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題名 中文與英文連詞之對比分析及其在高級英文寫作上之應用
A contrastive analysis of Chinese and English conjunctives and its implications on teaching advanced English writing class
作者 江世偉
JIANG, SHI-WEI
貢獻者 楊懿麗
YANG, YI-LI
江世偉
JIANG, SHI-WEI
關鍵詞 中文
寫作
教育
日期 1992
1991
上傳時間 2-May-2016 15:11:26 (UTC+8)
摘要 The main purpose of this thesis is conduct a contrastive analysis on Chinese and English conjunctives regarding their syntactic behavior in texts. The attention is directed to the inter.sentence aspects of the conjunctives(i.e. the textual level) in the two language systems. Halliday and Hasan’s(1976) theory of conjunctives is adopted as the basis for the contrastive analysis. By conducting the contrastive study, the present author hopes that valuable implications can be generated and be applied to the teaching of English writing to Chinese advanced ESL learners in Taiwan.
參考文獻 Bibliography
     Allen, Robert L., Rita Pompian, and Doris Allen. 1975.
     Working Sentences. Taipei: Cheng Wen Publishing Co.,
     Ltd.
     Anderson, Pamela L. 1980. Cohesion as an Index for Written
     and Oral Composition of ESL Learners. ERIC ED 198 529.
     Arnold, Richard D. 1988. "Teaching Cohesive Ties to
     Children." Reading Teacher, 42, No.2: 106-10.
     Bander, Robert G. 1980. From Sentence to Paragraph. New
     York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     Beaugrande, Robert-Alain de and Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler.
     1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London:
     Longman Group Ltd.
     Borkin, Ann. 1978. On Some Conjuncts Signalling Dissonance
     in Written Expository English. ERIC ED 198 732.
     Brown, J., and K. Bailey. 1984. "A Categorical Instrument
     for Scoring Second Language Writing Skills." Language
     Learning, 34, No. 4:21-42.
     Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of Language Learning
     and Teaching. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-
     Hall, Inc.
     Brozo, William G. 1985. Teaching Students to Recognize and
     Manipulate Structures of Cohesion. ERIC ED 256 248.
     Brozo, William G., and Carol L. Curtis. 1987. Unskilled
     College Readers` Comprehension of Connected and
     Disconnected Text. ERIC ED 281 150.
     Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.
     Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Chen, Li-wen. 1991. "Cohesion and Comprehension:
     Investigating College-Level Chinese Students`
     Perception on Cohesion in English." Dissertation,
     National Taiwan Normal University.
     Chen, Mei-hua. 1990. "Cohesive Devices in Spoken and
     Written Chinese Narrative Discourse." Dissertation,
     National Taiwan Normal University.
     Chiang, Tai-hui. 1981. Error Analysis: A Study of Errors
     Made in Written English by Chinese Learners. Taipei:
     Crane Publishing Co.
     Ching, Marvin K. L. 1982. Helping Students to Find the
     Proper Connective: Why the Difficulty. ERIC ED 213
     049.
     Chu, Show-chih Rai. 1982. Chinese Grammar and English
     Grammar: A Comparative Study. Taipei: Commercial
     Press, Ltd.
     Clark, Herbert H. and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and
     Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New
     York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
     Cole, Michael, and Sylvia Schribner. 1974. Culture and
     Thought.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
     Corder, Jim W. 1981. Handbook of Current English. 6th ed.
     Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Company.
     Corder, Stephen Pit. 1981. Error Analysis and
     Interlanguage. New York: Oxford University Press.
     Crystal, David. 1985. A DictionarY of Linguistics and
     Phonetics.2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Inc.
     Dagut, M. B. 1986. "The Fact of Translation in Learning
     English as a Foreign Language." In Papers and Studies
     in Contrastive Linguistics. Vol. 21. Ed. Jacek Fisiak.
     Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University. ERIC ED 289 356.
     De Marco, Christopher John. 1986. "Patterns of Lexical
     Cohesion in a Multiple-choice Cloze Test: Differences
     Between English as a Second Language Learners and
     Native Speakers of American English." Ph.D.
     dissertation, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign.
     Ducrot, Oswald, and Tzvetan Todorov. 1979. Encyclopedic
     Dictionary of the Science of Language. Translated by
     Catherine Porter. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
     Press.
     Dulay, Heidi, Marina Burt, and Stephen Krashen. 1982.
     Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press.
     Flower, Linda, and John R. Hays. 1981. “A Cognitive
     Process Theory of Writing." College Composition and
     Communication, 32, 365-87.
     Fries, Charles Carpenter. 1952. The Structure of English:
     An Introduction to the Construction of English
     Sentences. London: Longman.
     Halliday, M. A. K., and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in
     English. London: Longman.
     Henle, Paul, ed. 1958. Language, Thought, and Culture.
     Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
     Henze II-Thomas, Jeremy. 1985. "Teaching the Use of
     Connectives Expressing Concession." ELT, 39, No.4:
     279-81.
     Hasan, Ruqaiya, and J. R. Martin. eds. 1989. Advances in
     Discourse Process. Vol. 27. Language Development:
     Learning Language, Learning Culture. Norwood: Ablex
     Publishing Corporation.
     Hatch, Evelyn Marcussen. 1983. Psycholinguistics: A
     Second Language Perspective. Rowley: Newbury House
     Publishers.
     Holloway, Dale W. 1981. Cohesion in English: A Key to the
     Way Our Culture Thinks? ERIC ED 199 726.
     Howard, Joseph E. Jr. 1980. The Use of Connectives in
     Community College Textbooks. ERIC ED 220 810.
     Huang, Wen-hsiu. 1977. "Contrastive Analysis, Error
     Analysis and Teaching English to Chinese Students."
     Dissertation, National Taiwan Normal University.
     James, Carl. 1969. "Deeper Contrastive Study." IRAL, 7,
     No.2: 83-95.
     James, Carl. 1980.Contrastive Analysis. London:
     Longman.
     Johns, Ann M. 1980. Preventing Global Discourse Errors:
     Problems and Approaches to ESOL Writing. ERIC ED 200
     060.
     Kaplan, R. B. 1967. "Contrastive Rhetoric and the Teaching
     of Composition.TESOL Quarterly, 1 No.4: 10-16.
     Kintsch, W. 1984. "Readability: A View from Cognitive
     Psychology." In Understanding Reading Comprehension.
     Ed. J. Flood. Newark: International Reading
     Association.
     Klein, Wolfgang. 1986. Second Language Acquisition.
     Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Kumaravadivelu, B. 1988. "Communication Strategies and
     Psychological Processes Underlying Lexical
     Simplification." IRAL, 26, No.4: 309-19.
     Lado, Robert. 1957. Linguistics Across Culture. Ann
     Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
     Lakoff, Robin. 1971. "If`s, And`s & But`s about
     Conjunction." In Studies in Linguistic Semantics. Eds.
     C. J. Fillmore and D. T. Langendoen. New York: Holt,
     Rinehart & Winston, Inc.
     LaPalombara, Lyda E. 1976. An Introduction to Grammar:
     Traditional, Structural, Transformational. Cambridge:
     Winthrop Publishers, Inc.
     Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 1979. "Issues in the Teaching of
     Grammar." In Teaching English as a Second or Foreign
     Language. Eds. Marianne Celce-Murcia and Lois McIntosh.
     Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
     Leech, G., and J. Svartvik. 1975. A Communicative Grammar
     of English. London: Longman.
     Li, Cherry Ing. 1985. Participant Anaphora in Mandarin
     Chinese. Ph. D.dissertation, University of Florida.
     Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin
     Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley:
     University of California Press.
     Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. 2 vols. Cambridge:
     Cambridge University Press.
     Marshall, Helaine W. 1981. GLUE: A Useful Concept for
     Eliminating Fragments and Run-ons. ERIC ED 210 926.
     McDevitt, Damien. 1989. "How to Cope with Spaghetti
     Writing?" ELT, 43, No.1: 19-23.
     Norment, Nathaniel, Jr. 1982. Contrastive Analysis of
     Organizational Structures and Cohesive Elements in
     English, Spanish (ESL) and Chinese (ESL) Students`
     Writing in Narrative and Expository Modes. ERIC ED 269
     764.
     Palmer, F. R. 1981. Semantics. 2nd ed. Cambridge:
     Cambridge University Press.
     Peck, Sabrina. 1979. "Differing Needs of ESL Students."
     In Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language.
     Eds. Marianne Celce-Murcia and Lois McIntosh. Rowley:
     Newbury House Publishers.
     Pradl, Gordon M. 1979. Expectation and Cohesion. ERIC ED
     184 118.
     Quirk, Randolph, et al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary
     English. New York:Seminar Free Press.
     Quirk, Randolph, et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of
     the English Language. London: Longman.
     Richards, Jack, John Platt, and Heidi Weber. 1985. Longman
     Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. London: Longman
     Group Ltd.
     Ruiz, J. M. 1990. Contrastive Linguistics and the Teaching
     of a Second Language. ERIC ED 323 802.
     Saville-Troike, M. 1976. Foundations for Teaching English
     as a Second Language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-
     Hall, Inc.
     Seelye, H. Ned. 1984. Teaching Culture: Strategies for
     Intercultural Communication. Lincolnwood: National
     Textbook Company.
     Selinker, L. 1972. "Interlanguage." International Review
     of Applied Linguistics, 10, No.3: 209-31.
     Shaughnessy, Mina P. 1977. Errors and Expectations. New
     York: Oxford University Press.
     Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Ed. John F.
     Gumperz. Studies in International Sociolinguistics,
     Vol V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Silva, Tony. 1989. A Review of the Research on the
     Evaluation of ESL Writing. ERIC ED 309 643.
     Sunday, Betty R. 1982. Cohesive Characteristics of Sample
     Texts Produced by Secondary Bilingual Students. ERIC
     ED 222 084.
     Tabuki, Masatoshi, et al. 1990. English Connective Words
     in Interaction Between Native and Non-native Speakers.
     ERIC ED 321 531.
     Tsai, Phi lip Kuo-shu. 1969. A Contrastive Analysis of
     Qertain Syntactic Structures in English and Chinese.
     n. p.: n. p.
     Tsao, Feng-Fu. 1979. A Functional Study of Topic in
     Chinese: The First Step Towards Discourse Analysis.
     Taipei: Student Book Co.
     Vygotsky, Lev. 1986. Thought and Language. trans. and ed.
     by Alex Kozulin.Cambridge: The MIT Press.
     Whitman, Randal. 1970. "Contrastive Analysis: Problems
     and Procedures."Language Learning, 20: 191-97.
     Wi t te, Stephen P., and Lester Faigley. 1981. "Coherence,
     Cohesion and Writing Quality." College Composition and
     Communications, 32, 189-204.
     Xu, George Q. 1987. Teaching English to Chinese Students:
     A Bibliography. ERIC ED 286 368.
     Yu, Hsueh-ying. 1990. "Connectives in Chinese Narrative
     Discourse." Dissertation, National Chengchi
     University.
     Zamel, Vivian. 1983. "Teaching Those Missing Links in
     Writing."ELT, 37, No.1: 22-29.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004583
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊懿麗zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor YANG, YI-LIen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 江世偉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) JIANG, SHI-WEIen_US
dc.creator (作者) 江世偉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) JIANG, SHI-WEIen_US
dc.date (日期) 1992en_US
dc.date (日期) 1991en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2016 15:11:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-May-2016 15:11:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2016 15:11:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002004583en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89095-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The main purpose of this thesis is conduct a contrastive analysis on Chinese and English conjunctives regarding their syntactic behavior in texts. The attention is directed to the inter.sentence aspects of the conjunctives(i.e. the textual level) in the two language systems. Halliday and Hasan’s(1976) theory of conjunctives is adopted as the basis for the contrastive analysis. By conducting the contrastive study, the present author hopes that valuable implications can be generated and be applied to the teaching of English writing to Chinese advanced ESL learners in Taiwan.zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 1 INTRODUCTION ..........1
     1.1 The Research Question..........1
     1.2 Contrastive Analysis..........4
     1.2.1 Basic Notions and Definitions..........6
     1.2.2 Methodology..........10
     1.2.3 Contrastive Text Analysis..........12
     1.2.4 The Usefulness of Contrastive Analysis in TESL..........12
     1.3 Conjunctives..........13
     1.3.1 Definitions..........14
     1.3.2 The Importance of Conjunctives in TESL..........16
     1.3.3 The Need of studies on Inter-language Contrastive Analysis of Conjunctives Between Chinese and English..........19
     2 A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND CHINESE CONJUNCTIVES..........22
     2.1 Former Studies of Conjunctives in English and Chinese..........22
     2.1.1 English Conjunctives..........22
     2.1.1.1 Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) Study on Conjunctves..........23
     2.1.1.2 Quirk’s (1985) Study..........28
     2.1.1.3 A Tentative Repertoire of English Conjunctives..........31
     2.1.3 Chinese Conjunctives..........37
     2.1.2.1 Yu’s (1990) Study..........40
     2.1.2.2 Chen’s (1990)
     2.1.2.3 A Tentative Repertoire of Chinese Conjunctives..........44
     2.1.2.4 The Segmentation Problem of Chinese Discourse..........49
     2.2 A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Conjunctives..........54
     2.2.1 Additives..........54
     2.2.2 Adversatives..........54
     2.2.3 Causals..........72
     2.2.4 Temporals..........79
     2.3 Results..........83
     2.4 Generalizations and Predictions..........87
     2.4.1 The Predictions of Potential Errors in L2(English)..........88
     2.4.2 Predicted Performance Scales on the Use of English Conjunctives..........90
     3 VERIFICATION OF THE PREDICTIONS AND PERFORMANCE SCALES ..........101
     3.1 Date Collection..........102
     3.2 Date Analysis..........106
     3.3 Results..........108
     3.4 Discussions..........113
     3.4.1 The Predictions..........113
     3.4.2 The Performance Scales..........122
     4 SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS..........136
     4.1 Summary.136
     4.2 Implications on Teaching Advanced English Writing..........141
     4.2.1 Course Design..........142
     4.2.1.1 Selection..........143
     4.2.1.2 Grading..........144
     4.2.1.3 Method..........145
     4.2.2 English Writing Evaluation..........147
     4.3 Unsolved Problems..........149
     APPENDIX I..........152
     APPENDIX II..........155
     BIBLIOGRAPHY..........159		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004583en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中文zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 寫作zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教育zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 中文與英文連詞之對比分析及其在高級英文寫作上之應用zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A contrastive analysis of Chinese and English conjunctives and its implications on teaching advanced English writing classen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bibliography
     Allen, Robert L., Rita Pompian, and Doris Allen. 1975.
     Working Sentences. Taipei: Cheng Wen Publishing Co.,
     Ltd.
     Anderson, Pamela L. 1980. Cohesion as an Index for Written
     and Oral Composition of ESL Learners. ERIC ED 198 529.
     Arnold, Richard D. 1988. "Teaching Cohesive Ties to
     Children." Reading Teacher, 42, No.2: 106-10.
     Bander, Robert G. 1980. From Sentence to Paragraph. New
     York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     Beaugrande, Robert-Alain de and Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler.
     1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London:
     Longman Group Ltd.
     Borkin, Ann. 1978. On Some Conjuncts Signalling Dissonance
     in Written Expository English. ERIC ED 198 732.
     Brown, J., and K. Bailey. 1984. "A Categorical Instrument
     for Scoring Second Language Writing Skills." Language
     Learning, 34, No. 4:21-42.
     Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of Language Learning
     and Teaching. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-
     Hall, Inc.
     Brozo, William G. 1985. Teaching Students to Recognize and
     Manipulate Structures of Cohesion. ERIC ED 256 248.
     Brozo, William G., and Carol L. Curtis. 1987. Unskilled
     College Readers` Comprehension of Connected and
     Disconnected Text. ERIC ED 281 150.
     Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.
     Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Chen, Li-wen. 1991. "Cohesion and Comprehension:
     Investigating College-Level Chinese Students`
     Perception on Cohesion in English." Dissertation,
     National Taiwan Normal University.
     Chen, Mei-hua. 1990. "Cohesive Devices in Spoken and
     Written Chinese Narrative Discourse." Dissertation,
     National Taiwan Normal University.
     Chiang, Tai-hui. 1981. Error Analysis: A Study of Errors
     Made in Written English by Chinese Learners. Taipei:
     Crane Publishing Co.
     Ching, Marvin K. L. 1982. Helping Students to Find the
     Proper Connective: Why the Difficulty. ERIC ED 213
     049.
     Chu, Show-chih Rai. 1982. Chinese Grammar and English
     Grammar: A Comparative Study. Taipei: Commercial
     Press, Ltd.
     Clark, Herbert H. and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and
     Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New
     York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
     Cole, Michael, and Sylvia Schribner. 1974. Culture and
     Thought.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
     Corder, Jim W. 1981. Handbook of Current English. 6th ed.
     Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Company.
     Corder, Stephen Pit. 1981. Error Analysis and
     Interlanguage. New York: Oxford University Press.
     Crystal, David. 1985. A DictionarY of Linguistics and
     Phonetics.2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Inc.
     Dagut, M. B. 1986. "The Fact of Translation in Learning
     English as a Foreign Language." In Papers and Studies
     in Contrastive Linguistics. Vol. 21. Ed. Jacek Fisiak.
     Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University. ERIC ED 289 356.
     De Marco, Christopher John. 1986. "Patterns of Lexical
     Cohesion in a Multiple-choice Cloze Test: Differences
     Between English as a Second Language Learners and
     Native Speakers of American English." Ph.D.
     dissertation, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign.
     Ducrot, Oswald, and Tzvetan Todorov. 1979. Encyclopedic
     Dictionary of the Science of Language. Translated by
     Catherine Porter. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
     Press.
     Dulay, Heidi, Marina Burt, and Stephen Krashen. 1982.
     Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press.
     Flower, Linda, and John R. Hays. 1981. “A Cognitive
     Process Theory of Writing." College Composition and
     Communication, 32, 365-87.
     Fries, Charles Carpenter. 1952. The Structure of English:
     An Introduction to the Construction of English
     Sentences. London: Longman.
     Halliday, M. A. K., and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in
     English. London: Longman.
     Henle, Paul, ed. 1958. Language, Thought, and Culture.
     Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
     Henze II-Thomas, Jeremy. 1985. "Teaching the Use of
     Connectives Expressing Concession." ELT, 39, No.4:
     279-81.
     Hasan, Ruqaiya, and J. R. Martin. eds. 1989. Advances in
     Discourse Process. Vol. 27. Language Development:
     Learning Language, Learning Culture. Norwood: Ablex
     Publishing Corporation.
     Hatch, Evelyn Marcussen. 1983. Psycholinguistics: A
     Second Language Perspective. Rowley: Newbury House
     Publishers.
     Holloway, Dale W. 1981. Cohesion in English: A Key to the
     Way Our Culture Thinks? ERIC ED 199 726.
     Howard, Joseph E. Jr. 1980. The Use of Connectives in
     Community College Textbooks. ERIC ED 220 810.
     Huang, Wen-hsiu. 1977. "Contrastive Analysis, Error
     Analysis and Teaching English to Chinese Students."
     Dissertation, National Taiwan Normal University.
     James, Carl. 1969. "Deeper Contrastive Study." IRAL, 7,
     No.2: 83-95.
     James, Carl. 1980.Contrastive Analysis. London:
     Longman.
     Johns, Ann M. 1980. Preventing Global Discourse Errors:
     Problems and Approaches to ESOL Writing. ERIC ED 200
     060.
     Kaplan, R. B. 1967. "Contrastive Rhetoric and the Teaching
     of Composition.TESOL Quarterly, 1 No.4: 10-16.
     Kintsch, W. 1984. "Readability: A View from Cognitive
     Psychology." In Understanding Reading Comprehension.
     Ed. J. Flood. Newark: International Reading
     Association.
     Klein, Wolfgang. 1986. Second Language Acquisition.
     Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Kumaravadivelu, B. 1988. "Communication Strategies and
     Psychological Processes Underlying Lexical
     Simplification." IRAL, 26, No.4: 309-19.
     Lado, Robert. 1957. Linguistics Across Culture. Ann
     Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
     Lakoff, Robin. 1971. "If`s, And`s & But`s about
     Conjunction." In Studies in Linguistic Semantics. Eds.
     C. J. Fillmore and D. T. Langendoen. New York: Holt,
     Rinehart & Winston, Inc.
     LaPalombara, Lyda E. 1976. An Introduction to Grammar:
     Traditional, Structural, Transformational. Cambridge:
     Winthrop Publishers, Inc.
     Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 1979. "Issues in the Teaching of
     Grammar." In Teaching English as a Second or Foreign
     Language. Eds. Marianne Celce-Murcia and Lois McIntosh.
     Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
     Leech, G., and J. Svartvik. 1975. A Communicative Grammar
     of English. London: Longman.
     Li, Cherry Ing. 1985. Participant Anaphora in Mandarin
     Chinese. Ph. D.dissertation, University of Florida.
     Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin
     Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley:
     University of California Press.
     Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. 2 vols. Cambridge:
     Cambridge University Press.
     Marshall, Helaine W. 1981. GLUE: A Useful Concept for
     Eliminating Fragments and Run-ons. ERIC ED 210 926.
     McDevitt, Damien. 1989. "How to Cope with Spaghetti
     Writing?" ELT, 43, No.1: 19-23.
     Norment, Nathaniel, Jr. 1982. Contrastive Analysis of
     Organizational Structures and Cohesive Elements in
     English, Spanish (ESL) and Chinese (ESL) Students`
     Writing in Narrative and Expository Modes. ERIC ED 269
     764.
     Palmer, F. R. 1981. Semantics. 2nd ed. Cambridge:
     Cambridge University Press.
     Peck, Sabrina. 1979. "Differing Needs of ESL Students."
     In Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language.
     Eds. Marianne Celce-Murcia and Lois McIntosh. Rowley:
     Newbury House Publishers.
     Pradl, Gordon M. 1979. Expectation and Cohesion. ERIC ED
     184 118.
     Quirk, Randolph, et al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary
     English. New York:Seminar Free Press.
     Quirk, Randolph, et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of
     the English Language. London: Longman.
     Richards, Jack, John Platt, and Heidi Weber. 1985. Longman
     Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. London: Longman
     Group Ltd.
     Ruiz, J. M. 1990. Contrastive Linguistics and the Teaching
     of a Second Language. ERIC ED 323 802.
     Saville-Troike, M. 1976. Foundations for Teaching English
     as a Second Language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-
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