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題名 台灣華語送氣與非送氣子音之對比：以語音實驗為例證
The status of aspirated and unaspirated consonants in Mandarin: Evidence from phonological experiments
作者 李冠霆
Lee, Kuan Ting
貢獻者 萬依萍
Wan, I Ping
李冠霆
Lee, Kuan Ting
關鍵詞 送氣/非送氣子音
嗓音起始時間
語誤
方向性
標記
Aspirated/ unaspirated consonants
voice onset time
speech errors
directionality
markedness
日期 2015
上傳時間 13-Jul-2015 11:03:33 (UTC+8)
摘要 送氣與非送氣的對比是台灣華語塞音及塞擦音之特性。為討論送氣的議題，本篇論文透過語音實驗，從兩方面來探討：其一為嗓音起始時間(voice onset time)，另一則為語誤的方向性(directionality)及標記 (markedness)。
本研究有兩個實驗，皆以四字非詞為實驗材料。實驗一為語誤實驗，此實驗結合繞口令以及立即回想的方法來誘發語誤；實驗二則為嗓音起始時間實驗，只讓受試者回想，並未結合繞口令。這兩個實驗的設計由於受到中文本身音韻限制及詞彙空缺的限制，韻母使用了單母音(V)及韻母(VG或GV)兩種形式，因此實驗二亦將母音對子音數值的影響之比較結果納入討論。
嗓音起始時間實驗的結果顯示，使用四字非詞並結合回想作為實驗內容所測量出的數值與前人使用實詞所測量出的數值並無太大不同，並支持送氣子音的數值較非送氣子音的大。此外，塞音的研究結果支持Cho & Ladefoged (1999)所提出的原則，也就是塞音除阻的位置若越後面，則其數值會越大；若將塞音的數值套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)的分類，則中文的非送氣塞音確為非送氣子音，而送氣塞音的數值則介於稍微送氣及送氣子音之間。塞擦音的研究結果若如Lai (2013)般套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)之原則，則會發現送氣塞擦音符合此原則，但非送氣塞擦音卻非如此。另外，子音後接的母音或韻母亦會影響子音之嗓音起始時間。研究結果顯示當大部份子音後接單母音時，子音之嗓音起始時間較長；研究結果亦指出當子音後接的為單母音[a]或以[a]開頭的韻母時，子音的嗓音起始時間會較接其他母音如[u], [i], [ow]時短。
語誤實驗的結果顯示，除了[k], [kh]有以有標送氣塞音取代無標非送氣塞音的情形外，其他組塞音及所有塞擦音皆無以有標送氣子音取代無標非送氣子音(反之亦然)的情形。就方向性而言，研究結果顯示語誤來源出現在語誤之前(perseveration)的方向性顯著最多。
The contrast of aspiration is one of the characteristics of stops and affricates in Taiwan Mandarin. Through the conduction of two phonological experiments, we discuss the issue of aspiration from two aspects: one is from voice onset time (VOT), and the other one from directionality and markedness of speech errors.
Non-word quadruple sets were used in both two experiments. The first experiment was speech errors, which combined tongue twister and immediate recall to induce speech errors; the second experiment was voice onset time, which only had the subjects to recall. Due to the limitation of phonological ill-form and lexical gaps, the rhymes of the two experiments had two forms, V and VG/GV; as a result, how vowels affected the VOT of stops and affricates were also discussed.
The findings of the second experiment (voice onset time) showed that the VOT measured by using non-word quadruple set was similar to the VOT measured by using real words as stimuli, and the findings also indicated that the VOT of the aspirated consonants was longer than that of the unaspirated ones. In terms of the results of the stops, they supported the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) that the duration of VOT has a further back relationship with the closure; furthermore, the categories proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) were applied onto the results, it showed that Mandarin unaspirated stops were indeed unaspirated consonants, and the aspirated stops fell between slightly aspirated and aspirated consonants. The findings of the aspirated stops, if applied the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) like Lai (2013), revealed that aspirated affricates supported the principle, yet the unaspirated ones did not. Regarding the influence of vowels on the VOT, it was found that when the succeeding vowel was a single vowel [a] or rhymes beginning with [a], the VOT of the stops and the affricates would be shorter.
The findings of the first experiment (speech errors) indicated that with regard to the stops, the aspirated velar stop tended to replace the unaspirated counterpart, while for the other stops, the probability for marked aspirated stops to replace unmarked unaspirated ones or vice versa was of the same. With regard to the directionality of speech errors, the findings showed that perseverations significantly outnumbered anticipations and exchange.
參考文獻 吳宗濟（1987）。普通話輔音不送氣/送氣區別的實驗研究。中國語言學報，3，256-283。
鄭靜宜（2011）。語音聲學—說話聲音的科學。台北：心理出版社。
Acheson, D. J., & MacDonald, M. C. (2009). Twisting tongues and memories: Explorations of the relationship between language production and verbal working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 60, 329-350.
Baars, B. J., Motley, M. T., & MacKay, D. G. (1975). Output editing for lexical status in artificially elicited slips of the tongue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 382-391.
Baars, B. J., & MacKay, D. G. (1978). Experimentally eliciting phonetic and sentential speech errors: methods, implications, and work in progress. Language in Society 7(1), 105-109.
Baars, B. J. (1980). On eliciting predictable speech errors in the laboratory. In V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Errors in Linguistic Performance: Slips of the Tongue, Ear, Pen, and Hand (pp. 307-318). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Baars, B. J. (1992). A dozen Competing-Plans techniques for inducing predictable slips in speech and action. In B. J. Baars (Ed.), Experimental Slips and Human Error (pp. 129-150). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Berg, T. (1987). A cross-linguistic comparison of slips of the tongue. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Blumstein, S. E. (1973). A phonological investigation of aphasic speech. The Hague: Mouton.
Chen, K., Tsay, J., & Hong, G. (1998). Duration of initials in Mandarin: Fundamental acoustic research and its clinical significance. Journal of Speech Langauge-hearing Association, 13, 138-149.
Chen, L-M., Chao, K-Y., & Peng, J-F. (2007). VOT productions of word-initial stops in Mandarin and English: A cross-language study. Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing, 303-317.
Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P. (1999). Variation and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 27, 207-229.
Ellis, A. W. (1980). Errors in speech and short-term memory: The effects of phonemic similarity and syllable position. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 624-634.
Fellbaum, M. L. (1983). Markedness and allophonic rules. In F. R. Eckman, E. A. Moravcisik & J. R. Wirth (Eds.), Markedness (pp. 291-308). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Fromkin, V. A. (1971). The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Language, 47(1), 27-52.
Fromkin, V. A. (1973). The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. In V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Speech errors as linguistic evidence (pp. 215-242). The Hague: Mouton.
Fromkin, V. A., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2007). An Introduction to Language. 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Gandour, J. (1977). Counterfeit tones in the speech of southern Thai bidilectals. Lingua, 41, 125–143.
Goldrick, M., & Blumstein, S. E. (2006). Cascading activation from phonological planning to articulatory processes: Evidence from tongue twisters. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21(6), 649-683.
Gormley, A. (2014). Acoustic evidence for phonologically mismatched speech errors. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1-13.
Howell, P., & Rosen, S. (1983). Production and perception of rise time in the voiceless affricate/fricative distinction. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 73, 976-984.
Hsu, H-L. (2011). The emergence of an unmarkedness effect in Mandarin speech errors: Nasals in a coda position. Language and Speech, 54(3), 307-340.
Hume, E. (2011). Markedness. In M. Van Oostendorp, C. Ewen, E. Hume & K. Rice (Eds), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology (pp.79-106). Blackwell.
Jaeger, J. (2004). Kids’ slips: What young children’s slips of the tongue reveal about language development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jeng, J-Y. (2005). The influence of speaking rate, utterance unit and position on segmental duration of Mandarin. Journal of National University of Tainan, 39(1), 161-185.
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Kent, R. D., & Read, C. (2002). The acoustic analysis of speech. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing.
Ladefoged, P., & Johnson, K. (2011). A course in phonetics. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Lai, Y-H. (2013). VOT for Mandarin stops and affricates produced by L1 and L2 speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Kaohsiung Normal University Journal, 35, 57-78.
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Marquardt, T. P., Reinhart, J. B., & Peterson, H. A. (1979). Markedness analysis of phonemic substitution errors in apraxia of speech. Journal of communication disorders, 12(6), 481-494.
Motley, M. T., & Baars, B. J. (1976). Laboratory induction of verbal slips: A new method for psycholinguistic research. Communication Quarterly, 24(2), 28-34.
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Peng, J-F., Chen, L-M., & Lin, Y-Y. (2009). Tonal effects on voice onset time: Stops in Mandarin and Hakka. Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING XXI), 115-123.
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Wu, H-L. (2009). Stops and affricates in Mandarin Chinese and Hakka—A VOT Analysis. MA thesis, Kaohsiung Normal University.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
101555008
103
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101555008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wan, I Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李冠霆zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Kuan Tingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李冠霆zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Kuan Tingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 13-Jul-2015 11:03:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 13-Jul-2015 11:03:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 13-Jul-2015 11:03:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0101555008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/76398-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101555008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 送氣與非送氣的對比是台灣華語塞音及塞擦音之特性。為討論送氣的議題，本篇論文透過語音實驗，從兩方面來探討：其一為嗓音起始時間(voice onset time)，另一則為語誤的方向性(directionality)及標記 (markedness)。
本研究有兩個實驗，皆以四字非詞為實驗材料。實驗一為語誤實驗，此實驗結合繞口令以及立即回想的方法來誘發語誤；實驗二則為嗓音起始時間實驗，只讓受試者回想，並未結合繞口令。這兩個實驗的設計由於受到中文本身音韻限制及詞彙空缺的限制，韻母使用了單母音(V)及韻母(VG或GV)兩種形式，因此實驗二亦將母音對子音數值的影響之比較結果納入討論。
嗓音起始時間實驗的結果顯示，使用四字非詞並結合回想作為實驗內容所測量出的數值與前人使用實詞所測量出的數值並無太大不同，並支持送氣子音的數值較非送氣子音的大。此外，塞音的研究結果支持Cho & Ladefoged (1999)所提出的原則，也就是塞音除阻的位置若越後面，則其數值會越大；若將塞音的數值套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)的分類，則中文的非送氣塞音確為非送氣子音，而送氣塞音的數值則介於稍微送氣及送氣子音之間。塞擦音的研究結果若如Lai (2013)般套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)之原則，則會發現送氣塞擦音符合此原則，但非送氣塞擦音卻非如此。另外，子音後接的母音或韻母亦會影響子音之嗓音起始時間。研究結果顯示當大部份子音後接單母音時，子音之嗓音起始時間較長；研究結果亦指出當子音後接的為單母音[a]或以[a]開頭的韻母時，子音的嗓音起始時間會較接其他母音如[u], [i], [ow]時短。
語誤實驗的結果顯示，除了[k], [kh]有以有標送氣塞音取代無標非送氣塞音的情形外，其他組塞音及所有塞擦音皆無以有標送氣子音取代無標非送氣子音(反之亦然)的情形。就方向性而言，研究結果顯示語誤來源出現在語誤之前(perseveration)的方向性顯著最多。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The contrast of aspiration is one of the characteristics of stops and affricates in Taiwan Mandarin. Through the conduction of two phonological experiments, we discuss the issue of aspiration from two aspects: one is from voice onset time (VOT), and the other one from directionality and markedness of speech errors.
Non-word quadruple sets were used in both two experiments. The first experiment was speech errors, which combined tongue twister and immediate recall to induce speech errors; the second experiment was voice onset time, which only had the subjects to recall. Due to the limitation of phonological ill-form and lexical gaps, the rhymes of the two experiments had two forms, V and VG/GV; as a result, how vowels affected the VOT of stops and affricates were also discussed.
The findings of the second experiment (voice onset time) showed that the VOT measured by using non-word quadruple set was similar to the VOT measured by using real words as stimuli, and the findings also indicated that the VOT of the aspirated consonants was longer than that of the unaspirated ones. In terms of the results of the stops, they supported the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) that the duration of VOT has a further back relationship with the closure; furthermore, the categories proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) were applied onto the results, it showed that Mandarin unaspirated stops were indeed unaspirated consonants, and the aspirated stops fell between slightly aspirated and aspirated consonants. The findings of the aspirated stops, if applied the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) like Lai (2013), revealed that aspirated affricates supported the principle, yet the unaspirated ones did not. Regarding the influence of vowels on the VOT, it was found that when the succeeding vowel was a single vowel [a] or rhymes beginning with [a], the VOT of the stops and the affricates would be shorter.
The findings of the first experiment (speech errors) indicated that with regard to the stops, the aspirated velar stop tended to replace the unaspirated counterpart, while for the other stops, the probability for marked aspirated stops to replace unmarked unaspirated ones or vice versa was of the same. With regard to the directionality of speech errors, the findings showed that perseverations significantly outnumbered anticipations and exchange.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Voice onset time 1
1.2 Speech errors and markedness effect 2
1.3 The framework of the thesis 4
Chapter 2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Voice onset time 6
2.1.1 Definition of VOT 7
2.1.2 Stops 8
2.1.3 Affricates 15
2.1.4 The effect of other factors on VOT 18
2.1.5 Summary 19
2.2 Experimental speech errors 21
2.2.1 SLIP 21
2.2.2 Tongue twister paradigm and immediate serial recall 22
2.2.3 The directionality of speech errors 24
2.2.4 The markedness effect 25
2.2.5 Summary 28
2.3 Research questions 28
Chapter 3 Methodology 31
3.1 Subjects 31
3.2 Equipment 31
3.3 Materials 32
3.3.1 Experiment 1 (Speech errors) 32
3.3.2 Experiment 2 (Voice Onset Time) 34
3.4 Procedure 35
3.5 Data analysis 38
3.5.1 Experiment 1 (Speech Errors) 38
3.5.2 Experiment 2 (Voice Onset Time) 39
3.5.3 Statistical analysis 42
Chapter 4 Results and Analysis 43
4.1 The VOT of Mandarin oral stops and affricates 43
4.1.1 The VOT of Mandarin oral stops 44
4.1.2 VOT of stops under different vowel weights and vowel context 47
4.1.3 The VOT of Mandarin affricates 54
4.1.4 VOT of affricates under different vowel weights and vowel context 57
4.2 Speech errors 63
Chapter 5 Discussion 68
5.1 Voice onset time 68
5.2 Speech errors 73
5.3 Concluding remarks 75

Reference 78
Appendix A 82
Appendix B 84
Appendix C 86
Appendix D 87
Appendix E 88		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 15468405 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101555008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 送氣/非送氣子音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 嗓音起始時間zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語誤zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 方向性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 標記zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Aspirated/ unaspirated consonantsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) voice onset timeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) speech errorsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) directionalityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) markednessen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣華語送氣與非送氣子音之對比：以語音實驗為例證zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The status of aspirated and unaspirated consonants in Mandarin: Evidence from phonological experimentsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳宗濟（1987）。普通話輔音不送氣/送氣區別的實驗研究。中國語言學報，3，256-283。
鄭靜宜（2011）。語音聲學—說話聲音的科學。台北：心理出版社。
Acheson, D. J., & MacDonald, M. C. (2009). Twisting tongues and memories: Explorations of the relationship between language production and verbal working memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 60, 329-350.
Baars, B. J., Motley, M. T., & MacKay, D. G. (1975). Output editing for lexical status in artificially elicited slips of the tongue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 382-391.
Baars, B. J., & MacKay, D. G. (1978). Experimentally eliciting phonetic and sentential speech errors: methods, implications, and work in progress. Language in Society 7(1), 105-109.
Baars, B. J. (1980). On eliciting predictable speech errors in the laboratory. In V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Errors in Linguistic Performance: Slips of the Tongue, Ear, Pen, and Hand (pp. 307-318). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Baars, B. J. (1992). A dozen Competing-Plans techniques for inducing predictable slips in speech and action. In B. J. Baars (Ed.), Experimental Slips and Human Error (pp. 129-150). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Berg, T. (1987). A cross-linguistic comparison of slips of the tongue. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Blumstein, S. E. (1973). A phonological investigation of aphasic speech. The Hague: Mouton.
Chen, K., Tsay, J., & Hong, G. (1998). Duration of initials in Mandarin: Fundamental acoustic research and its clinical significance. Journal of Speech Langauge-hearing Association, 13, 138-149.
Chen, L-M., Chao, K-Y., & Peng, J-F. (2007). VOT productions of word-initial stops in Mandarin and English: A cross-language study. Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing, 303-317.
Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P. (1999). Variation and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 27, 207-229.
Ellis, A. W. (1980). Errors in speech and short-term memory: The effects of phonemic similarity and syllable position. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 624-634.
Fellbaum, M. L. (1983). Markedness and allophonic rules. In F. R. Eckman, E. A. Moravcisik & J. R. Wirth (Eds.), Markedness (pp. 291-308). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
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