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題名 漢語中動賓結構之研究--以併入為本之分析
A Study of Verb-Object Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: An Incorporation Approach作者 林煌賄
Lin, Huang Hui貢獻者 張郇慧
Chang,Shuen Hui
林煌賄
Lin,Huang Hui關鍵詞 動賓複合詞
併入
競爭
互補
verb-object compound
incorporation
competition
complementation日期 1993 上傳時間 29-Apr-2016 16:38:38 (UTC+8) 摘要 中文裡有一種特別的結構，稱為動賓複合詞(Verb-object compound)。根
In Mandarin Chinese, there is a special construction called參考文獻 Bibliography Allen, Margaret Reece. 1978. Morphological Investigation. Ph.D. dissertation. The University of Connecticut. Anderson, stephen R. "Where`s Morphology. II Linguistic Inquiry 13: 571-612. Antilla, Raimo. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Publishers. New York: Macmillan Aoun, J. and D. Sportiche. 1983. liOn the Formal Theory of Government. II The Linguistic Review 3: 211-35. Baker, Mark. 1988. Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. Press. Chicago: The University of Chicago Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Borer, Hagit. 1991. liThe Causative-Inchoative Alternation: A Case study in Parallel Morphology. II The Linguistic Review 8: 119-58. Chao, Y. R. 1968 . A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chi, Telee R. 1985. A Lexical Analysis of Verb-Noun Compounds in Mandarin Chinese. Publication. Taipei: The Crane Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publication. --- 1986. "Barriers." Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 13. Cambridge: MIT Press. DeFrancis, John. 1990. The Chinese Language: Facts and Fantasy. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co. Crystal, David. 1980. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. London: Andre Deutsch. Dai, Xiang-ling. 1992. Chinese Morphology and Its Interface with the Syntax. Ph. .D. diss. The Ohio state University. Desirat, Micheli and Alain Peyraube. 1992. "Some Remarks on the Demonstratives in the fu zhou Dialect with Reference to Their Historical Evolution in Medieval and Modern Chinese." Chinese Language and Linguistics, P.493-522. Di sciullo, Anna-Maria, and Edwin Williams. 1989. On the Definition of Word. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Elson, Benjamin F., and Velma B. Picket. 1988. Beginning Morphology and Syntax. Dallas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. Everaert, Martin, et al. 1988. Morphology and Modularity. Dordrecht: Foris Publication. Grimshaw, Jane. 1990. Argument Structure. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Guo, Liang-Fu. 1990. cihui Yu Cidian. Beijin: Shang Wu Publishers. Her, Da An. 1989. Sheng Yun Xue Zhong De Guan Nian Yu Fang Fa. Taipei: Da An Publishers . Her, One-Soon. "Interaction of Syntactic Changes. II Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Chinese Language and Linguistics, 238-50. to appear. IIModularity and Interaction in Grammar. II Hocket, Charles. A Course in Modern Linguistics. NevI York: The Macmillan Company. Hong, Chi. 1992. "Noun Incorporation: A Chinese Case?1I Word 43, No . 2: 233-48. Hopper, Paul J. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. IITransitivity in Grammar and Discourse. 1I Language 56, No.2: 251-99. 1984. liThe Discourse Basis for Lexical Categories in universal Grammar. II Language 60, No.4: 703-52. Hsieh, H. 1989. History, Structure, and Competition. Paper Presented at the Eight Internationa l Workshop on Chinese Linguistics, POLA, University of California, Berkeley, March 20-21. 1990. "In Search of a Grammatical Foundation for Dialect Subgrouping. 1I Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Chinese Language and Linguistics, 146-67. Huang, Chu-Ren. 1989. IIS ubcategorized Topics in Mandarin Chinese. II Paper presented at 1989 CLTA Annual Meeting, November 17-19, Boston, Mass. Huang, James. 1984. "Phrase structure, Lexical Integrity, and Chinese Compounds." JCLTA, vol. XIX, No.2: 53-78. 1991. "Verb Movement, (In)definiteness, and the Thematic Hierarchy. II Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 481-98. 1992. "On Lexical structure and Syntactic structure." Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics. Huang, Shuan-Fan. 1984. "Morphology as Cause of Syntactic Change. II Journal of Chinese Linguistics 12: 54-84. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live Qy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lapointe, S. 1979. A Theory of Grammatical Agreement. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Larson, Richard K. 1988. "On the Double Object Construction." Linguistic Inguiry 19: 335-91. Lederer, Richard. 1980. English Word Making. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University. Lehmann, Winfred P. 1973. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Li, Audrey Y. H. 1990. Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press. Li, Y. C. 1980. liThe Historical Development of the Coverb and the Coverbial Phrase in Chinese." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 8: 273-93. Marantz, Alec. 1984. On the Nature of Grammatical Relations. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Mathews, P. H. 1974. Morphology: An Introduction to the Theory of Word-Structure. London: cambridge University Press. Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation." Language 60: 847-94. O`grady, William and Michael Dobrovolsky. 1987. Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction. N.p. :Copp Clark Pitman Ltd. Pesetsky, David. 1985. "Morphology and Logical Form." Linguistic Inguiry 16: 193-246. Radford, Andrew. 1989. Transformational Grammar: A First Course. New York: Cambridge university Press. Rao, Chang-Rong. 1984. "Dong Bin Zu He Dai Bin Yu. II Zhong Guo Yu Wen, No.6: 413-18. Schane, Sanford A. 1978. Workbook in Generative Phonology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Selkirk, Elizabeth o. 1982. The Syntax of Words. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Shibatani, Masayoshi and Taro Kageyama. 1988. “Postsyntactic Compounds in Janpanes.” Language 64, No. 3: 451-84. Sloat, Clarence and Sharon Taylor. 1985. The Structure of English words. N.p.: Kendall/hunt Publishing company. Starosta, Stanley, ms. 1992. “VR Compounding and Chinese Linguistic Methodology.” University of Hawaii. Stowell, Tim. 1981. Origins of Phrase Structure. Ph.D. dissertation. MIT Tang, C.C. 1989. “Movement in Chinese , Subjacency and the Ecp. “ Paper read at the second World Conference on Chinese Linguistics and Teaching. ---, 1990. Chinese Phrase Structure and the Extended X’-Theory. Ph.D. diss. Cornell Univeristy. Tang, T. C. 1989. Hang Yu Yu Fa Ju Fa Xu Ji. Taipei : The Student Store. ---. 1992. Han Yu Ci Fa Ju Fa San Ji. Taipei : The Studen Store. Travis ,. L. 1984. Parameters and Effects of Word Order Variation. Ph.D. dissertation. MIT Wang, Williams S-Y. 1969. “Competing Changes as a Cause of Residue” 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
G795406資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004128 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 張郇慧 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chang,Shuen Hui en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林煌賄 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin,Huang Hui en_US dc.creator (作者) 林煌賄 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Huang Hui en_US dc.date (日期) 1993 en_US dc.date.accessioned 29-Apr-2016 16:38:38 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 29-Apr-2016 16:38:38 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 29-Apr-2016 16:38:38 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002004128 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/88898 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) G795406 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 中文裡有一種特別的結構，稱為動賓複合詞(Verb-object compound)。根 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In Mandarin Chinese, there is a special construction called en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ｉ Abstract‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ｉｉ Table of Contents‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ｉｖ Chapter 1 Introduction‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １ 1.1 Variation and Change in Language‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １ 1.1.1 Syntax and Morphology‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １ 1.1.2 Issues on the Formation of VO Compounds‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ２ 1.2 Some Baic Notions in the Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５ 1.2.1 The Notion of Word‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５ 1.2.2 The Notion of Compound‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ７ 1.2.3 The Notion of Verb-Object Construction (VOC) ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ９ 1.3 The Organization of the Thesis‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １１ Notes‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １４ 2 Background of the Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １７ 2.1 Introduction‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １７ 2.2 Some Previous Studies on Vo Compounds‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １８ 2.2.1 Chao’s Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １９ 2.2.2 Chi’s study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １９ 2.2.3 Rao’s Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ２１ 2.2.4 Huang’s Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ２２ 2.2.5 Tang’s Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ２３ 2.2.6 Her’s Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ２６ 2.2.7 Summary‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ２７ 2.3 The Approach of This Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ２８ 2.3.1 The Incorporation Theory‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ３１ 2.3.1.1 The Principle of UTAH‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ３２ 2.3.1.2 The Principle of HMC‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ３３ 2.3.1.3 The Principle of GTC‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ３８ 2.3.2 The Place of Morphology‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ４１ 2.3.2.1 Morphology in the Incorporation Theory‧‧‧‧‧ ４２ 2.3.2.2 A Modification on the Incorporation Theory‧‧‧‧ ４４ Notes‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ４７ 3 VO Compounds as a Result of Noun Incorporation‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５０ 3.1 Introduction‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５０ 3.2 The Incorporation Analysis on VO Constructions‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５１ 3.2.1 The Classification of VOC’s‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５１ 3.2.2 VOC’s with Dual Status‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５２ 3.2.2.1 The Dan-xin Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５３ 3.2.2.2 The Chi-cu Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ５８ 3.2.2.3 The Bang-piao Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ６１ 3.2.2.4 The Yi-ming Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ６５ 3.2.3 The More Phrase-like VOC’s‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ６８ 3.2.3.1 The Shi-yi Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ６９ 3.2.3.2 The Chi-fan Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ７２ 3.2.4 The More Compound-like VOC’s‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ７６ 3.2.4.1 The Guo-mu Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ７６ 3.2.4.2 The De-zui Type‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ７９ 3.2.5 Summary‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ８２ 3.3 Further Justification for the Incorporation Account‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ８３ 3.3.1 Tang’s Study‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ８３ 3.3.2 Grimshaw’s Thematic Prominence Hierarchy‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ８３ 3.3.2 Argument Against the Incorporation of Elements of Other Roles‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ８５ 3.4 The Implication on a Plausible Classification‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ８７ 3.5 Summary‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ８９ Notes‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ９１ 4 Rule Interaction and Syntactic Variation‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ９７ 4.1 Introduction‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ９７ 4.2 Hsieh’s Interaction Theory‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ９８ 4.3 The Interaction Theory and the Syntactic Variation of VOC’S in Mandarin Chinese‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １００ 4.3.1 Status Variation and Rule Interaction‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １０１ 4.3.2 Transitivity Variation‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １０５ 4.3.2.1 Mithun’s Incorporation Theory‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １０５ 4.3.2.2 Transitivity Variation and Rule Interaction‧‧ １０８ 4.3.2.2.1 The Transitivity Variation Among VOC’s １０８ 4.3.2.2.2 The Account of rule Interaction‧‧‧ １０９ 4.4 Summary‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １２３ Notes‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １２５ 5 Conclusion‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １２８ 5.1 Introduction‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １２８ 5.2 Word and Compound in Mandarin Chinese‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １２８ 5.3 The Formation of VO Compounds as a Case of the Noun Incorporation‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １２９ 5.4 The Interface Between Syntax and Morphology‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １２９ 5.5 The Paradox of Dual Status and the Incorporation Theory‧‧‧ １３０ 5.6 An Implicational Scale for the Lexicalization Process‧‧‧‧‧‧ １３０ 5.7 The Syntactic Variation Among VOC’s as a Case of rule Interaction １３１ 5.8 Uncovered Issues with Potential Significance‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １３１ 5.9 Concluding Remarks‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １３８ Notes‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １４０ Bibliography‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １４１ Appendix I‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １４７ Appendix II‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ １５０ zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004128 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 動賓複合詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 併入 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 競爭 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 互補 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) verb-object compound en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) incorporation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) competition en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) complementation en_US dc.title (題名) 漢語中動賓結構之研究--以併入為本之分析 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study of Verb-Object Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: An Incorporation Approach en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bibliography Allen, Margaret Reece. 1978. Morphological Investigation. Ph.D. dissertation. The University of Connecticut. Anderson, stephen R. "Where`s Morphology. II Linguistic Inquiry 13: 571-612. Antilla, Raimo. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Publishers. New York: Macmillan Aoun, J. and D. Sportiche. 1983. liOn the Formal Theory of Government. II The Linguistic Review 3: 211-35. Baker, Mark. 1988. Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. Press. Chicago: The University of Chicago Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Borer, Hagit. 1991. liThe Causative-Inchoative Alternation: A Case study in Parallel Morphology. II The Linguistic Review 8: 119-58. Chao, Y. R. 1968 . A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chi, Telee R. 1985. A Lexical Analysis of Verb-Noun Compounds in Mandarin Chinese. Publication. Taipei: The Crane Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publication. --- 1986. "Barriers." Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 13. Cambridge: MIT Press. DeFrancis, John. 1990. The Chinese Language: Facts and Fantasy. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co. Crystal, David. 1980. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. London: Andre Deutsch. Dai, Xiang-ling. 1992. Chinese Morphology and Its Interface with the Syntax. Ph. .D. diss. The Ohio state University. Desirat, Micheli and Alain Peyraube. 1992. "Some Remarks on the Demonstratives in the fu zhou Dialect with Reference to Their Historical Evolution in Medieval and Modern Chinese." Chinese Language and Linguistics, P.493-522. Di sciullo, Anna-Maria, and Edwin Williams. 1989. On the Definition of Word. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Elson, Benjamin F., and Velma B. Picket. 1988. Beginning Morphology and Syntax. Dallas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. Everaert, Martin, et al. 1988. Morphology and Modularity. Dordrecht: Foris Publication. Grimshaw, Jane. 1990. Argument Structure. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Guo, Liang-Fu. 1990. cihui Yu Cidian. Beijin: Shang Wu Publishers. Her, Da An. 1989. Sheng Yun Xue Zhong De Guan Nian Yu Fang Fa. Taipei: Da An Publishers . Her, One-Soon. "Interaction of Syntactic Changes. II Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Chinese Language and Linguistics, 238-50. to appear. IIModularity and Interaction in Grammar. II Hocket, Charles. A Course in Modern Linguistics. NevI York: The Macmillan Company. Hong, Chi. 1992. "Noun Incorporation: A Chinese Case?1I Word 43, No . 2: 233-48. Hopper, Paul J. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. IITransitivity in Grammar and Discourse. 1I Language 56, No.2: 251-99. 1984. liThe Discourse Basis for Lexical Categories in universal Grammar. II Language 60, No.4: 703-52. Hsieh, H. 1989. History, Structure, and Competition. Paper Presented at the Eight Internationa l Workshop on Chinese Linguistics, POLA, University of California, Berkeley, March 20-21. 1990. "In Search of a Grammatical Foundation for Dialect Subgrouping. 1I Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Chinese Language and Linguistics, 146-67. Huang, Chu-Ren. 1989. IIS ubcategorized Topics in Mandarin Chinese. II Paper presented at 1989 CLTA Annual Meeting, November 17-19, Boston, Mass. Huang, James. 1984. "Phrase structure, Lexical Integrity, and Chinese Compounds." JCLTA, vol. XIX, No.2: 53-78. 1991. "Verb Movement, (In)definiteness, and the Thematic Hierarchy. II Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 481-98. 1992. "On Lexical structure and Syntactic structure." Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics. Huang, Shuan-Fan. 1984. "Morphology as Cause of Syntactic Change. II Journal of Chinese Linguistics 12: 54-84. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live Qy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lapointe, S. 1979. A Theory of Grammatical Agreement. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Larson, Richard K. 1988. "On the Double Object Construction." Linguistic Inguiry 19: 335-91. Lederer, Richard. 1980. English Word Making. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University. Lehmann, Winfred P. 1973. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Li, Audrey Y. H. 1990. Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press. Li, Y. C. 1980. liThe Historical Development of the Coverb and the Coverbial Phrase in Chinese." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 8: 273-93. Marantz, Alec. 1984. On the Nature of Grammatical Relations. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Mathews, P. H. 1974. Morphology: An Introduction to the Theory of Word-Structure. London: cambridge University Press. Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation." 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