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題名 自我辯証 : 海勒<<懼變>>中的自戀現象
The Politics of Self: Narcissism in Heller`s "Something Happened"
作者 李秀娟
Lee, Hsiu-Chuan
貢獻者 胡錦媛
Hu, Chin-Yuan
李秀娟
Lee, Hsiu-Chuan
關鍵詞 自戀
病態自戀
自我
懼變
海勒
Narcissism
Pathological narcissism
Self
Something happened
Heller
日期 1993
上傳時間 29-Apr-2016 16:38:33 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文旨在探討約瑟夫.海勒 (Joseph Heller) 第二本小說 <<懼變>>中自我辯証的策略及牽涉在其中自戀的主題. 基本上, <<懼變>>乃為一第一人稱敘述之作品. 身兼小說中的主人翁及敘述者, Slocum 憑藉其在敘述中對語言文字支配的 "優勢," 企圖由文字飄浮的意符中重新建構自我的意指, 以凸顯 / 再塑自我的主體性. 換言之, 經由 "說" 和 "寫" 等自我辯証的手段, Slocum 嘗試建立自我的權力中心, 肯定自我的自發及實體存在. 而本論文的根本論述即在於 Slocum 自我肯定的 "需要" 源起於其病態自戀的人格. 在這一點上, 我將援用 Freud, Lacan,Alford 等人自戀的理論, 指出自戀慾力雖然是自我形成的原始動力, 病態自戀人格卻表現於對自我價值的懷疑和無休止的自我追尋. 在小說
The purpose of this thesis is to explore Something Happened, the second novel written by Joseph Heller, in light of the contemporary theories of self, especially the research made on narcissism. Through an analysis of Solcum’s self-politics, I intend to clarify the power-relations between self and other, narrator and his audience, speaker and language, as well as the individual and the culture revealed in the novel. Not only does Slocum embody the self who attempts to exercise self-power by means of self-performance in his narrative but this self-performance, instead of consolidating Solcum’s subjectivity, ironically reduces his self to be an object controlled by the outer world of consumption.
參考文獻 Aldridge, John W. “The Deceits of Black Humor. “ Harper’s 258.1546 (March 1979): 115-118.
     Alford, C. Fred. Narcissism: Socrates, the Frankfurt school, and Psychoanalytic Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
     ---. “Nature and Narcissism: The Frankfurt school.” New German Critique: An Interdisciplinary Journal of German Studies 36 (1985) : 174-92.
     Barthes, Roland. “Change the Object Itself : Mythology Today.” Image – Music –Text. Trans. Stephen Heath. New York : Hill and Wang, 1977. 165-169.
     Baudrillard , Jean. For a Critique of the Political Economy of the sign. Trans. and Introd. Charles Levin. St. Louis: Telos , 1981. 88-101.
     Benner, James Irwin. “Something Novel: Narrative Comedy and the Ironic Reader in Heller, percy, and Bellow. “ Dissertation Abstracts International 48.10(1988): 2625A-2626A.
     Berman, Art. From the New Criticism to Deconstruction: The Reception of Structuralism and Post-structuralism. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1988.
     Bernstein, J. M. “Self-knowledge as Praxis: Narrative and Narration in Psychoanalysis. “ Narrative in Culture: The Uses of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy, and
     Literature. Ed. Christopher Nash. London: Routledge, 1990.51-77.
     Bloom, Harold. "The Internalization of Quest-Romance."
     Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in criticism. Ed.
     Harold Bloom. New York: W. W. Norton, 1970. 3-24.
     Canaday, Nicholas. "Joseph Heller: Something Happened to the
     American Dream." critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed.
     James Nagel. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984. 102-106.
     Carton, Evan. "The Politics of Selfhood: Bob Slocum, T. S. Garp and Auto-American-Biography." Novel: A Forum on Fiction
     20.1 (1986): 41-61.
     Chatman, Seymour. comi ng to Terms: The Rhetoric of Narrative in Fiction and Film. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
     Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and
     Film. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.
     Clemons, Walter. "Comedy of Fear." Newsweek 14 October 1974:62.
     Con Davis , Rober t. "Laca n, Poe, and Narrative Repression." Contemporary Literary criticism: Modernism through Poststructuralism. Ed. and Introd. Robert Con Davis.
     London: Longman, 1986. 246-261.
     Con Davis, Robert and Ronald Schleifer. criticism and Culture: The Role of critique in Modern Literary Theory. London: Longman, 1991.
     Costa, Richard Hauer. "Notes from a Dark Heller: Bob Slocum and the Underground Man." Texas Studies In Literature and
     Language 23.2 (1981): 159-182.
     Culler, Jonathan. structuralist Poetics: structuralism,
     Linguistics and the study of Literature. London: Routledge,1975.
     DelFattore, Joan. "The Dark stranger in Heller`s Something
     Happened." critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed. James
     Nagel. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984. 127-138.
     Derrida, Jacques. "Living On: Border Lines." Trans. James
     Hulbert. Deconstruction and criticism. Pref. Geoffrey
     Hartman. New York: continuum, 1979. 75-176.
     Descombes, Vincent. Modern French Philosophy. Trans. L. ScottFox and J. M. Harding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
     Epstein, Joseph. "Joseph Heller`s Milk Train: Nothing More to Express." critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed. James
     Nagel. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984. 97-101.
     Foucault, Michel. The Care of the Self: Volume ~ of The History of Sexuality. Trans. Rober t Hurley. New York: Random House, 1986.
     Freud, Sigmund. "Creative writers and Daydreaming." critical
     Theory since Plato. Ed. Hazard Adams. New York: Harcourt
     Brace Jovanovich, 1971. 749-753.
     The Ego and the Id. Rev. and Ed. James Strachey. Trans.
     Joan Riviere. Introd. Peter Gay. New York: W. W. Norton, 1960.
     "Lecture XXVI The Libido Theory and Narcissism." The
     standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of
     Sigmund Freud. Ed. and Trans. James Strachey. Vol. XVI
     (1916-1917). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institution
     of Psychoanalysis, 1957. 412-430. 24 vols.
     "On Narcissism: An Introduction." The Standard Edition of
     the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Ed. and
     Trans. James Strachey. Vol. XIV (1914-1916). London: The
     Hogarth Press and the Institution of Psychoanalysis, 1957.
     73-102. 24 vols.
     Fromm, Erich. Man for Himself: An Enquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. 1949. London: Routledge, 1990.
     The Sane Society. New York: Rinehart and Company, 1955.
     Frye, Northrop. "Archetypal criticism: Theory of Myths."
     Anatomy of criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton
     University Press, 1957. 131-239.
     Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society ln the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
     Glover, Elaine. Rev. of Something Happened. Stand 16.3 (1975): 68-69.
     Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self ln Everyday Life. New
     York: Anchor Books, 1959.
     Habermas, Jurgen. Legitimation crisis. Trans. Thomas McCarthy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1976.
     Heller, Joseph. Something Happened. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
     Henry, Jules.Culture against Man. Harmondsworth: Penguin
     Books, 1963.
     Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon, ed. A Handbook to
     Literature. 5th ed. New York: The Mcmilliam Press, 1986.
      Horkheimer, Max and Theodor W. Adorno. “ The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception.” Dialectic of Enlightenment. Trans. John Cumming. New York: Continuum, 1972. 120-167.
     Hutcheon, Linda. Narcissistic Narrative the Metafictional Paradox. London: Routledge, 1980.
      Hutton , Patrick H. “Foucault, Freud, and the Technologies of the Self.” Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. Eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Lodon: Tavistock, 1988. 121-144.
     Jameson, Fredric. The political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. New York: cornell University Press, 1981.
     Kellner, Douglas. Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to
     Postmodernism and Beyond. Cambridge : Polity Press. 1989.
     Kennedy, William. “Endless Hornest Confession. “ The New Republic 19 October 1974” 17-19.
     Klemtner, Susan Strehle. “’A Permanent Game of Excuses’: Determinism in Heller’s Something Happened. “ Modern Fiction Studies 24 (1979): 550-556. Rpt. In the Critical Essays on Joseph Heller. 106-114.
     Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits” A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York : W.W. Norton, 1977.
     Lasch, Christopher. The Culture of Narcissism: American Life In an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: W. W. Norton,1979.
     The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival ln Troubled Times. New
     York: W. W. Norton, 1984.
     Layton, Lynne. "From Oedipus to Narcissus: Literature and the Psychology of Self." Mosaic: A Journal for the
     Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 18.1 (1985): 97-105.
     LeClair, Thomas. "Death and Black Humor." critique: Studies in Modern Fiction 17.1 (1975): 5-40.
     "Joseph Heller, Something Happened, and the Art of Excess."
     critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed. James Nagel. Boston:
     G. K. Hall, 1984. 114-127.
     Levine, Arthur. When Dreams and Heroes Died: A Portrait of
     Today`s College Students. Washington and London: JosseyBass
     Publishers, 1980.
     Maccoby, Michael. The New Corporate Leaders: The Gamesman. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976.
     Maddocks, Melvin. "Boring from within." Time 14 October 1974: 62, 64.
     Malin, Irving. Rev. of Something Happened. Commonweal 20
     December 1974: 272-273.
     Mano, D. Keith. "Fine writing that Irks." National Review 22
     November 1974: 1364.
     Mellard, James M. "Something Happened: The Imaginary, the
     Symbolic and the Discourse of the Family." critical Essays
     on Joseph Heller. Ed. James Nagel. Boston: G. K. Hall,
     1984. 138-155.
     Merrill, Robert. "Something Happened: The Death of the Heart." Joseph Heller. Twayne`s united States Authors Ser. 512.
     Ed. Warren French. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987. 73-97.
     Miller, David Edwin. "Complex Business: Realism and the Study of Businessmen in Four Contemporary Novels." Dissertation Abstracts International 44.1 (1983): 169A-170A.
     Nagel, James. critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984.
     Park, Robert Ezra. "Behind Our Masks." Race and Culture.
     Glencoe: The free Press, 1950. 244-255.
     Percy, Walker. "The State of the Novel: Dying Art or New
     Science?" The Michigan Quarterly Review 16.4 (1982): 359-373.
     Pinsker, Sanford. Understanding Joseph Heller. Columbia:
     University of South Carolina Press, 1991.
     Poirier, Richard. The Performing Self: compositions and
     Decompositions in the Language of Contemporary Life.
     London: Chatto and Windus, 1971.
     Price, Gail M. "Empathic Relating and the Structure of the Self: Parallels in Mother-Infant and Patient-Therapist
     Interaction." Self and Identity: Perspectives across the
     Lifespan. Ed. Terry Honess and Krysaia Yardley.
     London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. 38-54.
     Ragland-Sullivan, Ellie. Jacques Lacan and the Philosophy of
     Psychoanalysis. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
     Ruderman, Judith. "The Fall of the House of Slocum: Something Happened and the Compulsion to Repeat." Joseph Heller. New York: continuum, 1991. 49-67.
     Sale, Richard. "An Interview in New York with Joseph Heller." Studies in the Novel 4.1 (1972): 63-74.
     Schur, Edwin. The Awareness Trap: Self Absorption instead of
     Social change. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times
     Book, 1976.
     Sebouhian, George. "From Abraham and Issac to Bob Slocum and My Boy: Why Fathers Kill Their Sons." Twentieth Century
     Literature 27 (1981): 43-52.
     Seed, David. The Fiction of Joseph Heller: Against the Grain. London: The Macmillan Press, 1989.
     Shapiro, James. "Work in Process: Joseph Heller, an Interview." Intellectual Digest 2 (1971): 6-11.
     Stern, Frederick C. "Heller`s Hell: Heller`s Later Fiction,
     Jewishness, and the Liberal Imagination." Melus: The
     Journal of the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic
     Literature of the united states 15.4 (1988): 15-37.
     Tucker, Lindsey. "Entropy and Information Theory in Heller`s
     Something Happened." Contemporary Literature 25.3 (1984): 323-340.
     Tyson, Lois Marie. "Beyond Being and Nothingness: Joseph
     Heller`s Something Happened." The Commodification of the
     American Dream: Capitalist Subjectivity in American Literature. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1989. Ann
     Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1989. 174-220.
     Westen, Drew. Self and Society: Narcissism. Collectivism, and The Development of Morals. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1985.2
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
G795404
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004126
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 胡錦媛zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hu, Chin-Yuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李秀娟zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Hsiu-Chuanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李秀娟zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Hsiu-Chuanen_US
dc.date (日期) 1993en_US
dc.date.accessioned 29-Apr-2016 16:38:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 29-Apr-2016 16:38:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-Apr-2016 16:38:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002004126en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/88896-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) G795404zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨在探討約瑟夫.海勒 (Joseph Heller) 第二本小說 <<懼變>>中自我辯証的策略及牽涉在其中自戀的主題. 基本上, <<懼變>>乃為一第一人稱敘述之作品. 身兼小說中的主人翁及敘述者, Slocum 憑藉其在敘述中對語言文字支配的 "優勢," 企圖由文字飄浮的意符中重新建構自我的意指, 以凸顯 / 再塑自我的主體性. 換言之, 經由 "說" 和 "寫" 等自我辯証的手段, Slocum 嘗試建立自我的權力中心, 肯定自我的自發及實體存在. 而本論文的根本論述即在於 Slocum 自我肯定的 "需要" 源起於其病態自戀的人格. 在這一點上, 我將援用 Freud, Lacan,Alford 等人自戀的理論, 指出自戀慾力雖然是自我形成的原始動力, 病態自戀人格卻表現於對自我價值的懷疑和無休止的自我追尋. 在小說zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this thesis is to explore Something Happened, the second novel written by Joseph Heller, in light of the contemporary theories of self, especially the research made on narcissism. Through an analysis of Solcum’s self-politics, I intend to clarify the power-relations between self and other, narrator and his audience, speaker and language, as well as the individual and the culture revealed in the novel. Not only does Slocum embody the self who attempts to exercise self-power by means of self-performance in his narrative but this self-performance, instead of consolidating Solcum’s subjectivity, ironically reduces his self to be an object controlled by the outer world of consumption.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧　ｖｉｉ
     Abstract‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ 　ｖｉｉｉ
     Chapter Page
     I. Something Happened and the Theory of Narcissism‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧　１
     II. Claustrophobia: Slocum’s Quest and Anti-Quest‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧　２３
     III. The Dual Slocum: Slocum’s Power-Histrionics‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧　 ５１
     IV. Self-Commodification: The (Dis) Assertion of Slocum’s Performing Self　７６
     V. Something Happened as a Narcissistic Narrative‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧　１０４
     Bibliograpphy‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ 　１１１		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004126en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自戀zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 病態自戀zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 懼變zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海勒zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Narcissismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pathological narcissismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Selfen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Something happeneden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Helleren_US
dc.title (題名) 自我辯証 : 海勒<<懼變>>中的自戀現象zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Politics of Self: Narcissism in Heller`s "Something Happened"en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aldridge, John W. “The Deceits of Black Humor. “ Harper’s 258.1546 (March 1979): 115-118.
     Alford, C. Fred. Narcissism: Socrates, the Frankfurt school, and Psychoanalytic Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
     ---. “Nature and Narcissism: The Frankfurt school.” New German Critique: An Interdisciplinary Journal of German Studies 36 (1985) : 174-92.
     Barthes, Roland. “Change the Object Itself : Mythology Today.” Image – Music –Text. Trans. Stephen Heath. New York : Hill and Wang, 1977. 165-169.
     Baudrillard , Jean. For a Critique of the Political Economy of the sign. Trans. and Introd. Charles Levin. St. Louis: Telos , 1981. 88-101.
     Benner, James Irwin. “Something Novel: Narrative Comedy and the Ironic Reader in Heller, percy, and Bellow. “ Dissertation Abstracts International 48.10(1988): 2625A-2626A.
     Berman, Art. From the New Criticism to Deconstruction: The Reception of Structuralism and Post-structuralism. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1988.
     Bernstein, J. M. “Self-knowledge as Praxis: Narrative and Narration in Psychoanalysis. “ Narrative in Culture: The Uses of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy, and
     Literature. Ed. Christopher Nash. London: Routledge, 1990.51-77.
     Bloom, Harold. "The Internalization of Quest-Romance."
     Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in criticism. Ed.
     Harold Bloom. New York: W. W. Norton, 1970. 3-24.
     Canaday, Nicholas. "Joseph Heller: Something Happened to the
     American Dream." critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed.
     James Nagel. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984. 102-106.
     Carton, Evan. "The Politics of Selfhood: Bob Slocum, T. S. Garp and Auto-American-Biography." Novel: A Forum on Fiction
     20.1 (1986): 41-61.
     Chatman, Seymour. comi ng to Terms: The Rhetoric of Narrative in Fiction and Film. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
     Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and
     Film. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.
     Clemons, Walter. "Comedy of Fear." Newsweek 14 October 1974:62.
     Con Davis , Rober t. "Laca n, Poe, and Narrative Repression." Contemporary Literary criticism: Modernism through Poststructuralism. Ed. and Introd. Robert Con Davis.
     London: Longman, 1986. 246-261.
     Con Davis, Robert and Ronald Schleifer. criticism and Culture: The Role of critique in Modern Literary Theory. London: Longman, 1991.
     Costa, Richard Hauer. "Notes from a Dark Heller: Bob Slocum and the Underground Man." Texas Studies In Literature and
     Language 23.2 (1981): 159-182.
     Culler, Jonathan. structuralist Poetics: structuralism,
     Linguistics and the study of Literature. London: Routledge,1975.
     DelFattore, Joan. "The Dark stranger in Heller`s Something
     Happened." critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed. James
     Nagel. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984. 127-138.
     Derrida, Jacques. "Living On: Border Lines." Trans. James
     Hulbert. Deconstruction and criticism. Pref. Geoffrey
     Hartman. New York: continuum, 1979. 75-176.
     Descombes, Vincent. Modern French Philosophy. Trans. L. ScottFox and J. M. Harding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
     Epstein, Joseph. "Joseph Heller`s Milk Train: Nothing More to Express." critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed. James
     Nagel. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984. 97-101.
     Foucault, Michel. The Care of the Self: Volume ~ of The History of Sexuality. Trans. Rober t Hurley. New York: Random House, 1986.
     Freud, Sigmund. "Creative writers and Daydreaming." critical
     Theory since Plato. Ed. Hazard Adams. New York: Harcourt
     Brace Jovanovich, 1971. 749-753.
     The Ego and the Id. Rev. and Ed. James Strachey. Trans.
     Joan Riviere. Introd. Peter Gay. New York: W. W. Norton, 1960.
     "Lecture XXVI The Libido Theory and Narcissism." The
     standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of
     Sigmund Freud. Ed. and Trans. James Strachey. Vol. XVI
     (1916-1917). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institution
     of Psychoanalysis, 1957. 412-430. 24 vols.
     "On Narcissism: An Introduction." The Standard Edition of
     the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Ed. and
     Trans. James Strachey. Vol. XIV (1914-1916). London: The
     Hogarth Press and the Institution of Psychoanalysis, 1957.
     73-102. 24 vols.
     Fromm, Erich. Man for Himself: An Enquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. 1949. London: Routledge, 1990.
     The Sane Society. New York: Rinehart and Company, 1955.
     Frye, Northrop. "Archetypal criticism: Theory of Myths."
     Anatomy of criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton
     University Press, 1957. 131-239.
     Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society ln the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
     Glover, Elaine. Rev. of Something Happened. Stand 16.3 (1975): 68-69.
     Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self ln Everyday Life. New
     York: Anchor Books, 1959.
     Habermas, Jurgen. Legitimation crisis. Trans. Thomas McCarthy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1976.
     Heller, Joseph. Something Happened. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
     Henry, Jules.Culture against Man. Harmondsworth: Penguin
     Books, 1963.
     Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon, ed. A Handbook to
     Literature. 5th ed. New York: The Mcmilliam Press, 1986.
      Horkheimer, Max and Theodor W. Adorno. “ The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception.” Dialectic of Enlightenment. Trans. John Cumming. New York: Continuum, 1972. 120-167.
     Hutcheon, Linda. Narcissistic Narrative the Metafictional Paradox. London: Routledge, 1980.
      Hutton , Patrick H. “Foucault, Freud, and the Technologies of the Self.” Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. Eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Lodon: Tavistock, 1988. 121-144.
     Jameson, Fredric. The political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. New York: cornell University Press, 1981.
     Kellner, Douglas. Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to
     Postmodernism and Beyond. Cambridge : Polity Press. 1989.
     Kennedy, William. “Endless Hornest Confession. “ The New Republic 19 October 1974” 17-19.
     Klemtner, Susan Strehle. “’A Permanent Game of Excuses’: Determinism in Heller’s Something Happened. “ Modern Fiction Studies 24 (1979): 550-556. Rpt. In the Critical Essays on Joseph Heller. 106-114.
     Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits” A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York : W.W. Norton, 1977.
     Lasch, Christopher. The Culture of Narcissism: American Life In an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: W. W. Norton,1979.
     The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival ln Troubled Times. New
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