan Mandarin
Optimality Theory
Rank-ordering model of EVAL
Loanword corpus
Variations日期 2014 上傳時間 3-Feb-2015 10:14:33 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文探討法語借詞進入國語音韻系統時所採取的音韻調整策略，並從優選理論和語料庫的角度來分析借詞現象，主軸為法語子音和鼻母音的調整模式。本研究建置一個法語借詞語料庫，並統計音段保留、替代、或刪除的趨向。研究發現，音段保留與調整為主要的轉譯策略，唯有韻尾子音[ʁ]傾向於刪除。數據分析顯示法語借詞中的語言變異(variation)極為普遍，此現象說明國語中的法語借詞尚未完全詞彙化 (lexicalization)，而是仍在持續進行。因此本論文採用ROE模型 (rank-ordering model of EVAL, Coetzee 2006)來解釋法語借詞轉譯的變異現象。 法語音段的調整現象和變異情形可訴諸於制約的排序與互動。根據ROE模型，制約係以中界線(cut-off line)加以區隔，違反中界線以上的候選值會直接淘汰，而僅違反中界線以下的候選值皆可成為優選值。本研究發現，中界線以上的制約包含結構制約、信實制約、以及聯合制約(conjoined constraint);中界線以下的制約則多為信實制約。音韻表徵(phonological features)如[labial]與[nasal]在轉譯的過程中必須保留，而是否違反[voice]與[spread glottis]等表徵僅會造成語言變異。制約的交錯排序、互動，以及中界線的位置對於法語借詞的現象提出了解釋。借詞音韻並非自成一個系統，而是反映了借入語和普遍語法皆存在的制約。
This thesis investigates the phonological adaptations of French loanwords in Mandarin. The focus is on the loanword adjustment of French consonants and nasal vowels. A loanword corpus is established. Based on the statistical analysis, the adaptation pattern of each foreign segment is provided. The thesis observes that preservation and adaptation are the major strategies in loanword adaptation. The only exception is [ʁ] in the coda position, which has segment deletion as the major substitute. Variant substitutes are common in French loanwords, which suggest that the loanword adaptation of French is an ongoing process in Mandarin. Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004) is the major framework in this thesis. To account for variations, Coetzee’s (2006) rank-ordering model of EVAL (ROE) is also used for analysis. A critical cut-off line divides the constraints into two parts: constraints above the cut-off line, and constraints below the cut-off line. Violations of the former are fatal, while violations of the latter lead to variations. The fatal constraints place restrictions on illicit segments, segment combinations, and prosodic preferences. These crucial constraints include markedness constraints, faithfulness constraints, or even the conjunction of the two. Constraints below the cut-off line are mostly IDENT constraints. Violations of IDENT features such as [voice] and [spread glottis] bring only variations. This is contrary to the violations of IDENT [nasal] and IDENT [labial], which result in ill-formedness. Based on the constraint ranking and the position of the cut-off line, the thesis shows that loanword phonology does not form an idiosyncratic grammar. Instead, it includes the constraints that are latent in L1 and reflects universal grammar.參考文獻 Broselow, E. (2006). Loanword phonology. In K. Brown (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed., Vol. 7, pp.286-290). Oxford: Elsevier. Coetzee, A. W. (2006). Variation as accessing ‘non-optimal’ candidates. Phonology, 23, 337-385.Cheng, C.-C. (1973). A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Mouton & Co., The Hague, The Netherlands.Fagyal, Z., Kibbee, F., & Jenkins, F. (Eds.). (2006). French- A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kang, Y. J. (2011). Loanword Phonology. In Companion to Phonology (van Oostendorp, M., Hume, E., & Rice, K. Eds.). Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from http://www.yoonjungkang.com/papers.htmlHall, T. A. (2007). Segmental features. In P. de Lacy (Ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology (pp. 311-334). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Hsiao, Y. -C. (2011). Universal marking in accent formation: Evidence from Taiwanese-Mandarin and Mandarin-Taiwanese. Lingua, 121, 1485-1517.Itô, J., & Mester, A.(2001). Cover generalizations in Optimality Theory: The role of stratal faithfulness constraints. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, 7, 273-299. Retrieved from http://people.ucsc.edu/~mester/papers/2001_ito_mester_stratal_faithfulness_paper.pdfKenstowicz, M. (1994). Phonology in generative grammar. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Kenstowicz, M. (2003). Review article: The role of perception in loanwordphonology. Studies in African Linguistics, 32(1), 95-112.Lin, Y. -H. (2007). The sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lin, Y. -H., & Huang, H. H. (2013, May). Nasal adaptations in standard Mandarin loanwords. The 4th Theoretical Phonology Conference. Symposium conducted at the meeting of National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.Lu, M.-C. (2006). An Optimality Theory approach to English and Southern Min loanwords in Mandarin. Unpublished master thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.Lu, M.-C. (2013). Modeling salience and prosody in loanword adaptation: Cases of English [ɹ] in Mandarin. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(2), 1-31. Łobowicz, A. (2005). Locality of Conjunction. In Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. John Alderete et al., 254-262. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. McCarthy, J. J. (2008). Doing Optimality Theory: Applying theory to Data. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Miao, R. Q. (2005). Loanword adaptation in Mandarin Chinese: Perceptual, phonological and sociolinguistic factors (Doctoral dissertation, Stony Brook University) Retrieved from https://linguistics.stonybrook.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/Miao_2005.pdfParadis, C., & Prunet, J.-F. (2000). Nasal vowels as two segments: Evidence from borrowings. Language, 76(2), 324-357.Prince, A., & Smolensky, P. (1993/2004). Optimality theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Malden, MA & Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Rose, Y. (1999). A structural account of root node deletion in loanword phonology. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 44, 359-404.Shinohara, S. (2001). Emergence of Universal Grammar in Foreign Word Adaptations. In R. Kager et al. (Eds). Fixing Priorities: Constraints in Phonological Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Tseng, S.-C. (2013). Lexical coverage in Taiwan Mandarin conversation. International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 18(1), 1-18.Valdman, A. (1976). Introduction to French phonology and morphology. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers. Wan, I. P. (2000). Mandarin phonology: Evidence from speech errors (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/85524793?accountid=10067Wan, I.P., & Jaeger, J. (2003). The phonological representation of Taiwan Mandarin vowels: A psycholinguistic study. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 12, 205-257.巴黎視野 (2005)。財團法人中法文化教育基金會。取自：http://fondation.ehosting.com.tw/in_8.htm吳瑾瑋 (2006)。現代漢語外來語聲調意義之研究。師大學報，40，197-229。吳瑾瑋 (2008)。從聽辨認知分析現代漢語音譯借詞。師大學報，54，1。吳錫德 (2006)。品牌翻譯的跨文化策略─兼論外來語的音譯。淡江人文社會學 刊，17，83-98。吳錫德 (2010)。 法國製造─法國文化關鍵詞100 (第二版)。台北：麥田出版。姚榮松 (1992)。台灣現行外來語的問題。師大學報，37，329-362。現代漢語語料庫詞頻統計 (2005)。中央研究院語言學研究所。取自： http://elearning.ling.sinica.edu.tw/CWordfreq.html國語日報社主編 (1981)。國語日報外來語詞典 (第一版)。台北：國語日報。蕭淑君等譯 (2000)。法國(第二版)。台北：遠流出版。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
100555003
103資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100555003 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Hsiao, Yu Chau en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 洪聖瑋 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hung, Sheng Wei en_US dc.creator (作者) 洪聖瑋 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hung, Sheng Wei en_US dc.date (日期) 2014 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-Feb-2015 10:14:33 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-Feb-2015 10:14:33 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Feb-2015 10:14:33 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100555003 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/73216 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100555003 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 103 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文探討法語借詞進入國語音韻系統時所採取的音韻調整策略，並從優選理論和語料庫的角度來分析借詞現象，主軸為法語子音和鼻母音的調整模式。本研究建置一個法語借詞語料庫，並統計音段保留、替代、或刪除的趨向。研究發現，音段保留與調整為主要的轉譯策略，唯有韻尾子音[ʁ]傾向於刪除。數據分析顯示法語借詞中的語言變異(variation)極為普遍，此現象說明國語中的法語借詞尚未完全詞彙化 (lexicalization)，而是仍在持續進行。因此本論文採用ROE模型 (rank-ordering model of EVAL, Coetzee 2006)來解釋法語借詞轉譯的變異現象。 法語音段的調整現象和變異情形可訴諸於制約的排序與互動。根據ROE模型，制約係以中界線(cut-off line)加以區隔，違反中界線以上的候選值會直接淘汰，而僅違反中界線以下的候選值皆可成為優選值。本研究發現，中界線以上的制約包含結構制約、信實制約、以及聯合制約(conjoined constraint);中界線以下的制約則多為信實制約。音韻表徵(phonological features)如[labial]與[nasal]在轉譯的過程中必須保留，而是否違反[voice]與[spread glottis]等表徵僅會造成語言變異。制約的交錯排序、互動，以及中界線的位置對於法語借詞的現象提出了解釋。借詞音韻並非自成一個系統，而是反映了借入語和普遍語法皆存在的制約。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis investigates the phonological adaptations of French loanwords in Mandarin. The focus is on the loanword adjustment of French consonants and nasal vowels. A loanword corpus is established. Based on the statistical analysis, the adaptation pattern of each foreign segment is provided. The thesis observes that preservation and adaptation are the major strategies in loanword adaptation. The only exception is [ʁ] in the coda position, which has segment deletion as the major substitute. Variant substitutes are common in French loanwords, which suggest that the loanword adaptation of French is an ongoing process in Mandarin. Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004) is the major framework in this thesis. To account for variations, Coetzee’s (2006) rank-ordering model of EVAL (ROE) is also used for analysis. A critical cut-off line divides the constraints into two parts: constraints above the cut-off line, and constraints below the cut-off line. Violations of the former are fatal, while violations of the latter lead to variations. The fatal constraints place restrictions on illicit segments, segment combinations, and prosodic preferences. These crucial constraints include markedness constraints, faithfulness constraints, or even the conjunction of the two. Constraints below the cut-off line are mostly IDENT constraints. Violations of IDENT features such as [voice] and [spread glottis] bring only variations. This is contrary to the violations of IDENT [nasal] and IDENT [labial], which result in ill-formedness. Based on the constraint ranking and the position of the cut-off line, the thesis shows that loanword phonology does not form an idiosyncratic grammar. Instead, it includes the constraints that are latent in L1 and reflects universal grammar. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..iii-ivTable of Contents……………………………………………………………..v-vii Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………….viiiEnglish Abstract………………………………………………………………….ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Issue 1 1.2 The Sound System of French and Mandarin 2Chapter 2 Literature Review 11 2.1 Optimality Theory 11 2.1.1 Basic Tenets of OT 11 2.1.2 Rank-Ordering Model of EVAL (ROE) 14 2.2 Bases of Mandarin and French Phonology 17 2.2.1 Mandarin 17 2.2.2 French 18 2.3 Previous Studies on Loanwords in Mandarin 20 2.4 Research on French Loanwords 21Chapter 3 Corpus 24 3.1 The Corpus 24 3.2 Statistical Analysis-Onset Adaptations 26 3.2.1 Alveo-Dental Lateral [l] and Uvular Fricative [ʁ] 26 3.2.2 Voiceless Stops 27 3.2.3 Voiced Stops 28 3.2.4 Voiceless Fricatives 30 3.2.5 Voiced Fricatives 31 3.2.6 Nasals 33 3.3 Statistical Analysis-Coda and Nasal Vowel Adaptations 34 3.3.1 Alveo-Dental Lateral [l] and Uvular Fricative [ʁ] 35 3.3.2 Nasals 36 3.3.3 Voiceless Fricatives 39 3.3.4 Voiced Fricatives 41 3.3.5 Voiceless Stops 43 3.3.6 Voiced Stops 45 3.3.7 Affricates 47 3.3.8 Nasal Vowels 47 3.4 Summary and Comparison with Miao’s (2005) Analysis 48Chapter 4 Optimality Theory Analysis 54 4.1 Adaptation of Onset Consonants 54 4.1.1 Illicit Onset Consonants 55 4.1.2 Adaptation of Shared Segments 72 4.2 Adaptation of Coda Consonants 76 4.3 Adaptation of Nasal Vowels 92 4.4 Minimal Word and Mora Deletion 94 4.5 Non-phonological Factors 96 4.6 Summary and Comparison with Previous Studies 97Chapter 5 Conclusion 102 5.1 Thesis Summary 102 5.2 Further Issues 105References 107 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2117664 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100555003 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 法語借詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國語 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優選理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) ROE模型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 借詞語料庫 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言變異 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) French loanwords en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Mandarin en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Optimality Theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Rank-ordering model of EVAL en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Loanword corpus en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Variations en_US dc.title (題名) 以優選理論分析國語中的法語借字 zh_TW dc.title (題名) An OT analysis of French loanwords in Mandarin Chinese en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Broselow, E. (2006). Loanword phonology. In K. Brown (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed., Vol. 7, pp.286-290). Oxford: Elsevier. Coetzee, A. W. (2006). Variation as accessing ‘non-optimal’ candidates. Phonology, 23, 337-385.Cheng, C.-C. (1973). A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Mouton & Co., The Hague, The Netherlands.Fagyal, Z., Kibbee, F., & Jenkins, F. (Eds.). (2006). French- A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kang, Y. J. (2011). Loanword Phonology. In Companion to Phonology (van Oostendorp, M., Hume, E., & Rice, K. Eds.). Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from http://www.yoonjungkang.com/papers.htmlHall, T. A. (2007). Segmental features. In P. de Lacy (Ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology (pp. 311-334). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Hsiao, Y. -C. (2011). Universal marking in accent formation: Evidence from Taiwanese-Mandarin and Mandarin-Taiwanese. Lingua, 121, 1485-1517.Itô, J., & Mester, A.(2001). Cover generalizations in Optimality Theory: The role of stratal faithfulness constraints. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, 7, 273-299. Retrieved from http://people.ucsc.edu/~mester/papers/2001_ito_mester_stratal_faithfulness_paper.pdfKenstowicz, M. (1994). Phonology in generative grammar. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Kenstowicz, M. (2003). Review article: The role of perception in loanwordphonology. Studies in African Linguistics, 32(1), 95-112.Lin, Y. -H. (2007). The sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lin, Y. -H., & Huang, H. H. (2013, May). Nasal adaptations in standard Mandarin loanwords. The 4th Theoretical Phonology Conference. Symposium conducted at the meeting of National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.Lu, M.-C. (2006). An Optimality Theory approach to English and Southern Min loanwords in Mandarin. Unpublished master thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.Lu, M.-C. (2013). Modeling salience and prosody in loanword adaptation: Cases of English [ɹ] in Mandarin. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(2), 1-31. Łobowicz, A. (2005). Locality of Conjunction. In Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. John Alderete et al., 254-262. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. McCarthy, J. J. (2008). Doing Optimality Theory: Applying theory to Data. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Miao, R. Q. (2005). Loanword adaptation in Mandarin Chinese: Perceptual, phonological and sociolinguistic factors (Doctoral dissertation, Stony Brook University) Retrieved from https://linguistics.stonybrook.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/Miao_2005.pdfParadis, C., & Prunet, J.-F. (2000). Nasal vowels as two segments: Evidence from borrowings. Language, 76(2), 324-357.Prince, A., & Smolensky, P. (1993/2004). Optimality theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Malden, MA & Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Rose, Y. (1999). A structural account of root node deletion in loanword phonology. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 44, 359-404.Shinohara, S. (2001). Emergence of Universal Grammar in Foreign Word Adaptations. In R. Kager et al. (Eds). Fixing Priorities: Constraints in Phonological Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Tseng, S.-C. (2013). Lexical coverage in Taiwan Mandarin conversation. International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 18(1), 1-18.Valdman, A. (1976). Introduction to French phonology and morphology. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers. Wan, I. P. (2000). Mandarin phonology: Evidence from speech errors (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/85524793?accountid=10067Wan, I.P., & Jaeger, J. (2003). The phonological representation of Taiwan Mandarin vowels: A psycholinguistic study. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 12, 205-257.巴黎視野 (2005)。財團法人中法文化教育基金會。取自：http://fondation.ehosting.com.tw/in_8.htm吳瑾瑋 (2006)。現代漢語外來語聲調意義之研究。師大學報，40，197-229。吳瑾瑋 (2008)。從聽辨認知分析現代漢語音譯借詞。師大學報，54，1。吳錫德 (2006)。品牌翻譯的跨文化策略─兼論外來語的音譯。淡江人文社會學 刊，17，83-98。吳錫德 (2010)。 法國製造─法國文化關鍵詞100 (第二版)。台北：麥田出版。姚榮松 (1992)。台灣現行外來語的問題。師大學報，37，329-362。現代漢語語料庫詞頻統計 (2005)。中央研究院語言學研究所。取自： http://elearning.ling.sinica.edu.tw/CWordfreq.html國語日報社主編 (1981)。國語日報外來語詞典 (第一版)。台北：國語日報。蕭淑君等譯 (2000)。法國(第二版)。台北：遠流出版。 zh_TW
