1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 以優選理論分析日語中的英語外來語
An Optimality Theoretic Approach to English Loanwords in Japanese
作者 鄭智仁
Cheng, Chih-Jen
貢獻者 蕭宇超
Hsiao, Yu-Chau
鄭智仁
Cheng, Chih-Jen
關鍵詞 優選理論
語音代換
音韻調整
促音化
截短現象
Optimality Theory
segmental substitutions
phonological modifications
consonant gemination
loanword truncatio
日期 2001
上傳時間 15-Apr-2016 15:57:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇論文旨在從優選理論(Optimality Theory)來探討日語中的英語外來語。所研究的問題有四個，包括英語詞彙日語化過程中的語音代換(segmental substitutions)與音韻調整(phonological modifications)的現象，英語輔音韻尾促音化(consonant gemination)的現象，以及外來語截短(loanword truncation)現象的研究。在語音代換方面，基於過去以對比分析(Contrastive Analysis)的研究只重視英日語間音與音的對應，然共通語法(Universal Grammar)為當代語言學研究的主要目標，因此本文以優選理論這一針對共通語法所提出的當代音韻學理論中的制約(constraints)排行與違反的概念來重新分析。在本文中，語音代換主要是起因於共通語法下的音段標顯性制約(segmental markedness constraints)、極大性制約(MAX-IO)、及特徵一致性制約(IDENT[F] constraints)在日語語法中排行的結果。在音韻調整方面，日語主要是以元音添加(vowel epenthesis)來處理英語韻尾輔音及輔音群。過去的分析將元音添加視為是一種規則(rules)運作的結果，然這種分析仍需要制約的概念。有鑑於此，本文純以制約的排行與違反來分析這個現象。在本文中，音韻調整及元音添加主要是起因於共通語法下的一組音節結構完好性制約(syllable wel-formedness constraints)與極大性、依循性制約(DEP-IO)在日語中排行的結果所致。在英語韻尾輔音促音化方面，由於許多過去的研究將此一現象歸因於是模仿英語原字，特別是其閉音節結構的結果。根據此一看法，本文主張此一現象乃是起因於與韻尾輔音相關的音拍一致性制約(IDENT[m])因模仿英語原字這一目的而獲得優先被滿足權。也就是當其排行高於反孳生輔音制約(anti-gemination constraints)時，就會導致促音化的現象。在外來語的截短現象方面，過去學者的分析引發不少的問題，如Suzuki(1995)根據優選理論所提出的分析卻與Ito(1990)的統計結果相矛盾等。有鑑於此，本文作者亦進行外來語截短詞包括長度、音節類型、截短方向及重音等的統計。根據這一統計結果，本文將截短現象分成「最小截短」與「非最小截短」。兩者各由其相關的制約排行所控制。此外，本文並指出日語外來語的「最小截短」能驗證emergence of the unmarked (McCarthy and Prince 1994, 1995b, 1997)這一主張。
This thesis aims to study English loanwords in Japanese within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993ab). It deals with four issues: the segmental substitutions and phonological modifications in loanword nativization, consonant gemination, and loanword truncation. The segmental substitutions are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG segmental markedness constraints, together with the higher ranked MAX-IO. The choices of substitute sounds are mainly determined by the rankings of lDENT[F] constraints in Japanese. The phonological modifications are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG syllable well-formedness constraints. In addition, vowel epenthesis as a way of modification is prompted by the dominance of MAX-10 over DEP-IO. As for consonant gemination, it is not motivated by any native requirements in Japanese, and thus results from a conscious effort to imitate English source forms by having lDENT[μ] acquire a priority to be respected. That is, when it dominates the anti-gemination constraints, consonant gemination takes place. Finally, on the basis of the statistical results, the present study distinguishes two kinds of truncation: the minimal and non-minimal truncations. In the minimal truncation, FTBIN and NONFIN(σ) are responsible for the accented LL and HL output patterns while in the non-minimal truncation WDBIN and MAX-BT lead to the unaccented four-mora outputs as well as LLL outputs.
參考文獻 Akinaga, Kazue. 1981. Akusento shuutoku hoosoku [Laws of accent learning]. In the appendix to Meikai Nihongo akusento jiten [Japanese accent dictionary]. 2nd. edn. Tokyo: Sanseido.
     Alber, Birgit. 1998. Stress preservation in German loanwords. Phonology and morphology of the Germanic languages, ed. by Wolfgang Kehrein and Richard Wiese, 113-141. Tubingen: Niemeyer.
     Archangeli, Diana. 1997. Optimality theory: an introduction to linguistics in the 1990s. Optimality theory: an overview, ed. by Diana Archangeli and D. Terence Langendoen, 1-32. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Archangeli, Diana, and D. Terence Langendoen (eds.) 1997. Optimality Theory: an overview. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Archangeli, Diana, Laura Moll, and Kazutoshi Ohno. 1998. Why not *NC8. Chicago Linguistic Society 34.1-26.
     Backhouse, Anthony E. 1993. The Japanese language: an introduction. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
     Beckman, Jill, N, Laura W. Dickey, and Suzanne Urbanczyk (eds.) 1995. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18. Amherst, Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     Benua, Laura. 1995. Identity effects in morphological truncation. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, ed. by Jill Beckman et al., 77-136. Amherst Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     Blevins, Juliette. 1995. The syllable in phonological theory. The handbook of phonological theory, ed. by John Goldsmith, 206-244. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Borden, Gloria J., and Katherine S. Harris. 1980. Speech science primer: physiology, acoustics, and perception of speech. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
     Cabre, Teresa, and Michael Kenstowicz. 1995. Prosodic trapping in Catalan. Linguistic Inquiry 26.694-705.
     Chomsky, Noam, and Morris Halle. 1968. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
     Colina, Sonia. 1996. Spanish truncation processes: the emergence of the unmarked. Linguistics 34.1199-1218.
     Davison, Lisa, and Rolf Noyer. 1997. Loan phonology in Huave: nativization and the ranking of faithfulness constraints. The Proceedings of the 15th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. by Brian Agbayani and Sye-Wing Tang, 65-79.
     Eckman, Fred R. 1977. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning 27(2).315-330.
     Fries, Charles. 1945. Teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
     Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. 1993. An introduction to language. 5th edn. Orlando, FL: HBJ.
     Fukazawa, Haruka, Mafuyu Kitahara, and Mitsuhiko Ota. 1998. Lexical stratification and ranking invariance in constraint-based grammars. Chicago Linguistic Society 34.47-62.
     Gilbers, Dicky, and Helen de Hoop. 1998. Conflicting constraints: an introduction to optimality theory. Lingua 104.1-12.
     Goldsmith, John A. (ed.) 1995. The handbook of phonological theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Hammond, Michael. 1997. Optimality theory and prosody. Optimality theory: an overview, ed. by Diana Archangeli and D. Terence Langendoen, 33-58. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1977. The tone pattern of Japanese: an autosegmental theory of tonology. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1991. A theory of stress and accent. Dordrecht: Foris.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1996. Syllable, mora, and accent. Phonological structure and language processing: cross-linguistic studies, ed. by Takashi Otake and Anne Cutler, 45-75. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1999. Accent. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 1-30. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Hayati, Majid. 1997. Contrastive linguistics: re-evaluation and re-formulation. Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 32.21-28.
     Hayes, Bruce. 1989. Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 20.253-305.
     Hibiya, Junko. 1999. Variationist sociolinguistics. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 101-120. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ho, Dah-an. 1996. Sheng yun hsueh chung te kuan nien ho fang fa [Concepts and methods in phonology]. 2nd edn. Taipei: Ta an.
     Holden, Kyril. 1976. Assimilation rates of borrowings and phonological productivity. Language 52.131-147.
     Hsi, Hsin-hua. 2000. T’an t’an jih yu wai lai yu te so l& uuml;eh yu yu hsing chieh kou [A remark on the structures of Japanese loanword clippings]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 11.10-11.
     Hsiao, Yuchau E., and Chih-jen Cheng. 2000. Ts’ung ch’uan t’ung yu hsien tai yin yun hsueh te chiao tu lai k’an jih yu chung te ying yu wai lai yu [English loanwords in Japanese: from the perspectives of the traditional and modern phonology]. Paper presented at the 2000 Conference of the School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Soochow University.
     Hu, Chih-kuo. 1981. Chin pai nien lai ying yu tui jih yu te ying hsiang [The influence of English on Japanese since one hundred years ago]. Jih Pen Hsueh Pao [Journal of Japan]1.318-365.
     Hu, Lien-jung. 2000. Jih yu so lueh yu ch’ien t’an [A remark on Japanese clippings]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 3.14-16.
     Hyman, Larry M. 1985. A theory of phonological weight. Dordrecht: Foris.
     Ike, Minoru. 1995. A historical review of English in Japan (1600-1880). World Englishes 14(1).3-11.
     Ito, Junko. 1986. Syllable theory in prosodic phonology. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts dissertation. Reproduced by UMI.
     Ito, Junko. 1989. A prosodic of epenthesis. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7.217-259.
     Ito, Junko. 1990. Prosodic minimality in Japanese. Chicago Linguistic Society 26(2).213-239.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1986. The phonology of voicing in Japanese: theoretical consequences for morphological accessibility. Linguistic Inquiry 17.49-73.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1992. Weak layering and word binarity. Linguistics Research Center Report (LRC-92-09). Santa Cruz: UCSC Linguistics Research Center.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1995a. Japanese phonology. The handbook of phonological theory, ed. by John Goldsmith, 817-838. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1995b. The core-periphery structure of the lexicon and constraints on reranking. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, ed. by Jill Beckman et al., 181-210. Amherst Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     Ito, Junko, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, and Armin Mester. 1996. Prosodic faithfulness and correspondence: evidence from a Japanese argot. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5.217-294.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1997. Sympathy theory and German truncations. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-211-0897).
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1998. Markedness and word structure: OCP effects in Japanese. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-255-0498).
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1999. The phonological lexicon. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 62-100. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ito, Junko, Armin Mester, and Jaye Padgett. 1995. Licensing and underspecification in optimality theory. Linguistic Inquiry 26.571-613.
     Ito, Junko, Armin Mester, and Jaye Padgett. 1999. Lexical classes in Japanese: a reply to Rice. Phonology at Santa Cruz 6.39-46.
     Ito, Junko, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, and Armin Mester. 1996. Prosodic faithfulness and correspondence: evidence from a Japanese argot. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5.217-294.
     James, Carl. 1980. Contrastive analysis. Singapore: Longman.
     Kager, Rene. 1999. Optimality theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1998. Wai lai yu kai shu (6) [A general remark on loanwords (6)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 12.24-28.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999a. Wai lai yu kai shu (7) [A general remark on loanwords (7)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 1.29-35.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999b. Wai lai yu kai shu (8) [A general remark on loanwords (8)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 2.20-25.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999c. Wai lai yu kai shu (9) [A general remark on loanwords (9)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 3.21-25.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999d. Wai lai yu kai shu (11) [A general remark on loanwords (11)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 5.17-21.
     Katayama, Motoko. 1997. The markedness of voiced geminates in Japanese. Phonology at Santa Cruz 5.49-56.
     Katayama Motoko. 1998. Optimality theory and Japanese loanword phonology. Santa Cruz: UCSC dissertation. Reproduced by SLUG Pubs.
     Kay, Gillian. 1995. English loanwords in Japanese. World Englishes 14(1).67-76.
     Kenstowicz, Michael. 1994. Phonology in generative grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Kindaichi, Haruhiko. 1989. Jih yu te t’e chih [The characteristics of the Japanese language], ed. by Hong Ju Tang Books. Taipei: Hong Ju Tang Books.
     K`o, Ming Liang. 1996. Jih yu chung te wai lai yu chih hsüeh hsi yao ling: i mei yu (ying yu) wei chu [Tips for learning loanwords in Japanese: focus on American English]. K’ung Ta Hsueh Hsün [Open University Newsletter]186.41-50.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1989. The mora and syllable structure in Japanese: evidence from speech errors. Language and Speech 32(3).249-278.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1993. The organization of Japanese prosody. Tokyo: Kuroshio.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1995a. Perceptual evidence for the mora in Japanese. Phonology and phonetic evidence: papers in laboratory phonology IV, ed. by Bruce Connell and Amalia Arvaniti, 141-156. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1995b. Constraint interaction in Japanese phonology: evidence from compound accent. Phonology at Santa Cruz 4.21-38.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1996. Speech segmentation and phonological structure. Phonological structure and language processing: cross-linguistic studies, ed. by Takashi Otake and Anne Cutler, 77-94. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1997. Lexical markedness and variation: a nonderivational account of Japanese compound accentuation. The Proceedings of the 15th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. by Brian Agbayani and Sye-Wing Tang, 273-287.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1999. Mora and syllable. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 31-61. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ku, Hai-ken. 2000. Jih pen yu kai lun [An general discussion on Japanese language]. Taipei: San Ss? T’ang.
     Kurisu, Kazutaka. 2000. Richness of the base and root fusion in Sino-Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 9.147-185.
     Lado, Robert. 1957. Linguistics across cultures. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
     Li, Sung-lin. 1995. Jih yu wai lai yu tsao ts’? te hsing shih yu fang fa [The forms and methods of the coinage of Japanese loanwords]. Jih Yu Hsueh Hsi Yu Yen Chiu [Study and Research on Japanese Language] 4.19-25.
     Lin, Cheng-hui. 1987. Jih pen wai lai yu te yen chiu [The study on Japanese loanwords]. Taipei: Chinese Culture University M.A thesis.
     Liu, Wei. 1994. Ju he yun yung ying yu chih shih lai hsu eh hsi jih yu wai lai yu [How to use English knowledge to study Japanese loanwords]. Jih Yu Hsueh Hsi Yu Yen Chiu [Study and Research on Japanese Language] 4.19-25.
     Lovins, Julie Beth. 1975. Loanwords and the phonological structure of Japanese. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistic Club.
     Loveday, Leo, J. 1996. Language contact in Japan: a socio-linguistic history. Oxford: Clarendon.
     Lychyk, Victor. 1994. English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian. Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29.141-156.
     McCarthy, John. 1986. OCP effects: gemination and antigemination. Linguistic Inquiry 17.207-263.
     McCarthy, John. 1997. Sympathy & phonological opacity. Talk given at Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop / Maryland Mayfest 1997.
     McCarthy, John. 1998. Sympathy & phonological opacity. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-252-0398).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1986. Prosodic Morphology. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University, ms.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1990. Foot and word in prosodic morphology: the Arabic broken plural. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8.209-82.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1993a. Prosodic morphology I: constraint interaction and satisfaction. Technical Reports of the Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science, (RuCCs TR-3).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1993b. Generalized alignment. Yearbook of morphology 1993, ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle, 79-153. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1994. The emergence of the unmarked: optimality in prosodic morphology. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-13-0594).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1995a. Prosodic morphology. The handbook of phonological theory, ed. by John Goldsmith, 318-366. Oxford: Blackwell.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1995b. Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, ed. by Jill Beckman et al., 249-384. Amherst Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1997. Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-216-0997).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1998. Prosodic morphology. The handbook of morphology, ed. by Andrew Spencer and Arnold M. Zwicky, 283-305. Oxford: Blackwell.
     McCawley, James. 1968. The phonological component of a grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton.
     Mester, Armin. 1990. Patterns of truncation. Linguistic Inquiry 21.478-485.
     Miller, Roy Andrew. 1967. The Japanese language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Nagashima, Daisuke. 1993. Bilingual lexicography in Japan: the Dutch-Japanese to the English-Japanese dictionary. World Englishes 12(1).249-255.
     Nelson, Nicole. 1998. Mixed anchoring in French hypocoristic formation. RuLing Papers 1. 185-199.
     Otake, Takashi, and Anne Cutler (eds.) 1996. Phonological structure and language processing: cross-linguistic studies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     Odlin, Terence. 1989. Language transfer: cross-linguistic influence in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Paradis, Carole. 1995. Derivational constraints in phonology: evidence from loanwords and implications. Chicago Linguistic Society 31.360-374.
     Paradis, Carole, and Darlene LaCharite. 1997. Preservation and minimality in loanword adaptation. Linguistics 33.379-430.
     Pierrehumbert, Janet, and Mary Beckman. 1988. Japanese tone structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
     Pineros, Carlos-Eduardo. 2000. Prosodic and segmental unmarkedness in Spanish truncation. Linguistics 38.63-98.
     Poser, William. 1990. Evidence for foot structure in Japanese. Language 66.78-105.
     Prieto, Pilar. 1992. Truncation processes in Spanish. Studies in Linguistic Sciences 22.143-158.
     Prince, Alan. 1990. Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. Chicago Linguistic Society 26(2).354-398.
     Prince, Alan, and Paul Smolensky. 1993. Optimality theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. New Brunswick, NJ and Boulder, CO: Rutgers University and University of Colorado, ms.
     Pulleyblank, Douglas. 1997. Optimality theory and features. Optimality theory: an overview, ed. by Diana Archangeli and D. Terence Langendoen, 59-101. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Roca, Iggy, and Wyn Johnson. 1999. A course in phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Sato, Eriko. 1999. Pitch-accent in Tokyo Japanese. Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese. 33(2).1-35.
     Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1972. The non-cyclic nature of Japanese accentuation. Language 48.584-95.
     Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The languages of Japanese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Shinohara, Masami. 1999. NihoNjiN to taiwaNgo [Japanese people and Taiwanese language]. Taipei: Chih Liang.
     Shinohara, Shigeko. 2000. Default accentuation and foot structure in Japanese: evidence from Japanese adaptations of French words. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 9.55-96.
     Silverman, Daniel. 1992. Multiple scansions in loanword phonology: evidence from Cantonese. Phonology 9.289-328.
     Suzuki, Hisami. 1995. Minimal words in Japanese. Chicago Linguistic Society 31. 448-463.
     Toda, masayuki, and Kuo-yen Huang. 1989. Jih yu yu yin hsueh ju men [Introduction to Japanese phonetics]. Taipei: Hung Ju T’ang.
     Tranter, Nicolas. 1997. Hybrid Anglo-Japanese loans in Korean. Linguistics 35. 133-166.
     Tsujimura, Natsuko. 1996. An introduction to Japanese linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Tsujimura, Natsuko (ed.) 1999. The handbook of Japanese linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ulrich, Charles H. 1997. Loanword adaptation in Lama: testing the TCRS model. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 42(4).415-463.
     Vance, Timothy. 1987. An introduction to Japanese phonology. Albany: State University of New York Press.
     Veisbergs, Andrejs. 1999. Clipping in English and Latvian. Pozna? Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 35.153-163.
     Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1970. The contrastive analysis hypothesis. TESOL Quarterly 4(2).123-130.
     Wolfram, Walt, and Robert Johnson. 1982. Phonological analysis: focus on American English. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
     Yip, Moira. 1993. Cantonese loanword phonology and optimality theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2.261-291.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
86555008
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001003
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsiao, Yu-Chauen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭智仁zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Cheng, Chih-Jenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鄭智仁zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Cheng, Chih-Jenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2001en_US
dc.date.accessioned 15-Apr-2016 15:57:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 15-Apr-2016 15:57:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 15-Apr-2016 15:57:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) A2002001003en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/84816-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 86555008zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇論文旨在從優選理論(Optimality Theory)來探討日語中的英語外來語。所研究的問題有四個，包括英語詞彙日語化過程中的語音代換(segmental substitutions)與音韻調整(phonological modifications)的現象，英語輔音韻尾促音化(consonant gemination)的現象，以及外來語截短(loanword truncation)現象的研究。在語音代換方面，基於過去以對比分析(Contrastive Analysis)的研究只重視英日語間音與音的對應，然共通語法(Universal Grammar)為當代語言學研究的主要目標，因此本文以優選理論這一針對共通語法所提出的當代音韻學理論中的制約(constraints)排行與違反的概念來重新分析。在本文中，語音代換主要是起因於共通語法下的音段標顯性制約(segmental markedness constraints)、極大性制約(MAX-IO)、及特徵一致性制約(IDENT[F] constraints)在日語語法中排行的結果。在音韻調整方面，日語主要是以元音添加(vowel epenthesis)來處理英語韻尾輔音及輔音群。過去的分析將元音添加視為是一種規則(rules)運作的結果，然這種分析仍需要制約的概念。有鑑於此，本文純以制約的排行與違反來分析這個現象。在本文中，音韻調整及元音添加主要是起因於共通語法下的一組音節結構完好性制約(syllable wel-formedness constraints)與極大性、依循性制約(DEP-IO)在日語中排行的結果所致。在英語韻尾輔音促音化方面，由於許多過去的研究將此一現象歸因於是模仿英語原字，特別是其閉音節結構的結果。根據此一看法，本文主張此一現象乃是起因於與韻尾輔音相關的音拍一致性制約(IDENT[m])因模仿英語原字這一目的而獲得優先被滿足權。也就是當其排行高於反孳生輔音制約(anti-gemination constraints)時，就會導致促音化的現象。在外來語的截短現象方面，過去學者的分析引發不少的問題，如Suzuki(1995)根據優選理論所提出的分析卻與Ito(1990)的統計結果相矛盾等。有鑑於此，本文作者亦進行外來語截短詞包括長度、音節類型、截短方向及重音等的統計。根據這一統計結果，本文將截短現象分成「最小截短」與「非最小截短」。兩者各由其相關的制約排行所控制。此外，本文並指出日語外來語的「最小截短」能驗證emergence of the unmarked (McCarthy and Prince 1994, 1995b, 1997)這一主張。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis aims to study English loanwords in Japanese within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993ab). It deals with four issues: the segmental substitutions and phonological modifications in loanword nativization, consonant gemination, and loanword truncation. The segmental substitutions are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG segmental markedness constraints, together with the higher ranked MAX-IO. The choices of substitute sounds are mainly determined by the rankings of lDENT[F] constraints in Japanese. The phonological modifications are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG syllable well-formedness constraints. In addition, vowel epenthesis as a way of modification is prompted by the dominance of MAX-10 over DEP-IO. As for consonant gemination, it is not motivated by any native requirements in Japanese, and thus results from a conscious effort to imitate English source forms by having lDENT[μ] acquire a priority to be respected. That is, when it dominates the anti-gemination constraints, consonant gemination takes place. Finally, on the basis of the statistical results, the present study distinguishes two kinds of truncation: the minimal and non-minimal truncations. In the minimal truncation, FTBIN and NONFIN(σ) are responsible for the accented LL and HL output patterns while in the non-minimal truncation WDBIN and MAX-BT lead to the unaccented four-mora outputs as well as LLL outputs.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 封面頁
     證明書
     ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS(致謝詞)
     VITA
     TABLE OF CONTENTS(目錄)
     Chinese Abstract
     English Abstract
     Chapter 1 Introduction
     1.1 Research Issues
     1.2 An Introduction to Optimality Theory
     1.3 The Organization of the Thesis
     1.4 The Principles of the Transcription
     1.5 An Overview of Loanwords in Japanese
     Chapter 2 Literature Review
     2.1 Introduction
     2.2 Loanword Nativization
     2.2.1 The Segmental Substitutions
     2.2.2 The Phonological Modifications
     2.3 Consonant Gemination
     2.3.1 An Introduction to Sympathy Theory
     2.3.2 Katayama’s (1997, 1998) Analysis
     2.3.2.1 Word-Final Gemination
     2.3.2.1.1 The English Word-Final Voiceless Obstruents
     2.3.2.1.2 The Non-Gemination Behind Long Vowels
     2.3.2.1.3 The English Word-Final Nasals
     2.3.2.1.4 The English Word-Final Voiced Obstruents
     2.3.2.1.5 The Complex Coda Consonants
     2.3.2.2 Word-Medial Gemination
     2.3.2.2.1 The English Word-Medial Coda Consonants
     2.3.2.2.2 Intervocalic Gemination
     2.3.3 The Problems in Katayama’s (1997, 1998) Analysis
     2.4 Loanword Truncation
     2.4.1 An Introduction to Prosodic Morphology
     2.4.2 Ito’s (1990) Analysis
     2.4.2.1 The Stem and Word Requirements
     2.4.2.2 The Problems in Ito’s (1990) Analysis
     2.4.3 Ito and Mester’s (1992) Analysis
     2.4.3.1 Word Binarity
     2.4.3.2 The Problems in Ito and Mester’s (1992) Analysis
     2.4.4 Suzuki’s (1995) Analysis
     2.4.4.1 An Introduction to the Tokyo Japanese Pitch-Accent System
     2.4.4.2 The Nonfinality Consonant
     2.4.4.3 The Problems in Suzuki’s (1995) Analysis
     2.5 Summary
     Chapter 3 The Segmental Substitutions
     3.1 Introduction
     3.2 The Segmental Markedness Constraints
     3.3 The Vowel Substitutions
     3.3.1 The English and Japanese Vocalic Systems
     3.3.2 An OT Analysis of the Vowel Substitutions
     3.3.3 Diphthongs
     3.3.4 Rhotic Vowels
     3.4 The Consonant Substitutions
     3.4.1 The English and Japanese Consonant Systems
     3.4.2 An OT Analysis of the Consonant Substitutions
     3.5 A Comparison with the Previous Studies
     3.6 Summary
     Chapter 4 The Phonological Modifications
     4.1 Introduction
     4.2 The Syllable Well-Formedness Constraints
     4.3 The Phonological Modifications
     4.3.1 The Ranking of the Structural Constraints in Japanese
     4.3.2 The Treatments of English Coda Consonants and Consonant Clusters
     4.3.3 The Choices of Epenthetic Vowels
     4.3.4 The Treatments of English Word-Final Nasals
     4.4 A Comparison with the Previous Studies
     4.5 Summary
     Chapter 5 Consonant Gemination
     5.1 Introduction
     5.2 The Anti-Gemination Consonants
     5.3 The Motivation for Consonant Gemination
     5.4 Word-Final Gemination
     5.4.1 The Simple Coda Consonants in English Monosyllabic Words
     5.4.1.1 The English Word-Final Voiceless Obstruents
     5.4.1.2 The Non-Gemination Behind Long Vowels
     5.4.1.3 The English Word-Final Nasals
     5.4.1.4 The English Word-Final Voiced Obstruents
     5.4.1.5 The Gemination Involving the Consonant Substitutions
     5.4.2 The Complex Coda Consonants in English Monosyllabic Words
     5.4.3 The Residual Problem
     5.5 Word-Medial Gemination
     5.5.1 The English Word-Medial Coda Consonants
     5.5.2 Intervocalic Gemination
     5.6 A Comparison with the Previous Studies
     5.7 Summary
     Chapter 6 Loanword Truncation
     6.1 Introduction
     6.2 The Statistics on Loanword Truncation Outputs
     6.2.1 The Statistical Results on the Output Syllable Patterns
     6.2.2 The Statistical Results on the Truncatory Directions
     6.2.3 The Statistical Results on the Output Accentuation
     6.3 An OT Analysis of Loanword Truncation in Japanese
     6.3.1 The Bimoraic Loanword Truncation Outputs
     6.3.2 The Trimoraic Loanword Truncation Outputs
     6.3.2.1 The HL Outputs
     6.3.2.2 The LLL Outputs
     6.3.2.3 The Undesirable *LH
     6.3.3 The Quadrimoraic Loanword Truncation Outputs
     6.4 Emergence of the Unmarked
     6.5 A Comparison with the Previous Studies
     6.6 Summary
     Chapter 7 Conclusion
     Appendix
     References		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001003en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優選理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語音代換zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音韻調整zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 促音化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 截短現象zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Optimality Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) segmental substitutionsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonological modificationsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) consonant geminationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) loanword truncatioen_US
dc.title (題名) 以優選理論分析日語中的英語外來語zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An Optimality Theoretic Approach to English Loanwords in Japaneseen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Akinaga, Kazue. 1981. Akusento shuutoku hoosoku [Laws of accent learning]. In the appendix to Meikai Nihongo akusento jiten [Japanese accent dictionary]. 2nd. edn. Tokyo: Sanseido.
     Alber, Birgit. 1998. Stress preservation in German loanwords. Phonology and morphology of the Germanic languages, ed. by Wolfgang Kehrein and Richard Wiese, 113-141. Tubingen: Niemeyer.
     Archangeli, Diana. 1997. Optimality theory: an introduction to linguistics in the 1990s. Optimality theory: an overview, ed. by Diana Archangeli and D. Terence Langendoen, 1-32. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Archangeli, Diana, and D. Terence Langendoen (eds.) 1997. Optimality Theory: an overview. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Archangeli, Diana, Laura Moll, and Kazutoshi Ohno. 1998. Why not *NC8. Chicago Linguistic Society 34.1-26.
     Backhouse, Anthony E. 1993. The Japanese language: an introduction. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
     Beckman, Jill, N, Laura W. Dickey, and Suzanne Urbanczyk (eds.) 1995. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18. Amherst, Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     Benua, Laura. 1995. Identity effects in morphological truncation. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, ed. by Jill Beckman et al., 77-136. Amherst Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     Blevins, Juliette. 1995. The syllable in phonological theory. The handbook of phonological theory, ed. by John Goldsmith, 206-244. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Borden, Gloria J., and Katherine S. Harris. 1980. Speech science primer: physiology, acoustics, and perception of speech. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
     Cabre, Teresa, and Michael Kenstowicz. 1995. Prosodic trapping in Catalan. Linguistic Inquiry 26.694-705.
     Chomsky, Noam, and Morris Halle. 1968. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
     Colina, Sonia. 1996. Spanish truncation processes: the emergence of the unmarked. Linguistics 34.1199-1218.
     Davison, Lisa, and Rolf Noyer. 1997. Loan phonology in Huave: nativization and the ranking of faithfulness constraints. The Proceedings of the 15th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. by Brian Agbayani and Sye-Wing Tang, 65-79.
     Eckman, Fred R. 1977. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning 27(2).315-330.
     Fries, Charles. 1945. Teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
     Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. 1993. An introduction to language. 5th edn. Orlando, FL: HBJ.
     Fukazawa, Haruka, Mafuyu Kitahara, and Mitsuhiko Ota. 1998. Lexical stratification and ranking invariance in constraint-based grammars. Chicago Linguistic Society 34.47-62.
     Gilbers, Dicky, and Helen de Hoop. 1998. Conflicting constraints: an introduction to optimality theory. Lingua 104.1-12.
     Goldsmith, John A. (ed.) 1995. The handbook of phonological theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Hammond, Michael. 1997. Optimality theory and prosody. Optimality theory: an overview, ed. by Diana Archangeli and D. Terence Langendoen, 33-58. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1977. The tone pattern of Japanese: an autosegmental theory of tonology. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1991. A theory of stress and accent. Dordrecht: Foris.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1996. Syllable, mora, and accent. Phonological structure and language processing: cross-linguistic studies, ed. by Takashi Otake and Anne Cutler, 45-75. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     Haraguchi, Shosuke. 1999. Accent. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 1-30. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Hayati, Majid. 1997. Contrastive linguistics: re-evaluation and re-formulation. Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 32.21-28.
     Hayes, Bruce. 1989. Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 20.253-305.
     Hibiya, Junko. 1999. Variationist sociolinguistics. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 101-120. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ho, Dah-an. 1996. Sheng yun hsueh chung te kuan nien ho fang fa [Concepts and methods in phonology]. 2nd edn. Taipei: Ta an.
     Holden, Kyril. 1976. Assimilation rates of borrowings and phonological productivity. Language 52.131-147.
     Hsi, Hsin-hua. 2000. T’an t’an jih yu wai lai yu te so l& uuml;eh yu yu hsing chieh kou [A remark on the structures of Japanese loanword clippings]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 11.10-11.
     Hsiao, Yuchau E., and Chih-jen Cheng. 2000. Ts’ung ch’uan t’ung yu hsien tai yin yun hsueh te chiao tu lai k’an jih yu chung te ying yu wai lai yu [English loanwords in Japanese: from the perspectives of the traditional and modern phonology]. Paper presented at the 2000 Conference of the School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Soochow University.
     Hu, Chih-kuo. 1981. Chin pai nien lai ying yu tui jih yu te ying hsiang [The influence of English on Japanese since one hundred years ago]. Jih Pen Hsueh Pao [Journal of Japan]1.318-365.
     Hu, Lien-jung. 2000. Jih yu so lueh yu ch’ien t’an [A remark on Japanese clippings]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 3.14-16.
     Hyman, Larry M. 1985. A theory of phonological weight. Dordrecht: Foris.
     Ike, Minoru. 1995. A historical review of English in Japan (1600-1880). World Englishes 14(1).3-11.
     Ito, Junko. 1986. Syllable theory in prosodic phonology. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts dissertation. Reproduced by UMI.
     Ito, Junko. 1989. A prosodic of epenthesis. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7.217-259.
     Ito, Junko. 1990. Prosodic minimality in Japanese. Chicago Linguistic Society 26(2).213-239.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1986. The phonology of voicing in Japanese: theoretical consequences for morphological accessibility. Linguistic Inquiry 17.49-73.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1992. Weak layering and word binarity. Linguistics Research Center Report (LRC-92-09). Santa Cruz: UCSC Linguistics Research Center.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1995a. Japanese phonology. The handbook of phonological theory, ed. by John Goldsmith, 817-838. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1995b. The core-periphery structure of the lexicon and constraints on reranking. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, ed. by Jill Beckman et al., 181-210. Amherst Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     Ito, Junko, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, and Armin Mester. 1996. Prosodic faithfulness and correspondence: evidence from a Japanese argot. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5.217-294.
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1997. Sympathy theory and German truncations. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-211-0897).
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1998. Markedness and word structure: OCP effects in Japanese. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-255-0498).
     Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 1999. The phonological lexicon. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 62-100. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ito, Junko, Armin Mester, and Jaye Padgett. 1995. Licensing and underspecification in optimality theory. Linguistic Inquiry 26.571-613.
     Ito, Junko, Armin Mester, and Jaye Padgett. 1999. Lexical classes in Japanese: a reply to Rice. Phonology at Santa Cruz 6.39-46.
     Ito, Junko, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, and Armin Mester. 1996. Prosodic faithfulness and correspondence: evidence from a Japanese argot. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5.217-294.
     James, Carl. 1980. Contrastive analysis. Singapore: Longman.
     Kager, Rene. 1999. Optimality theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1998. Wai lai yu kai shu (6) [A general remark on loanwords (6)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 12.24-28.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999a. Wai lai yu kai shu (7) [A general remark on loanwords (7)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 1.29-35.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999b. Wai lai yu kai shu (8) [A general remark on loanwords (8)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 2.20-25.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999c. Wai lai yu kai shu (9) [A general remark on loanwords (9)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 3.21-25.
     Kao, Hsiao-hua. 1999d. Wai lai yu kai shu (11) [A general remark on loanwords (11)]. Jih Yu Chih Shih [Japanese Knowledge] 5.17-21.
     Katayama, Motoko. 1997. The markedness of voiced geminates in Japanese. Phonology at Santa Cruz 5.49-56.
     Katayama Motoko. 1998. Optimality theory and Japanese loanword phonology. Santa Cruz: UCSC dissertation. Reproduced by SLUG Pubs.
     Kay, Gillian. 1995. English loanwords in Japanese. World Englishes 14(1).67-76.
     Kenstowicz, Michael. 1994. Phonology in generative grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Kindaichi, Haruhiko. 1989. Jih yu te t’e chih [The characteristics of the Japanese language], ed. by Hong Ju Tang Books. Taipei: Hong Ju Tang Books.
     K`o, Ming Liang. 1996. Jih yu chung te wai lai yu chih hsüeh hsi yao ling: i mei yu (ying yu) wei chu [Tips for learning loanwords in Japanese: focus on American English]. K’ung Ta Hsueh Hsün [Open University Newsletter]186.41-50.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1989. The mora and syllable structure in Japanese: evidence from speech errors. Language and Speech 32(3).249-278.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1993. The organization of Japanese prosody. Tokyo: Kuroshio.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1995a. Perceptual evidence for the mora in Japanese. Phonology and phonetic evidence: papers in laboratory phonology IV, ed. by Bruce Connell and Amalia Arvaniti, 141-156. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1995b. Constraint interaction in Japanese phonology: evidence from compound accent. Phonology at Santa Cruz 4.21-38.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1996. Speech segmentation and phonological structure. Phonological structure and language processing: cross-linguistic studies, ed. by Takashi Otake and Anne Cutler, 77-94. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1997. Lexical markedness and variation: a nonderivational account of Japanese compound accentuation. The Proceedings of the 15th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. by Brian Agbayani and Sye-Wing Tang, 273-287.
     Kubozono, Haruo. 1999. Mora and syllable. The handbook of Japanese linguistics, ed. by Natsuko Tsujimura, 31-61. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ku, Hai-ken. 2000. Jih pen yu kai lun [An general discussion on Japanese language]. Taipei: San Ss? T’ang.
     Kurisu, Kazutaka. 2000. Richness of the base and root fusion in Sino-Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 9.147-185.
     Lado, Robert. 1957. Linguistics across cultures. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
     Li, Sung-lin. 1995. Jih yu wai lai yu tsao ts’? te hsing shih yu fang fa [The forms and methods of the coinage of Japanese loanwords]. Jih Yu Hsueh Hsi Yu Yen Chiu [Study and Research on Japanese Language] 4.19-25.
     Lin, Cheng-hui. 1987. Jih pen wai lai yu te yen chiu [The study on Japanese loanwords]. Taipei: Chinese Culture University M.A thesis.
     Liu, Wei. 1994. Ju he yun yung ying yu chih shih lai hsu eh hsi jih yu wai lai yu [How to use English knowledge to study Japanese loanwords]. Jih Yu Hsueh Hsi Yu Yen Chiu [Study and Research on Japanese Language] 4.19-25.
     Lovins, Julie Beth. 1975. Loanwords and the phonological structure of Japanese. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistic Club.
     Loveday, Leo, J. 1996. Language contact in Japan: a socio-linguistic history. Oxford: Clarendon.
     Lychyk, Victor. 1994. English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian. Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29.141-156.
     McCarthy, John. 1986. OCP effects: gemination and antigemination. Linguistic Inquiry 17.207-263.
     McCarthy, John. 1997. Sympathy & phonological opacity. Talk given at Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop / Maryland Mayfest 1997.
     McCarthy, John. 1998. Sympathy & phonological opacity. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-252-0398).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1986. Prosodic Morphology. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University, ms.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1990. Foot and word in prosodic morphology: the Arabic broken plural. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8.209-82.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1993a. Prosodic morphology I: constraint interaction and satisfaction. Technical Reports of the Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science, (RuCCs TR-3).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1993b. Generalized alignment. Yearbook of morphology 1993, ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle, 79-153. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1994. The emergence of the unmarked: optimality in prosodic morphology. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-13-0594).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1995a. Prosodic morphology. The handbook of phonological theory, ed. by John Goldsmith, 318-366. Oxford: Blackwell.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1995b. Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. Papers in optimality theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, ed. by Jill Beckman et al., 249-384. Amherst Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association.
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1997. Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology. Rutgers University Archive, (ROA-216-0997).
     McCarthy, John, and Alan Prince. 1998. Prosodic morphology. The handbook of morphology, ed. by Andrew Spencer and Arnold M. Zwicky, 283-305. Oxford: Blackwell.
     McCawley, James. 1968. The phonological component of a grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton.
     Mester, Armin. 1990. Patterns of truncation. Linguistic Inquiry 21.478-485.
     Miller, Roy Andrew. 1967. The Japanese language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Nagashima, Daisuke. 1993. Bilingual lexicography in Japan: the Dutch-Japanese to the English-Japanese dictionary. World Englishes 12(1).249-255.
     Nelson, Nicole. 1998. Mixed anchoring in French hypocoristic formation. RuLing Papers 1. 185-199.
     Otake, Takashi, and Anne Cutler (eds.) 1996. Phonological structure and language processing: cross-linguistic studies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     Odlin, Terence. 1989. Language transfer: cross-linguistic influence in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Paradis, Carole. 1995. Derivational constraints in phonology: evidence from loanwords and implications. Chicago Linguistic Society 31.360-374.
     Paradis, Carole, and Darlene LaCharite. 1997. Preservation and minimality in loanword adaptation. Linguistics 33.379-430.
     Pierrehumbert, Janet, and Mary Beckman. 1988. Japanese tone structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
     Pineros, Carlos-Eduardo. 2000. Prosodic and segmental unmarkedness in Spanish truncation. Linguistics 38.63-98.
     Poser, William. 1990. Evidence for foot structure in Japanese. Language 66.78-105.
     Prieto, Pilar. 1992. Truncation processes in Spanish. Studies in Linguistic Sciences 22.143-158.
     Prince, Alan. 1990. Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. Chicago Linguistic Society 26(2).354-398.
     Prince, Alan, and Paul Smolensky. 1993. Optimality theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. New Brunswick, NJ and Boulder, CO: Rutgers University and University of Colorado, ms.
     Pulleyblank, Douglas. 1997. Optimality theory and features. Optimality theory: an overview, ed. by Diana Archangeli and D. Terence Langendoen, 59-101. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Roca, Iggy, and Wyn Johnson. 1999. A course in phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Sato, Eriko. 1999. Pitch-accent in Tokyo Japanese. Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese. 33(2).1-35.
     Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1972. The non-cyclic nature of Japanese accentuation. Language 48.584-95.
     Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The languages of Japanese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Shinohara, Masami. 1999. NihoNjiN to taiwaNgo [Japanese people and Taiwanese language]. Taipei: Chih Liang.
     Shinohara, Shigeko. 2000. Default accentuation and foot structure in Japanese: evidence from Japanese adaptations of French words. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 9.55-96.
     Silverman, Daniel. 1992. Multiple scansions in loanword phonology: evidence from Cantonese. Phonology 9.289-328.
     Suzuki, Hisami. 1995. Minimal words in Japanese. Chicago Linguistic Society 31. 448-463.
     Toda, masayuki, and Kuo-yen Huang. 1989. Jih yu yu yin hsueh ju men [Introduction to Japanese phonetics]. Taipei: Hung Ju T’ang.
     Tranter, Nicolas. 1997. Hybrid Anglo-Japanese loans in Korean. Linguistics 35. 133-166.
     Tsujimura, Natsuko. 1996. An introduction to Japanese linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Tsujimura, Natsuko (ed.) 1999. The handbook of Japanese linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
     Ulrich, Charles H. 1997. Loanword adaptation in Lama: testing the TCRS model. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 42(4).415-463.
     Vance, Timothy. 1987. An introduction to Japanese phonology. Albany: State University of New York Press.
     Veisbergs, Andrejs. 1999. Clipping in English and Latvian. Pozna? Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 35.153-163.
     Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1970. The contrastive analysis hypothesis. TESOL Quarterly 4(2).123-130.
     Wolfram, Walt, and Robert Johnson. 1982. Phonological analysis: focus on American English. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
     Yip, Moira. 1993. Cantonese loanword phonology and optimality theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2.261-291.		zh_TW