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題名 摩爾多瓦與德涅斯特河沿岸地區衝突之研究
A Study on the Moldovan - Transnistrian Conflict作者 黃央楨 貢獻者 林永芳
黃央楨關鍵詞 摩德衝突
德涅斯特地區
分離地區
影響力與連結
摩爾多瓦
Moldovan-Transnistrian conflict
Transnistria
secessionist state
leverage and linkage
Moldova日期 2015 上傳時間 3-Feb-2016 11:24:35 (UTC+8) 摘要 摩爾多瓦是蘇聯解體後新成立的國家,大羅馬尼亞主義雖然有助於國家獨立,卻也產造成了分離地區的問題,在俄國的介入下,漸漸演變成了摩德菁英爭權奪利,拉攏歐盟與俄國勢力彼此攻防的現象。俄國想以影響力與連結鞏固近鄰利益、歐盟則想以睦鄰政策「治療」摩德衝突,同時保護歐盟經濟政治安全;摩爾多瓦想收復德涅斯特地區並維護國家主權,但守門員時常更動,造成親歐親俄搖擺不定的狀態、德涅斯特地區守門員抓住俄國與歐盟的連結,努力維護「國家」獨立。本文試圖運用影響力與連結分析1992年至今,德涅斯特地區與摩爾多瓦分離後,守門員菁英、俄國與歐盟如何運用影響力與連結獲得其國家利益、成功或失敗、以及檢討其原因。
With the dissolution of the USSR and the rise of Romanianism, the newly independent state of Moldova has been plagued by the failure of transformation and the secessionist conflict of Transnistria. This conflict soon turned into a competition for the European Union (EU) and Russia to exert their influences on the two sides. While Russia hopes to consolidate its interests in nearby nation-states, the EU seeks a “cure” for the conflict through the European Neighbourhood Policy. Moldova is attempting to recover the secessionist state of Transnistria; however, political infighting remains active. Meanwhile, Transnistria is struggling to maintain its status quo by retaining links with both Russia and the EU. This article is dedicated to understanding how leverage and linkage are employed in the post-Soviet era by the gatekeepers, Russia, and the EU in the process of finding a solution to the Moldovan–Transnistrian conflict.參考文獻 Abbott Pamela, et al, “Concept of citizenship, social and system integration among young people in post-Soviet Moldova” in Charles Walker and Svetlana Stephenson, Youth and Social Change in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 75-90.Astrov Vasily and Havlik Peter, “Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova—Economic Developments and Integration Prospects” in Daniel Hamilton and Gerhard Mangott, The New Eastern Europe Ukraine, Belarus, & Moldova (Washington DC: Center for Transatlantic Relation, 2007), pp. 127-147.Beachain O Donnacha and Polese Abel, “‘Rocking the Vote’: New Forms of Youth Organisations in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union” in Charles Walker and Svetlana Stephenson, Youth and Social Change in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 108-123.Bugajski Janusz, “Regaining a Commonwealth: Ukraine and Moldova”, Cold Peace: Russia’s New Imperialism (Washington, D.C.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), pp. 79-108.Caspersen Nina, “State Without Sovereignty: Imitating Democracy Statehood” in Nina Caspersen and Gareth Stansfield, Unrecognized States in the International System (Oxford: Routledge, 2011), pp. 73-89.Cohen Ariel, “Revisiting Russia’s Turbulent Rim: Caucasus, Central Asia, and Moldova” in Uri Ra’anan and Kate Martin, Russia: Return to Imperialism? (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996), pp. 87-104.Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Human Rights and Democratization in the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Washington, DC: CSCE, 1993).Crowther William, Moldova’s Transition from Semi-Presidenalism: Parlimentary Intentions Prisidential Outcome (Taipei: Academia Sinca, 2008).----------------------, “Nationalism and Political Transformation in Moldova” in Donald L. Dyer, Study in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 31-51.----------------------, “The Politics of Democratization in Postcommunist Moldova” in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reaction in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 282-329.Curanovic Alicja, “Occasional Community: Russian Policy on Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Montenegro” in Andrew Huemmer, The Religious Factor in Russia’s Foreign Policy (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 181-186.Deletent Dennis, “Language Policy and Moldavian Language” in Donald L. Dyer, Study in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 53-87.Demirdirek Hulya, “In the Minority in Moldova: Disempowerment through Territorial Conflict” in Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, Europe’s Last Frontier? : Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine between Russian and European Union, (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 115-131.Dinesen Ruxandra Lupu and Wivel Andres, “Georgia and Moldova: Caught in the Outskirt of Europe” in Clive Archer, Alyson J.K. Bailes., and Wivel Anders, Small States and International Security Europe and Byond (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 149-166.Dyer L. Donald, “The Making of the Moldavian Language” in Donald L. Dyer, Study in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 89-109.Economist Intelligence Unit, EIU Country Report, Moldova 1992, No. 2, pp. 67-74.----------------------------------, EIU Country Report, Moldova1992, No. 3, pp. 55-62.----------------------------------, EIU Country Report, Moldova1992, No. 4, pp. 58-63.-----------------------------------, EIU Country Profile, Moldova 1992-93, pp. 41-57.Ganzle Stephen, “EU-Russia Relations and the Repercussions on the ‘In-Betweens’” in Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, Europe’s Last Frontier?: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine Between Russian and European Union, (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 195-229.Gordon Claire, “The EU as a Reluctant Conflict Manager in Moldova” in Richard G.Whitman and Stefan Wolff, The European Union as a Global Conflict Manager (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 120-37.Hamilton Daniel and Mangott Gerhard, “Modolva`s Uncertain Future” in Daniel Hamilton and Gerhard Mangott, The New Eastern Europe Ukraine, Belarus, & Moldova (Washington DC: Center for Transatlantic Relation, 2007), pp. 77-124.Herrberg Antje, “The Politics of Unrecognized States and the Business of Internaitonal Peace Mediation” in Nina Caspersen, Unrecognized State: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Modern System (NY: Routledge, 2011), pp. 165-182.Hill H. William, Russia, the Near Abroad, and the West: Lessons from the Moldova-Transnistria Conflict (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2012).Horn M. Denise, “Constructing Agency: Civil Society and Gender Identity in Moldova” in Denise M. Horn, Women, Civil Society and the Geopolitics of Democratization (NY: Routledge, 2010), pp. 61-77.International Bussiness Publications, USA, Moldova: Privatization Programs and Regulations Handbook (Washington DC: International Bussiness Publications, USA, 2011).Isachenko Daria, The Making of Infomal States— Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transnistria (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).Kanet E. Roger, “Russia’s Transdniestria Policy: Means, Ends and Great Power Trajectories”, Russia: Re-Emerging Great Power (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 81-105.Kara Siddharth, “Moldova and the Former Soviet Union” in Siddharth Kara, Sex Trafficking Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (NY: Columbia University Press, 2009), pp. 108-128.Katchanovski Ivan, Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova (Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag, 2006).Kernen Beat and Sussex Matthew, “The Russo-Georgian War: Identity, Intervention and Norm Adaption” in Matthew Sussex, Conflict in the Former USSR (NY: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 91-117.King Charles, “The Europe Question in Romania and Moldova” in Anatol Lieven and Demitri Trenin, Ambivalent Neighbors: The EU, NATO, and the Price of Membership, (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003), pp. 245-268.----------------, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1999).----------------, “The Politics of Language in the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic” in Donald L. Dyer, Study in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 111-130.Kivisto Peter, Social Theory: Roots and Branches (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).Küchler Florian, The Role of the European Union in Moldova’s Transnistria Conflict (Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag, 2008).Leach Philip, Hardman Helen, and Stephenson Svetlana, Responding to Systemic Human Rights Violation: An Analysis of Pilot Judgments’ of the court of Human Rights and Their Impact at Natural Level (Oxford: Intersentia, 2010).Levitsky Steven and Way Lucan A., Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).Levy Adam, “The European Union Border Assistance Mission (EUBAM) and the Remote Control Border: Managing Moldova” in Luiza Bialasiewicz, Europe in the World: EU Geopolitics and the Making of European Space (Surrey: Ashgate, 2011), pp. 153-183.Lynch Dov, Russian Peacekeeping Strategy in the CIS: The Case of Moldova, Georgia and Tajikistan (NY: Palgrave, 2000).Matei Lucica, “Republic of Moldova: Toward a European Administration” in Saltanat Liebert, Stephen E. 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(Oxford: Routledge, 2013) pp. 197-208.Mitaev Maria, Managing Secessionist Conflicts along Russia`s Periphery: Multilateral Third-Party Intervention in Trainsnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia (Saarbruchen: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012), pp.75-94.Mosneaga Valeriu, “Parties and Party System in Moldova, 1990-2002” in Anatoly Kulik, Susanna Pshizava, Political Parties in Post-Soviet Space: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the Baltics (London: Praeger, 2005), pp. 75-94.Nanu Cezara, “Preventing Tranfficking in Human Beings: The Case of Moldova” in Gillian Wylie and Penelope McRedmond, Human Tranfficking in Europe: Character, Causes, and Consequences (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 142-163.---------------, “Moldova: Women’s Rights and Trafficking” in Hristien Von Den Anker and Ilse Van Liempt, Human Right and Migration: Trafficking for Forced Labour (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 28-45.Nygren Bertil, “Russia and Moldova” in Bertil Nygren, The Rebuilding of Greater Russia: Putin`s Foreign Policy Towards the CIS Countries (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 82-100.OECD, Black Sea and Central Asia Promoting Work and Well-being: An OECD Development Centre Economic Outlook (Paris: OECD, 2008).Rosner Kevin, Gazprom and the Russian State (London: GMB Publishing Ltd, 2006).Roper D. Steven, “Post-Soviet Moldova’s National Identity and Foreign Policy” in Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, Europe’s Last Frontier?: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine Between Russian and European Union, (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 79-96.-------------------, “Moldova since 1989” in Sabrina P. Ramet, Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 (NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 473-491.Rudolph Jr. R. Joseph, “Eastern Europe” in Joseph R. Rudolph Jr., Hot Spot: North America and Europe (Connecticut: Greenwood Press), pp. 163-176.Schmidtke Oliver and Chira-Pascanut Constantin, “The Promise of Europe: Moldova and the Process of Europeanization” in Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, Europe’s Last Frontier?: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine Between Russian and European Union (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 135-156.Solonar Vladinir and Bruter Vladinir, “Russians in Moldova” in Vladimir Shlapentokh, Munir Sendich and Emil Payin, The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics (London: M. E. Sharpe), pp. 72-90.Tarnauski Andrei, “The Peculiarities of Party Politics in Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine: Institutionalization or Marginalization” in Anatoly Kulik, Susanna Pshizava, Political Parties in Post-Soviet Space: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the Baltics (London: Prager, 2005), pp. 41-58.Tolstrup Jakob, Russia vs. the EU: The Competition for Influence in Post- Soviet States (Colorado: First Forum Press, 2014).Tudoroiu Theodor, “Out of the Authoritarian Labyrinth: Post-2009 Moldova” in Rachel Vanderhill, Michael E. Aleprete Jr., International Dimentions of Authoritarian Presistence: Lessons from Post-Soviet States (Plymouth: Lexington Books), pp. 165-191.Vahl Marius and Emerson Michael, “Moldova and the Transnistrian Conflict” in Bruno Coppieters, Europeanization and Conlict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery (London: Academia Press), pp. 149-78.Walker Charles and Stephenson Svetlana, “Youth and Social Change in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union” in Charles Walker, and Svetlana Stephenson, Youth and Social Change in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 1-13. Wilson Andrew, “The East Europeans: Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova” in Stephen White, Paul G. Lewis and Judy Batt, Development in Central and East European Politics (Durham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 90-109.Worden A. Elizabeth, “Moldova: Challenges and Opportunities” in Nadiya Ivanenko, Education in Eastern Europe and Eurasia (NY: Bloomsbury, 2014), pp. 47-64.Wunderlich, Jens-Uwe and Bailey David J., The European Union and Global Governance: A Handbook (London: Routledge, 2011).Vitu Liliana, “Media Development in Moldova and European Integration” in Charles Alec, Media in the Enlarged Europe: Politics, Policy and Industry (Chicago: Intellect Ltd., 2009), pp. 191-197.Yekelchyk Serhy “Out of Russia’s Long Shadow: The Making of Modern Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova” in Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, Europe’s Last Frontier?: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine Between Russian and European Union, (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 9-28. Zagorski Andrei, “Politics Towards Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus” in Roland Dannreuther, European Union Foreign and Security Policy: Toward a Neighourhood Strategy (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 79-97. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
102263003資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102263003 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林永芳 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃央楨 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 黃央楨 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2015 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-Feb-2016 11:24:35 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-Feb-2016 11:24:35 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Feb-2016 11:24:35 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102263003 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/81146 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 俄羅斯研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102263003 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 摩爾多瓦是蘇聯解體後新成立的國家,大羅馬尼亞主義雖然有助於國家獨立,卻也產造成了分離地區的問題,在俄國的介入下,漸漸演變成了摩德菁英爭權奪利,拉攏歐盟與俄國勢力彼此攻防的現象。俄國想以影響力與連結鞏固近鄰利益、歐盟則想以睦鄰政策「治療」摩德衝突,同時保護歐盟經濟政治安全;摩爾多瓦想收復德涅斯特地區並維護國家主權,但守門員時常更動,造成親歐親俄搖擺不定的狀態、德涅斯特地區守門員抓住俄國與歐盟的連結,努力維護「國家」獨立。本文試圖運用影響力與連結分析1992年至今,德涅斯特地區與摩爾多瓦分離後,守門員菁英、俄國與歐盟如何運用影響力與連結獲得其國家利益、成功或失敗、以及檢討其原因。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) With the dissolution of the USSR and the rise of Romanianism, the newly independent state of Moldova has been plagued by the failure of transformation and the secessionist conflict of Transnistria. This conflict soon turned into a competition for the European Union (EU) and Russia to exert their influences on the two sides. While Russia hopes to consolidate its interests in nearby nation-states, the EU seeks a “cure” for the conflict through the European Neighbourhood Policy. Moldova is attempting to recover the secessionist state of Transnistria; however, political infighting remains active. Meanwhile, Transnistria is struggling to maintain its status quo by retaining links with both Russia and the EU. This article is dedicated to understanding how leverage and linkage are employed in the post-Soviet era by the gatekeepers, Russia, and the EU in the process of finding a solution to the Moldovan–Transnistrian conflict. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究途徑與方法 3第三節 研究範圍與限制 16第四節 文獻回顧 20第五節 研究架構與章節安排 31第二章 摩德衝突的歷史背景 36第一節 沙俄對比薩拉比亞的影響 37第二節 蘇聯統治時期 38第三節 戈巴契夫改革的影響 46第四節 德涅斯特地區的獨立 53第五節 小結 65第三章 俄國的單方介入與主導期 67第一節 俄國對摩德衝突的規劃—聯邦化 68第二節 過去的成果—莫斯科備忘錄 69第三節 2001年摩爾多瓦共產黨執政 73第四節 2003年哥薩克備忘錄 85第五節 小結 96第四章 歐盟加入共同調停時期 99第一節 歐盟對摩德衝突解決的構想—歐洲化 100第二節 2005年後摩爾多瓦的改革 102第三節 2010年梅茲堡備忘錄 110第四節 2015年摩爾多瓦改革受挫 117第五節 小結 125第五章 結論 128參考書目 137 zh_TW dc.format.extent 169827 bytes - dc.format.extent 2781734 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102263003 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 摩德衝突 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 德涅斯特地區 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分離地區 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 影響力與連結 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 摩爾多瓦 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Moldovan-Transnistrian conflict en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Transnistria en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) secessionist state en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) leverage and linkage en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Moldova en_US dc.title (題名) 摩爾多瓦與德涅斯特河沿岸地區衝突之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study on the Moldovan - Transnistrian Conflict en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abbott Pamela, et al, “Concept of citizenship, social and system integration among young people in post-Soviet Moldova” in Charles Walker and Svetlana Stephenson, Youth and Social Change in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 75-90.Astrov Vasily and Havlik Peter, “Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova—Economic Developments and Integration Prospects” in Daniel Hamilton and Gerhard Mangott, The New Eastern Europe Ukraine, Belarus, & Moldova (Washington DC: Center for Transatlantic Relation, 2007), pp. 127-147.Beachain O Donnacha and Polese Abel, “‘Rocking the Vote’: New Forms of Youth Organisations in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union” in Charles Walker and Svetlana Stephenson, Youth and Social Change in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 108-123.Bugajski Janusz, “Regaining a Commonwealth: Ukraine and Moldova”, Cold Peace: Russia’s New Imperialism (Washington, D.C.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), pp. 79-108.Caspersen Nina, “State Without Sovereignty: Imitating Democracy Statehood” in Nina Caspersen and Gareth Stansfield, Unrecognized States in the International System (Oxford: Routledge, 2011), pp. 73-89.Cohen Ariel, “Revisiting Russia’s Turbulent Rim: Caucasus, Central Asia, and Moldova” in Uri Ra’anan and Kate Martin, Russia: Return to Imperialism? (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996), pp. 87-104.Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Human Rights and Democratization in the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Washington, DC: CSCE, 1993).Crowther William, Moldova’s Transition from Semi-Presidenalism: Parlimentary Intentions Prisidential Outcome (Taipei: Academia Sinca, 2008).----------------------, “Nationalism and Political Transformation in Moldova” in Donald L. Dyer, Study in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 31-51.----------------------, “The Politics of Democratization in Postcommunist Moldova” in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reaction in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 282-329.Curanovic Alicja, “Occasional Community: Russian Policy on Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Montenegro” in Andrew Huemmer, The Religious Factor in Russia’s Foreign Policy (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 181-186.Deletent Dennis, “Language Policy and Moldavian Language” in Donald L. Dyer, Study in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 53-87.Demirdirek Hulya, “In the Minority in Moldova: Disempowerment through Territorial Conflict” in Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, Europe’s Last Frontier? : Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine between Russian and European Union, (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 115-131.Dinesen Ruxandra Lupu and Wivel Andres, “Georgia and Moldova: Caught in the Outskirt of Europe” in Clive Archer, Alyson J.K. Bailes., and Wivel Anders, Small States and International Security Europe and Byond (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 149-166.Dyer L. Donald, “The Making of the Moldavian Language” in Donald L. Dyer, Study in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 89-109.Economist Intelligence Unit, EIU Country Report, Moldova 1992, No. 2, pp. 67-74.----------------------------------, EIU Country Report, Moldova1992, No. 3, pp. 55-62.----------------------------------, EIU Country Report, Moldova1992, No. 4, pp. 58-63.-----------------------------------, EIU Country Profile, Moldova 1992-93, pp. 41-57.Ganzle Stephen, “EU-Russia Relations and the Repercussions on the ‘In-Betweens’” in Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, Europe’s Last Frontier?: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine Between Russian and European Union, (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 195-229.Gordon Claire, “The EU as a Reluctant Conflict Manager in Moldova” in Richard G.Whitman and Stefan Wolff, The European Union as a Global Conflict Manager (Oxford: Routledge, 2012), pp. 120-37.Hamilton Daniel and Mangott Gerhard, “Modolva`s Uncertain Future” in Daniel Hamilton and Gerhard Mangott, The New Eastern Europe Ukraine, Belarus, & Moldova (Washington DC: Center for Transatlantic Relation, 2007), pp. 77-124.Herrberg Antje, “The Politics of Unrecognized States and the Business of Internaitonal Peace Mediation” in Nina Caspersen, Unrecognized State: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Modern System (NY: Routledge, 2011), pp. 165-182.Hill H. 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