1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 臺產院線錄影帶中,高山族與非高山族塑像之研究--社會心理與文化傾向的探討
作者 楊大和
YANG, DA-HE
貢獻者 林邦傑
LIN, BANG-JIE
楊大和
YANG, DA-HE
關鍵詞 原住民
族群組合
塑像
社會心理學
文化
SOCIAL-PSYCHIATRY
CULTURE
日期 1992
1991
上傳時間 2-May-2016 15:20:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 刻板印象對人們的認知、感情、行為有相當的影響，而族群刻板印象更會妨礙了族群之間的同化與互動，形成社會問題。在探究族群刻板印象塑成的原因時發現：大眾傳播媒介是一項重要的成因。以臺灣本土而言，近年來，錄影帶已經成為一項新興的視聽媒介，一般民眾每週花費相當的時間在電視錄影帶的欣賞上面。
     因此，本研究的主要目的在利用內容分析的方法，分析國內臺產錄影帶所塑造的高山族與高山族形象，以瞭解此二族群在場景變項（包括：場景地理位置、場景背景、人物整合程度和人物互動程度）、社會人口變項（包括：角色重要性、性別、年齡、體型、職業等級、職業聲望、收入、教育程度、社經地位）和行為變項（包括：族群組合、行為方向、行為表現方式、行為類別、反社會行為、利社會行為和飲酒行為）上的呈現情形有無差異存在。
     本研究的樣本取自所有影片中有高山族角色人物的臺產院線錄影帶，除了有四部影片因為年代較早不易取得以外，其餘共有十八部影片全部納入作為本研究的分析樣本。各影片經過觀察、分析、登錄、分數轉化之後，以卡方考驗和平均數t 考驗加以分析，逐次納入各有關的控制變項。
參考文獻 Allbort. G. W. 1954 The Nature of Preiudice. Reading. MA: Addison – Wesley. Ashmore. R. D., & MeConahay, J. B. 1975 Psychology and American’s llrban Dllemmas. New York: McGrew-Hill Babad. E. Y., Brigham. M., & Benne. K. 1983 The Secial Self: Group Influences on Personal Identity. Beverly Hill. CA: Sage. Bandura, A. 1973 Aggression: a Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cllffs. New York: Prentice-Hill. Barth, Frederick 1969 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Norway: University Forlaget. Berelson. B. 1952 Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, IL : The Free Press. Berkowitz. L. 1962 Aggrqssjo: a soeial Psychological Analvsis. New York: McGrew-Hill. Berry. G. L ., Mitchell-Kerman. C. (eds) 1982 Television and Socialization of the Minority Child , New York: Academic Press. Bogatz. G ., & Ball. S. 1971 The Second Year of Sesame Street: a Continuing Education. Princeton. NJ: Educational Testing Service. Boulding. K. E. 1969 The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society " Ann Arbor. M: University of Hechigan Press. Brigham. J. C. 1986 Social Psychology Boston: Little , . Brown & Company, Clark. C. 1972 Race. Identification. and Television Violence, In Comstock. G. A ., Rubinstein. E. A ., & Murray. J. p, ( eels ). Television and Social Behavior, Vol, V: Further Explorations, pp.120-184. Washinton. D. C. : U. S, Gov`t Print , Off" . Cohen. A. 1974 Urban ethnicity. London: Tavistock Pub. Communication Research Trends 1985 Video: A Media Revolution? London: Center for the Study of Communication and Culture. Comstock. , G. 1975 Television and Human Behavior: The Key Studies. Santa Manica. CA: Rand. Comstock. G ., Chaffe. S. Katzman. N. , McCombs. H. & Roberts, D . 1978 Television and Human Behavior. New Youk: Columbia University Process. Condry .J. 1989 The Psychology of Television. Hillsadale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Davis. T.G. 1976 Stereotype: An Exploration of the Concept. Unpblished Dissertation.Univ. of Hawaii. Deaux, K., & Wrightsman, L. S. Social Psrcholegy. CA: Brooks/Cole. Devito., J. A. 1971 Communication Concepts and Processes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice - Hall. Fernabdez,P. B., & B. S. 1980 The Context, Characteristics and Communication Behaviors of Blacks on Television. In Greenberg, B. S. ( eds ), Life. on Television. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Geertz, C. 1963 The integrative revolution: primodial sentiments and politics in the new states. In C. Geertz ( ed.) . Old Societies and new states: The guest for modernity in Asia and Africa.? Gerbner, G. 1973 Cultural Indicators: the Third Voice. In Gerbner, G. , Gross, L. P. , Melody, W. H. ( eds ), Communication Technology and Social Pol icy. New York: Wiley. Gerbner. G. 1981 Aging with Television Commercials Images on Television Commercials and Dramatic Programming 1977-1979. Annernberg School of Communications. University of Pennsylvania. Gerbner. G. ,Gross. L. ,Morgan, H ., & Signorielli, N. 1982 Progr8mning Health PortrHY81 What Viewers See, Say and Do. In Pearl. D., Bouthlet, L,. and Lagar, .J. ( eds ). Television and behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Pro-gress and Implications for the Eighties. Vol.2: DHHS PubI.No. ( ADH) (pp.82 - 1196 ) . Washinton : Gov`t Print Office. Gergen. K. J., Gergen, M. M. 1981 Social PSYCh0!Ogy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Gray, A. 1987 Video Recorders in the Home: Women’s and Boy`s Toys. Paper Presented at the International Television Studies Conference. London, England. Greenberg, B. S. 1980 Life On Television: Content Analysis of U. S, TV Drama . Norwood. NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Greenberg, B. S. , Atkin. C .. Edison. N. G. , & Korenny, F. 1977 Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors on Commuercial Television in 1975-1976. Department of Communication, Michigan Stzte University. Greenberg, B. S., & Baptista-Fernandez. P. 1980 Hispanio-American: the Minority on the Television Content Analysis of U. S. TV Drama. ( pp. 202-223 ) .Norwood. NJ: Ablex. Greenbe. B. S., Edison. N., Korenny. F., Fernandez-Collado, C. & Atkin, C. 1980 Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors on Television. In Greenberg. B. ( ed. ). Life on Television: Content Analysis of U.S. TV Drama. Norwood. NJ: Ablex. Greenberg, B. S .. & Hazingo. S. L. Racial Issue in Mass Media Intitutions. In Phyllis A. Katz (eds).Toward the Elimination of Racism(pp.324-328). New York: Pergamom. Greenberg. B. S. , Edison. N .. Kornny. F .,Fernadez-Colladc. C., Atkin. C. K. 1980a Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors on Television. In Greenberg, B. S. ( eds ). Life on Television. Norwood. N.J: A blex. Hamilton. D. L. 1976 Cognitive Bases In the Perception of Sacral Groups. In Caroll. J. S. , & Payne. J. W. (eds), Cognitivp and Social Behavior. Hillsdale. NJ: Erlblaum. Hanneman. G. J. , & McEwen,W. J. 1076 The Use and Abuse of Drugs: Analysis of Mass Media Content. In Ostman, R. E. ( ed. ). Communication Research and Durg Education (pp. 65-88) . Beverly Hills. CA : Sage. Harding, J. , Proshansky, H ., Kutner. 8. , & Chien. I. 1969 Prejudice and Ethnic Relation. In G. Lindzey ( ed. ). Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 5. Reading. HA: Addison- Wesley. Harris. R. .J. 1989 A Cognitive, Psychology or Hass Communication. Hillsdale. HJ: Lawrence Erblaum . Harvey. S. 1977 Revision of Davidson And Neale’s Prosocial and Aggressive Code. State University of New York at Stone Brook. Hawkins. R., & Pingree, S. 1982 TV Influence Social Reality and Conceptions of The World. In Pearl, D., Barthilet, L. & Lazar(eds). Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the 80’s( pp.224-247 ). Washinton, D, C.: U. S. Gov’t Printing Office. Holsti. O. R. 1969 Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanites. . Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley . Hovland, C. I. , Lumsdaim. A. , & Sheffield. F. D. 1959 Short- time and Long- time Effects of an Orientation Film, In Bernard and Communication ( eds. ) (1966) Readerin Public Opinion and Communication (2nd ed.) (pp. 654- 669) . New York: the Free Prees. Howitt. D. 1982 Hass Media and Social Problems. British: Dergamon Press Hsu. Mutsu(許木柱) 1982 Ethnic Identity and Intercultural Interaction in Taiwan. In Wu, David Y. H.(ed.). Ethnicity and Interpersonal Interaction: A Craoo Cultural Study(pp.199-211). Hong Kong: Maruzen Asic. Hyman, H. E. 1969 Social Psychology and Race Relations. In Katz & Gurin. P. (eds). Race and the Social Sciences. New York: Basic Books. Jersen. P .. A ., Barnes. J. W. 1980 Network Flow Programming. New York: John Wiley & Sons Katz. T. , & Gurin, P. 1969 Race Relation and the Social Science: Overview and Further Discussion. In Katz & Gurin , P. (eds ). Race and Social Science. New York: Baste books. Katz. P. 1973 Racism and Social Science: Toward a New Commitment. In Kat z. P. A. ( e d . ) , Towerd the Elimination of Racism. New York: Pergamon Press. Lamberth. J . 1980 Social Psychology. New York: Macmillan. Lasswell. H. , Lerner. D ., & Pool. I. de Sola 1952 The Comparative Study of Symbols. Stanford, CA: Standford University Press. Liebert. R. M. 1972 Television and Social Learning: Some Relationships Between Viewing Violence and Behavioring Aggressively. In Murray, J. P .. Rubinstein, E. A. , & Comstock. G . A. ( eds ). Television and Social Behavior, Vol. 2, Television and Social Learning. Wasninton, D. C. : U. S. Gov`t Off. pp.1-34. 1973 Observational Learning: Some Social Applications. In Elich. P. J. ( e d. ), Fourth Western Symposium in Learning Bellingham, WA: Western Washington State College, pp.59-73. Liebert. R. M. , & Poulos, R. W. 1975 Television and Person8lity Development: the Socializing Effects of an Entertai:1~ent Medium. In Davido. A. ( ed . ). ChiId Personality and Psychopathology: Current Topics(Vol.2). New York: Wiley. Lippmann, W. 1922 Public Opinion. New York-: Harcourt. Brace. Meyers, D. G. 1988 Social Psychology ( 2th ed. ). New York: HcGraw-Hill. Miller. R. M. ( ed. ) 1980 The Kaleidoscopic Lens: How Hollvwood Views Ethnic 1977 A Content Analysis of the Treatment of Black Americans on Television. Social Education. 41, 336-339. Baxter, L. A., & Kaplan, S. J. 1983 Context Factors in the Analysis of Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior on Prime Time Television. Journal of Broedcasting. 27(1). 25-36. Bayton, J. A., Asutin. L. J., &Burk. K. R. 1965 Negro Perception of Negro and White Personality Traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1(3), 250-253. Biling. M. 1985 Prejudice. Categorization and Particularization: from a Perception to a Rhetorical Approach. European Journal of Social Psvchology, 15-103. Boyenton. W. H. 1965 The Neegro Turns to Advertising .Journalism Ouartlv. 42, 227-235. Breed,W. . & DeFoe, .J. R. 1981 The Portrayal of the Drinking Process on Prime Time Television. Journal of Communication,31(1), 58-67. Brigham, J. C. 1971 Ethnic Stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, Th. 15-35. 1972 Racial Stereotypes Measurement Variables and the Stereotype Attitude Relation . Joural of Applied Social Psychology, 2. 63 - 76. Bryan. J .. & London, P. 1970 Altruistic Behavior by Children. Psvchological Bulletin.73, 200-211. Bryan. J .. & Wallack. N. 1970 The Impact of Words and Deeds Concerning Altruism upon Children. Child Developement. 41, 744-757. Bush, R. F ., Soloman, P. J. & Hair. Jr ., J. F. 1977 There Are More Blacks in TV Commercials. Journal of Advertising Rearch, 17, Feb., 21-25 Buss. A. H ., & Durkee. A. 1963 An Inventory for Assessing Hostility. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 53, 417-424. Cafiso. J.. Goodstadt, M.S., Garlinton. W. K., & Sheppard, M. A. 1982 Television Portrayal of Alcohol and Other Beverage. Journal of Studies on Alchol, 43(11). 1232-1243. Callen. V.J., & Gallois, C. 1983 Ethnic Stereotypes : Australian and Southern European Youth. Journal of Social Psychology, 119. 287-288. Carter. R. F. 1962 Stereoryping 3S Process. Pubic Opinion Quartly. 76(1) Cauthen. N. R ., Robinson. I. E ., & Klaus, H. K. 1971 Stereotypes: A Review of the Literature 1952- 1968. the .Journal of Social Psychology, M. 103-125. Chaiken, S ., & Eagle. , A. H. 1976 Communication Modality as a Determinant of Message Persuasiveness and Message Comprehensibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 605-614. 1983 Communication Modality as a Determinant of persuasion: the Role of Communicator Salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 45. 241-256. Chapko, M. K. 1970 Authortarianism and All in the Family. The Journal of Psychology, 90,245-248. Colfax, D. J., & Sternberg, S. F. 1972 The Perpeuation of Racial Stereotypes. Public Opinion Quartly, 36. 8-18. Colle. R. D. 1968 Negro Images in the Mass Media : A Case Study in Social Change. Journalism Quartly. 45. 55-60. Comstock. G ,, & Cobbey. R. E. Television and the Children of Ethnic Minorities. Journal of Communication, 29(1). 104-155. Cox. K. K. 1970 Social Effects of Integrated Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 10. 41-44. Crosby, F. 1980 Reent Unobstusive Studies of Black and White Diserimination and Prejudice: A Literature Review. Psychological Bulletin, 87(3), 546-563. Culley, J. D., & Bennett. R. 1976 Selling Women, Selling Blacks. Journal of Communication. Aut., pp.160-174. Darden, B.G, & Bayton, J. A. 1977 Self- concept and Black`s Assessment of Black Learning Roles in Motion Pictures and Television. Journal of Applied Psychology. 62, 620-623. Davida , J. F ., Evans. N ., & Tyler, R. B. 1986 Racial Stereotypes: the Content of Their Cognitive Representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 22, 22-37. Davida , J. F ., Evans. N ., & Tyler, R. B. 1986 Racial Stereotypes: the Contents of Their Cognitive Representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 22(1), 22-37. Davison. E. S. , .& Neale. J. H. 1974 Analyzin Prosocial Content on Entertainment Television. Paper Presented at the 82nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans. DeFleur, M. 1964 Occupational Roles as Portrayed on Television. Public Opinion Quarly, 28. 257- 274. DeFoe, J, R., Breed, W., & Breed. L. A. 1983 Drinking on Television: A Five- Year Study. Journal of Drug Education. 13(1). 25-38. Dominick. J. R. 1973 Crime and Law Enforcement on Prime-time Television. Public Opinion Quatrly, 37, 241 - 250 . Dominick. J., & Greenberg. B. 1970 Three Seasons of Boacks on Television. Journal of Advertising Research, 10, 2127. Dominick . J .. & Rauch. G. 1972 The Image of Women in Network TV Commercials. Journal Of Broadcasting. 16. 259- 265. Donapher. P. C. , Poulos, R.W., Lieberk. R. M., &Davidson, E. S. 1975 Race. Sex, and Social Example: An Analysis of Chaeter Portrayal on Interracial Television Entertainment. Psychological Reports, 37, 1023-1034. Donnerstein. M ., & Donnerstein. E. 1976 Variables in Interracial Aggression. Journal of Social Psychology. 100. 111-121. Duncan. B. 1976 Differential and Social Perception and Attributions of Intergroup Violence: Testing the Lower Limits of Stereotyping of Blacks . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34.590-598. Dutton. D. G. 1973 Reverse Discrimination: The Relationship of Amount of a Perceived Discrimination Toward a Minority Group Members. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 5, 34-45. Dutton. D. G ., & Lake. R. A. 1973 Threat of Own Prejudice and Reverse Discrimination in Interracial Situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28. 94-100. Edwards. A. L. 1940 Studies of Stereotypes: the DisectionaIity and University of Responses to Stereotypes. Joural of Social Psychology. 12.357-366. Eunice. C ., & Dinnerman. H. 1951 Analysis of the Film " Don`t Be A Sucker": a Study in Communication. Public Opinion Quartly. 15, 243-254. Faber, J. R ., O`Guinn. T. C. , & Meyer T. P. Television Portrayals of Hispanics: A Comparison Ethnic Perceptions. International .Journal of Intercultural Ralations, 11. 155 - 169. Fernandez-CoIIndo. C. , Greenberg. B. S .. Atkin. C .. & Korenny. F. 1978 Sexual Intimacy and Drug Use in TV Series. Journal of Communication, 8, 18- 22. Fernandez - Colladoi. C. , Greenberg, B. S. , Korenny. F., & Aktin. C. K. 1978 Sexual Intimacy and Drug Use in TV Series. Journal of Communication, 28(3), 30-37. Fishman, J. A. 1956 An Experimenttation of the Function of Social Stereotypeing. Journal of Psychology. 43. 27-64. Fishman, J. A. 1977 Sex on TV: A Content Analysis. Journal of Communication, 27(2). 164-170 Futch. E. J. , Stephen. A. L.. & Geller. M. T. 1984 An Analysis of Alcohol Portrayal on Prime Time Television. The International Journal of the Addictoir. 19(4). 403- 410. Gaerthe, S. L .. & McLaughlin, J. P. 1983 Racial Stereotypes: Association and Asoription of Positive and Negative Chaeractoristies. Social Psychology Quartly, 46. 23-30. Gaerther, S. L., McLaughlin, J. P. Gardner. R. C ., Kirby. D. H . , & Arboleda. 1973 Ethnic Stereotypes : A Cross – cultural Replication of Their Unitary Dimensionality. Journal of Social Psychology, 91. 189-195. 1975 Stereotypes : The Role of Language. Journal of Social Psychology, 96. 3-9. Gerbner. G. , Gross, G. , Jackon. S ., Jeffries-Fox, S. ,& Signorielli. N. 1978 Cultural Indicators : Violence Profile Ho. 9. Journal of Communication D, Sum ., 177-207. Gerbner. G. , & Gross. L. 1976a Living with Television the Violence Profile. Journal of Communication. 20(2) , 172-199. Gerbnei. G ., Gross, L., Morgan. U. , & Sogrielli. N. 1979 The Demonstration of Power : Violence Profile No. 10. Journal of Communication. 29(3). 177-196. 1980 The “Mainstreaming” of America: Violence Profile No.11. Journal of Communication. 30, 10-29. 1981 Aging with Television Commercials: Images on Television Commercials and Dramatic Programming 1977-1979. Annernberg School of Communications . University of Pennsylvania. Gerson, W. M. 1966 Mass Media Socialization Behavior: Negro-White Differences. Social Forces, 45, 40-50. Gottschalk, L. , Glesser. G .. & Springer. K . 1963 Three Hostile Scales Applicable to Verbal Samples. L M. A. Archives of Geneal Psychiatry, 9" 254- 279. Greenberg. B. S. 1981 Smoking, Drugging and Drinking in Top Related TV Series Journal of Drug Education, 11, 277-234. Greenberg. B. S. ,Abelman, R ., & Neuertdorf. K. 1981 Sex on the Soap Operas: Afternoon Delight. Journal of Communication, 31(3). 8 3 - 8 9 . Greenberg, B. S. , & D`Allessio. D. 1985 Quantity & Quality of Sex in the Soaps. Journal of Proadcasting & Electronic Media, 29(3). 309-321. Greenberg. B. G., Fernandez – Collado. C., Graef, D
     , Korenny, F., Atkin, C. K. 1989 Trends in Use of Alcohol and Other Substances on Television. Journal of Drug Education, 9, 243-253. 1980 Sexual Intimacy on Commercial TV During Prime Time. Journal Quartly. 57. 211 - 215. Gilbert. G. M. 1951 Stereotype Persistence and change among College Students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46. 245-254. Gorn. G. J.. Goldberg. M. E.. & Kanungo. R. N. 1976 The Role of Educational Television in Changing the Intergroup Attitudes of Children. Child Development, 47, 277-280. Graves. S. B. 1975. How to Create Positive Racial Attitudes. Paper Present at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Denver. Greenberg, B. S. 1972 Children.`s React ion to TV Blacks. Journalism Quartly, 49., 5-14. Greenberg. B. S. , Abelman. R. . & Neuendorf, K. 1981 Sex on the Soap Operas : Afternoon Delight. Journal of Communication. 3.1(3). 83-89. Greenberg, B. S ., D`Alessio. D. 1985 Quantity and Quality of Sex in the Soaps. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29(3). 309 - 321. Greenberg, B. S .. Graef. D ., Fernandez - Collado, C ., Korenny, F ., & Atkin. C. K. 1980a Sexual Intimacy on Commercial TV During Prime Time. Journalism Quartly, 57. 211 - 215. Hamilton D. L. & Gifford. R. K. 1975 Illusory Correlation in Interpersonal Perception Cognitive Basis of Stereotypic Judgement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12. 392-402. Harvey. S. E .. Sprafkin. J. H. , & Rubinstein. E. 1979 Prime Time Television: A Profile of Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviors. Journal of Broadcasting. 23(2), 179-189. Hendricks, M. , &. Bootzin. R. 1976 Race and Sex as Stimuli for Negative Affect and Physical Avoidance. Journal of Social Psychology. 98. 111-120. Hinton. J. L. , Seggar, J. F ., Northcott, H. C. & Fontes. B. F 1972 Tokenism and Improving Image of Blacks in Tv Drama and Comedy: 1973. Journal of Broadcasting, 18, 423- 432. Hraba. J. , & Grant. Geoffrey 1970 Blacks is Beautiful: a Reexamination of Racial Prefrence and Identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(3), 398-402. Humphrey. R., & Schuman. M. 1974 Definition of Ethnicity. Ethnicity, 1. 111-124. Jackson, M. R., & Crame. M. 1986 Some of My Best Friends Are Black ...... International Friendship and White`s Racial Attitudes. Public Opinion. 51, 459-486. Jefferr. L. W., & Hur. K. K. 1979 White Ethnics and Their Media Images. Journal of Communication, 29(1), 116-121. Kassarjian , H. H . 1969 The Negro and American Advertising. 1946-1965 . .Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 29 - 30. 1971 Blacks in Advertising A Further Comment. Journal of Marketing Research, 8, 392- 393. Katz, D ., & Bradley. K. 1933 Racial Stereotypes of One Hundred College Students . Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 28. 280 - 290. Korten. F. F. 1973 The Stereotypes as a Cognitive Construct. Journal of Social Psychology, 90. 29- 39. Levy.M. R. 1980a Home Video Recorders: a User Survey. Journal of Communication, 30, 23-27. 1980b Program Playback Preference in VCR Households. Journal of Brosdeasting. 24, 327-336. Lin. C. A. 1988 Assessing the Impact of the Evolution of Home Video Culture. Paper Presented at Education in Journalism And Mass Communication. Portland. OR. 1987 VCR Use and the Concept of Audience Activity. Communication Quartly, 35(3), 267-275. Program Playback Preference in VCR Households. Journal Q.LliL.G.s~a!i.t.i..nK. 2.4.. 327 - 336 . Long, M. , & Simon. R. 1974 The Roles and Statuses of Momen on Children and Family TV Programs. Journalism Quartly, 51, 107 - 110. Lowery. S. A, 1980 Soap and Boozw in the Afternoon: an Analysis of the Portrayal of Alcohol Use in Daytime Series. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 41. 329-838. Lowry. D. T. 1981 Alcohol Comsumption Patterns and Consequence on Prime Time Network TV. Journalism Quartly, 58 (1), 3 - 8 . Lowry. D. T ., Love. G. , & Kirby. M. 1981 Sex on the Soap Operas: Patterns of Intimacy. Journal of Communication, 31(3), 90-96. HacDonald. P. C. 1983 The" Dope " on Soaps. Journal of Drug Education, 13(4). 259- 369. Maykovich. M. K. 1972a Reciprocity in Racial Stereotypes: White. Black and Yellow. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 876-897. 1972b Stereotypes and Racial Images----White. Black and Yellow. Human Relation. 25. ( 2). 101 - 120 . 1980 Social Distance Between the Chinese and American. Acta Psychological Taiwanican, 22. (1 ). 1 - 1 2 . Marin, G. 1984 .Stereotyping Hispanics: the Differencial Effect of Research. Method. Label. and Degree of Contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relation. 8. 17-27. 1976 Symbolic Racism. Journal of Social Issues. 32 ( 2). 23-45. McHeil. J. C. 1975 Feminism. Feminity. and the Television Series: a content analysis. Journal of Broadcasting. 19, 259- 269. Morgan. H. 1982 Television and Adolescents` Sex Role Stereotypes:a Longitudinal Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 4.3 (5). 9 47 - 955 . Naroll. R. 1964 Ehtnic Unit Classification. Current AnthropoLogy. 5( 4).? O`Kelly, C. G. 1974 Sexism in Children`s Television. Journalism Quartly, 51(4). 722 - 724. Oxnam. R. B. 1971 Survey of American Opinion on China Background. Paper Prepared for Wingspread Conference. Chinese and Americans: Mutual Perceptions. September. Petersen. R. C. , Thurstone. L. L. 1933 The Effect of a Motion Picture Film on Children`s Attituce Toward Germans. Journal of Educational Psychology, 23, 241 - 245. Poulos. R. W ,, Harvey. S. E. I BI. Liebert.. R. M. 1976 Saturd3Y Morning Television: a ProfiIe of the·1974-75 Children’s Season Psychological Reports. 39. 1047-10-57. Reeves. B. 1978 Perceived TV Reality as a Predictor of Children`s Social Behavior. Journalism Quartly. 55, 682 -689 . Reid. P. T. 1979 Racial Stereotyping on Television: a Comparison of the Behavior of Both Black an White Television Characters . Journal of Applied Psychology, 64.(5). 456-471. Robert. C. 1971 The Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television. Journal of Broadc8stir;g, 15.. 45- 53. Room, R. 1980 Alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous in U. S. Films. 1945-1962: The Party Ends for the " Wet. Generations. “Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 50(4). 368-383. Seggar. J. F 1977 Television Portrayal of Minority and Women. 1971-1975 Journal of Broadcasting, 21, 435 - 446. Seggar. J. F., Hafen. J. k., & Hannonen- Gladden. H. 1981 Television`s Portrayals of Minorities and Women in Drama and Comedy Drama 1971-80. Journal of Broadcasting. 25(3). 277- 288 . Seggar. J. F., & Wheeler. P. World of Work on TV: Ethnic and Sex Representations in TV Drama. Journal of Broadcasting, 1.1(3).201-214. Seiter. E. 1986 Stereotypes and the Media: Re-evaluation. Journal of Communication, 36(1), 1 4 - 27 . Sherman. B. L .. & Dominick. J. R. 1986 Violence and Sex in Music Videos: TV and Rock `n` Roll Journal of Communication .36 (4). 79 - 93. Signorielli. N. 1987 Drinking, Sex, and Violence on Television: the Cultural Indicators Prespective. Journal of Drug Education, 17(3),245-260. SignorieIIi. N ., & Tedesco. N. 1974 Patterns in Prime Time. Journal of Communication, 24, 119-124. Silverman. Theresa 1979 Physical Contact And Sexual Behavior on Prime Time TV , Journal of Communication, 2..9.(1), 33-43. Silverman, L. T .. Sprafkin. J. H ., & Rubinstein. E. A. 1979 Physical Contact and Sexual Behavior on Prime-Time TV Journal of Communication . 29(1). 3 3 - 4 3 . Smart. R. G .. & Krakowski. M. 1973 The Nature and Frequency of Drugss Content in Magazines and on Television. Journal of Alcohol Drug Education,13(3). 16-23. Smoth. R. J ., Griffith, J. E ., Griffith. H. K. , & Steger, H. J. 1980 When Is a Steretype a Steretype? Psychological I Reports, 46. 643-651. Smyth. D. W. 1954 Reality as Presented on Television. Public Opinion Quartly. 18. 143-156. Stephan. W. G. 1978 School Desegregation An Evaluation of Predictions Made in Brown n. Board of Education. Psychological Bulletin. 85. 217-238. Sternglanz. S. H. , & Serbin. L. A. 1974 Sex Role Stereotyping in Children`s Television Programs DeveIopmental Psychology. 10., 710-715. Steur. F. B ., Applefield. J. M ., & Smith. R. 1971 Televisied Aggression and the Tnterperson31 Aggression of Preschool Children. Journal of Experimental and Tan. A. 1978 Evaluation of Newspapers and Television by Blacks and Mexican- American. Journalism Quartly. 55. 673-681. Tate. E. D. & Surlin. S. H. 1976 Agreement with Opinion8ted TV Characters Across Cultures. Journalism Quartly. 53., 199-203. Taylor. S. E ., Fiske. S. T ., Etcoff. N. L ., & Ruderman, A. J 1978 Categorical and Contextual Basses of Person Memory and Stereotyping Journal of Personality and Socisl Psychology, 36.773-793. Tedesco. N. S. 1974 Patterns in Prime Time . Journal of Communication, 24(2). 119-124. Thurstone. L. L. 1931 Influence of Motion Pictures on Children’s Attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 2., 291 - 305 . Turner, C, B. , & Turner. B. F. 1932 Gender. Race. Social Class and Self – evaluation Among College Students. the Sociological Quartly, 23 . 491-507. Vidmar. N ., & Rokeach. H. 1974 "Archie Bunker`s Bigotry: A Study in Selective Perception and Exposure. "Journal of Communication, 24. 36-48. Vinacke. W. E. 1949 Stereotyping among National Racial Groups in Hawaii: A Study in Ethnocentrism. Journal of Social Psychology. 30. 265 - 291 . Wallack, L., Breed. W. , & Cruz. J. 1987 ,Alcohol on Prime-time Television. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48(1). 33-38. Wallack, L., Breed. W. , & DeFoe. J.R. 1985 Alcohol and Soap Operas: Drinking in the Light of Day . Journal of Drug Education, L5.(4), 365-379. Wallack, L., Grube. J. W., Madden. P. A.. &Breed. W. 1990 Portrayals of Alcohol on Prime Time Television . Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51(5), 428-437. Warren, B. , & DeFoe J.R. 1981 The Portrayal of Drinking Process on Prime Time Television Journal of Communication. 31.(1). 58-67. Webster, F. R. 1985 A Technique for the Measurement of Race Attitudes. American Sociolgical Review. 18.(1), 73-77. Weigel. R. W.,Loomis, J. W., & Soja. H. .J. 1980 Race Relation on Prime Time Television. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5) ,884-893. Weita, S. 1972 Attitude . Violence and Behavior: A Repressed Affect Model of Interracial Interact i on. Journal of Personality. 24(1), 14-21. Wilhcit. G. G., & Back. H. 1976 "All in the Family" in Holland. Journal of Communication. Aut. Pp.75-84. Wilkes. R. E., & Valenticia. H. 1989 Hispanics and Black in Television Commercials. Journal of Advertising. 18. 19-25. Williams. T. M., Zabrack. M. L., & Joy. L. A. 1982 The Portrayal of Aggerssion on North Amyerican Television. Journal of Applied Seciel Psychology. 12(5). 360-380. Nord. C. O., Zanna. M. P., & Cooper. J. 1974 The Nonverbal Mediation of Self- Fulfilling Prophecies in Interracial Interaction. Journal lf Expeimental Secial Psychology. 10. 109. 120. Zinkhan. G. M .. Cox, K. K. , & Hong, J. W. 1986 Changes in Stereotypes: Blacks and Whites in Magazines Advertisements. Journalism Quartly. 63. 568 - 572 . Zuckerman, D. H. , Singer, D. G. ,& Singer. J. L. 1980 Children’s Television Viewing. Racial and Sex-role Attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology. 10(4). 281-294.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004418
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林邦傑zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor LIN, BANG-JIEen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 楊大和zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) YANG, DA-HEen_US
dc.creator (作者) 楊大和zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) YANG, DA-HEen_US
dc.date (日期) 1992en_US
dc.date (日期) 1991en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2016 15:20:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-May-2016 15:20:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2016 15:20:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002004418en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89331-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 刻板印象對人們的認知、感情、行為有相當的影響，而族群刻板印象更會妨礙了族群之間的同化與互動，形成社會問題。在探究族群刻板印象塑成的原因時發現：大眾傳播媒介是一項重要的成因。以臺灣本土而言，近年來，錄影帶已經成為一項新興的視聽媒介，一般民眾每週花費相當的時間在電視錄影帶的欣賞上面。
     因此，本研究的主要目的在利用內容分析的方法，分析國內臺產錄影帶所塑造的高山族與高山族形象，以瞭解此二族群在場景變項（包括：場景地理位置、場景背景、人物整合程度和人物互動程度）、社會人口變項（包括：角色重要性、性別、年齡、體型、職業等級、職業聲望、收入、教育程度、社經地位）和行為變項（包括：族群組合、行為方向、行為表現方式、行為類別、反社會行為、利社會行為和飲酒行為）上的呈現情形有無差異存在。
     本研究的樣本取自所有影片中有高山族角色人物的臺產院線錄影帶，除了有四部影片因為年代較早不易取得以外，其餘共有十八部影片全部納入作為本研究的分析樣本。各影片經過觀察、分析、登錄、分數轉化之後，以卡方考驗和平均數t 考驗加以分析，逐次納入各有關的控制變項。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章諸論．．．．．．．．．．1
     第一節研究動機與背景．．．．．．．．．．14
     第二節研究目的．．．．．．．．．．9
     第三節研究問題與架構．．．．．．．．．．11
     第二章文獻探討．．．．．．．．．．15
     第一節名詞界定．．．．．．．．．．15
     第二節傳播媒介與刻板印象的關係．．．．．．．．．．21
     第三節族群塑像與刻板印象的關係．．．．．．．．．．25
     第三章研究方法．．．．．．．．．．35
     第一節內容分析法簡介．．．．．．．．．．35
     第二節研究樣本．．．．．．．．．．38
     第三節分析單位．．．．．．．．．．41
     第四節分析類目．．．．．．．．．．42
     第五節建立量化系統．．．．．．．．．．52
     第六節內容編碼程序．．．．．．．．．．55
     第七節資料分析與處理．．．．．．．．．．56
     第四章研究結果一:場景變項與社會人口變項部分．．．．．．．．．．57
     第一節族群類屬與場景變項的關係．．．．．．．．．．59
     第二節族群類屬與社會人口變項的關係．．．．．．．．．．79
     第五章研究結果二、行為變項部分．．．．．．．．．．91
     第一節族群類屬與人物相關變項的關係．．．．．．．．．．91
     第二節族群關屬與行為類別的關係．．．．．．．．．．195
     第六章研究結果三:劇中其他關於高山族的特殊塑像．．．．．．．．．．267
     第七章結論與建議．．．．．．．．．．271
     第一節討論與結論．．．．．．．．．．271
     第二節研究檢討．．．．．．．．．．293
     第三節研究建議．．．．．．．．．．295
     參考文獻(中文部分)．．．．．．．．．．299
     參考文獻(英文部分)．．．．．．．．．．3456
     附錄一:登錄手冊．．．．．．．．．．361
     附錄二:登錄表．．．．．．．．．．373
     附錄三:場景以及行為變項登錄單．．．．．．．．．．376
     附錄四:社會與人口變項證錄單．．．．．．．．．．376
     附錄五:職業分類歸類表377		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004418en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 原住民zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 族群組合zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 塑像zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會心理學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) SOCIAL-PSYCHIATRYen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) CULTUREen_US
dc.title (題名) 臺產院線錄影帶中,高山族與非高山族塑像之研究--社會心理與文化傾向的探討zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allbort. G. W. 1954 The Nature of Preiudice. Reading. MA: Addison – Wesley. Ashmore. R. D., & MeConahay, J. B. 1975 Psychology and American’s llrban Dllemmas. New York: McGrew-Hill Babad. E. Y., Brigham. M., & Benne. K. 1983 The Secial Self: Group Influences on Personal Identity. Beverly Hill. CA: Sage. Bandura, A. 1973 Aggression: a Social Learning Analysis. Englewood Cllffs. New York: Prentice-Hill. Barth, Frederick 1969 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Norway: University Forlaget. Berelson. B. 1952 Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, IL : The Free Press. Berkowitz. L. 1962 Aggrqssjo: a soeial Psychological Analvsis. New York: McGrew-Hill. Berry. G. L ., Mitchell-Kerman. C. (eds) 1982 Television and Socialization of the Minority Child , New York: Academic Press. Bogatz. G ., & Ball. S. 1971 The Second Year of Sesame Street: a Continuing Education. Princeton. NJ: Educational Testing Service. Boulding. K. E. 1969 The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society " Ann Arbor. M: University of Hechigan Press. Brigham. J. C. 1986 Social Psychology Boston: Little , . Brown & Company, Clark. C. 1972 Race. Identification. and Television Violence, In Comstock. G. A ., Rubinstein. E. A ., & Murray. J. p, ( eels ). Television and Social Behavior, Vol, V: Further Explorations, pp.120-184. Washinton. D. C. : U. S, Gov`t Print , Off" . Cohen. A. 1974 Urban ethnicity. London: Tavistock Pub. Communication Research Trends 1985 Video: A Media Revolution? London: Center for the Study of Communication and Culture. Comstock. , G. 1975 Television and Human Behavior: The Key Studies. Santa Manica. CA: Rand. Comstock. G ., Chaffe. S. Katzman. N. , McCombs. H. & Roberts, D . 1978 Television and Human Behavior. New Youk: Columbia University Process. Condry .J. 1989 The Psychology of Television. Hillsadale. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Davis. T.G. 1976 Stereotype: An Exploration of the Concept. Unpblished Dissertation.Univ. of Hawaii. Deaux, K., & Wrightsman, L. S. Social Psrcholegy. CA: Brooks/Cole. Devito., J. A. 1971 Communication Concepts and Processes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice - Hall. Fernabdez,P. B., & B. S. 1980 The Context, Characteristics and Communication Behaviors of Blacks on Television. In Greenberg, B. S. ( eds ), Life. on Television. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Geertz, C. 1963 The integrative revolution: primodial sentiments and politics in the new states. In C. Geertz ( ed.) . Old Societies and new states: The guest for modernity in Asia and Africa.? Gerbner, G. 1973 Cultural Indicators: the Third Voice. In Gerbner, G. , Gross, L. P. , Melody, W. H. ( eds ), Communication Technology and Social Pol icy. New York: Wiley. Gerbner. G. 1981 Aging with Television Commercials Images on Television Commercials and Dramatic Programming 1977-1979. Annernberg School of Communications. University of Pennsylvania. Gerbner. G. ,Gross. L. ,Morgan, H ., & Signorielli, N. 1982 Progr8mning Health PortrHY81 What Viewers See, Say and Do. In Pearl. D., Bouthlet, L,. and Lagar, .J. ( eds ). Television and behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Pro-gress and Implications for the Eighties. Vol.2: DHHS PubI.No. ( ADH) (pp.82 - 1196 ) . Washinton : Gov`t Print Office. Gergen. K. J., Gergen, M. M. 1981 Social PSYCh0!Ogy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Gray, A. 1987 Video Recorders in the Home: Women’s and Boy`s Toys. Paper Presented at the International Television Studies Conference. London, England. Greenberg, B. S. 1980 Life On Television: Content Analysis of U. S, TV Drama . Norwood. NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Greenberg, B. S. , Atkin. C .. Edison. N. G. , & Korenny, F. 1977 Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors on Commuercial Television in 1975-1976. Department of Communication, Michigan Stzte University. Greenberg, B. S., & Baptista-Fernandez. P. 1980 Hispanio-American: the Minority on the Television Content Analysis of U. S. TV Drama. ( pp. 202-223 ) .Norwood. NJ: Ablex. Greenbe. B. S., Edison. N., Korenny. F., Fernandez-Collado, C. & Atkin, C. 1980 Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors on Television. In Greenberg. B. ( ed. ). Life on Television: Content Analysis of U.S. TV Drama. Norwood. NJ: Ablex. Greenberg, B. S .. & Hazingo. S. L. Racial Issue in Mass Media Intitutions. In Phyllis A. Katz (eds).Toward the Elimination of Racism(pp.324-328). New York: Pergamom. Greenberg. B. S. , Edison. N .. Kornny. F .,Fernadez-Colladc. C., Atkin. C. K. 1980a Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors on Television. In Greenberg, B. S. ( eds ). Life on Television. Norwood. N.J: A blex. Hamilton. D. L. 1976 Cognitive Bases In the Perception of Sacral Groups. In Caroll. J. S. , & Payne. J. W. (eds), Cognitivp and Social Behavior. Hillsdale. NJ: Erlblaum. Hanneman. G. J. , & McEwen,W. J. 1076 The Use and Abuse of Drugs: Analysis of Mass Media Content. In Ostman, R. E. ( ed. ). Communication Research and Durg Education (pp. 65-88) . Beverly Hills. CA : Sage. Harding, J. , Proshansky, H ., Kutner. 8. , & Chien. I. 1969 Prejudice and Ethnic Relation. In G. Lindzey ( ed. ). Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 5. Reading. HA: Addison- Wesley. Harris. R. .J. 1989 A Cognitive, Psychology or Hass Communication. Hillsdale. HJ: Lawrence Erblaum . Harvey. S. 1977 Revision of Davidson And Neale’s Prosocial and Aggressive Code. State University of New York at Stone Brook. Hawkins. R., & Pingree, S. 1982 TV Influence Social Reality and Conceptions of The World. In Pearl, D., Barthilet, L. & Lazar(eds). Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implication for the 80’s( pp.224-247 ). Washinton, D, C.: U. S. Gov’t Printing Office. Holsti. O. R. 1969 Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanites. . Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley . Hovland, C. I. , Lumsdaim. A. , & Sheffield. F. D. 1959 Short- time and Long- time Effects of an Orientation Film, In Bernard and Communication ( eds. ) (1966) Readerin Public Opinion and Communication (2nd ed.) (pp. 654- 669) . New York: the Free Prees. Howitt. D. 1982 Hass Media and Social Problems. British: Dergamon Press Hsu. Mutsu(許木柱) 1982 Ethnic Identity and Intercultural Interaction in Taiwan. In Wu, David Y. H.(ed.). Ethnicity and Interpersonal Interaction: A Craoo Cultural Study(pp.199-211). Hong Kong: Maruzen Asic. Hyman, H. E. 1969 Social Psychology and Race Relations. In Katz & Gurin. P. (eds). Race and the Social Sciences. New York: Basic Books. Jersen. P .. A ., Barnes. J. W. 1980 Network Flow Programming. New York: John Wiley & Sons Katz. T. , & Gurin, P. 1969 Race Relation and the Social Science: Overview and Further Discussion. In Katz & Gurin , P. (eds ). Race and Social Science. New York: Baste books. Katz. P. 1973 Racism and Social Science: Toward a New Commitment. In Kat z. P. A. ( e d . ) , Towerd the Elimination of Racism. New York: Pergamon Press. Lamberth. J . 1980 Social Psychology. New York: Macmillan. Lasswell. H. , Lerner. D ., & Pool. I. de Sola 1952 The Comparative Study of Symbols. Stanford, CA: Standford University Press. Liebert. R. M. 1972 Television and Social Learning: Some Relationships Between Viewing Violence and Behavioring Aggressively. In Murray, J. P .. Rubinstein, E. A. , & Comstock. G . A. ( eds ). Television and Social Behavior, Vol. 2, Television and Social Learning. Wasninton, D. C. : U. S. Gov`t Off. pp.1-34. 1973 Observational Learning: Some Social Applications. In Elich. P. J. ( e d. ), Fourth Western Symposium in Learning Bellingham, WA: Western Washington State College, pp.59-73. Liebert. R. M. , & Poulos, R. W. 1975 Television and Person8lity Development: the Socializing Effects of an Entertai:1~ent Medium. In Davido. A. ( ed . ). ChiId Personality and Psychopathology: Current Topics(Vol.2). New York: Wiley. Lippmann, W. 1922 Public Opinion. New York-: Harcourt. Brace. Meyers, D. G. 1988 Social Psychology ( 2th ed. ). New York: HcGraw-Hill. Miller. R. M. ( ed. ) 1980 The Kaleidoscopic Lens: How Hollvwood Views Ethnic 1977 A Content Analysis of the Treatment of Black Americans on Television. Social Education. 41, 336-339. Baxter, L. A., & Kaplan, S. J. 1983 Context Factors in the Analysis of Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior on Prime Time Television. Journal of Broedcasting. 27(1). 25-36. Bayton, J. A., Asutin. L. J., &Burk. K. R. 1965 Negro Perception of Negro and White Personality Traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1(3), 250-253. Biling. M. 1985 Prejudice. Categorization and Particularization: from a Perception to a Rhetorical Approach. European Journal of Social Psvchology, 15-103. Boyenton. W. H. 1965 The Neegro Turns to Advertising .Journalism Ouartlv. 42, 227-235. Breed,W. . & DeFoe, .J. R. 1981 The Portrayal of the Drinking Process on Prime Time Television. Journal of Communication,31(1), 58-67. Brigham, J. C. 1971 Ethnic Stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, Th. 15-35. 1972 Racial Stereotypes Measurement Variables and the Stereotype Attitude Relation . Joural of Applied Social Psychology, 2. 63 - 76. Bryan. J .. & London, P. 1970 Altruistic Behavior by Children. Psvchological Bulletin.73, 200-211. Bryan. J .. & Wallack. N. 1970 The Impact of Words and Deeds Concerning Altruism upon Children. Child Developement. 41, 744-757. Bush, R. F ., Soloman, P. J. & Hair. Jr ., J. F. 1977 There Are More Blacks in TV Commercials. Journal of Advertising Rearch, 17, Feb., 21-25 Buss. A. H ., & Durkee. A. 1963 An Inventory for Assessing Hostility. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 53, 417-424. Cafiso. J.. Goodstadt, M.S., Garlinton. W. K., & Sheppard, M. A. 1982 Television Portrayal of Alcohol and Other Beverage. Journal of Studies on Alchol, 43(11). 1232-1243. Callen. V.J., & Gallois, C. 1983 Ethnic Stereotypes : Australian and Southern European Youth. Journal of Social Psychology, 119. 287-288. Carter. R. F. 1962 Stereoryping 3S Process. Pubic Opinion Quartly. 76(1) Cauthen. N. R ., Robinson. I. E ., & Klaus, H. K. 1971 Stereotypes: A Review of the Literature 1952- 1968. the .Journal of Social Psychology, M. 103-125. Chaiken, S ., & Eagle. , A. H. 1976 Communication Modality as a Determinant of Message Persuasiveness and Message Comprehensibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 605-614. 1983 Communication Modality as a Determinant of persuasion: the Role of Communicator Salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 45. 241-256. Chapko, M. K. 1970 Authortarianism and All in the Family. The Journal of Psychology, 90,245-248. Colfax, D. J., & Sternberg, S. F. 1972 The Perpeuation of Racial Stereotypes. Public Opinion Quartly, 36. 8-18. Colle. R. D. 1968 Negro Images in the Mass Media : A Case Study in Social Change. Journalism Quartly. 45. 55-60. Comstock. G ,, & Cobbey. R. E. Television and the Children of Ethnic Minorities. Journal of Communication, 29(1). 104-155. Cox. K. K. 1970 Social Effects of Integrated Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 10. 41-44. Crosby, F. 1980 Reent Unobstusive Studies of Black and White Diserimination and Prejudice: A Literature Review. Psychological Bulletin, 87(3), 546-563. Culley, J. D., & Bennett. R. 1976 Selling Women, Selling Blacks. Journal of Communication. Aut., pp.160-174. Darden, B.G, & Bayton, J. A. 1977 Self- concept and Black`s Assessment of Black Learning Roles in Motion Pictures and Television. Journal of Applied Psychology. 62, 620-623. Davida , J. F ., Evans. N ., & Tyler, R. B. 1986 Racial Stereotypes: the Content of Their Cognitive Representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 22, 22-37. Davida , J. F ., Evans. N ., & Tyler, R. B. 1986 Racial Stereotypes: the Contents of Their Cognitive Representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 22(1), 22-37. Davison. E. S. , .& Neale. J. H. 1974 Analyzin Prosocial Content on Entertainment Television. Paper Presented at the 82nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans. DeFleur, M. 1964 Occupational Roles as Portrayed on Television. Public Opinion Quarly, 28. 257- 274. DeFoe, J, R., Breed, W., & Breed. L. A. 1983 Drinking on Television: A Five- Year Study. Journal of Drug Education. 13(1). 25-38. Dominick. J. R. 1973 Crime and Law Enforcement on Prime-time Television. Public Opinion Quatrly, 37, 241 - 250 . Dominick. J., & Greenberg. B. 1970 Three Seasons of Boacks on Television. Journal of Advertising Research, 10, 2127. Dominick . J .. & Rauch. G. 1972 The Image of Women in Network TV Commercials. Journal Of Broadcasting. 16. 259- 265. Donapher. P. C. , Poulos, R.W., Lieberk. R. M., &Davidson, E. S. 1975 Race. Sex, and Social Example: An Analysis of Chaeter Portrayal on Interracial Television Entertainment. Psychological Reports, 37, 1023-1034. Donnerstein. M ., & Donnerstein. E. 1976 Variables in Interracial Aggression. Journal of Social Psychology. 100. 111-121. Duncan. B. 1976 Differential and Social Perception and Attributions of Intergroup Violence: Testing the Lower Limits of Stereotyping of Blacks . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34.590-598. Dutton. D. G. 1973 Reverse Discrimination: The Relationship of Amount of a Perceived Discrimination Toward a Minority Group Members. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 5, 34-45. Dutton. D. G ., & Lake. R. A. 1973 Threat of Own Prejudice and Reverse Discrimination in Interracial Situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28. 94-100. Edwards. A. L. 1940 Studies of Stereotypes: the DisectionaIity and University of Responses to Stereotypes. Joural of Social Psychology. 12.357-366. Eunice. C ., & Dinnerman. H. 1951 Analysis of the Film " Don`t Be A Sucker": a Study in Communication. Public Opinion Quartly. 15, 243-254. Faber, J. R ., O`Guinn. T. C. , & Meyer T. P. Television Portrayals of Hispanics: A Comparison Ethnic Perceptions. International .Journal of Intercultural Ralations, 11. 155 - 169. Fernandez-CoIIndo. C. , Greenberg. B. S .. Atkin. C .. & Korenny. F. 1978 Sexual Intimacy and Drug Use in TV Series. Journal of Communication, 8, 18- 22. Fernandez - Colladoi. C. , Greenberg, B. S. , Korenny. F., & Aktin. C. K. 1978 Sexual Intimacy and Drug Use in TV Series. Journal of Communication, 28(3), 30-37. Fishman, J. A. 1956 An Experimenttation of the Function of Social Stereotypeing. Journal of Psychology. 43. 27-64. Fishman, J. A. 1977 Sex on TV: A Content Analysis. Journal of Communication, 27(2). 164-170 Futch. E. J. , Stephen. A. L.. & Geller. M. T. 1984 An Analysis of Alcohol Portrayal on Prime Time Television. The International Journal of the Addictoir. 19(4). 403- 410. Gaerthe, S. L .. & McLaughlin, J. P. 1983 Racial Stereotypes: Association and Asoription of Positive and Negative Chaeractoristies. Social Psychology Quartly, 46. 23-30. Gaerther, S. L., McLaughlin, J. P. Gardner. R. C ., Kirby. D. H . , & Arboleda. 1973 Ethnic Stereotypes : A Cross – cultural Replication of Their Unitary Dimensionality. Journal of Social Psychology, 91. 189-195. 1975 Stereotypes : The Role of Language. Journal of Social Psychology, 96. 3-9. Gerbner. G. , Gross, G. , Jackon. S ., Jeffries-Fox, S. ,& Signorielli. N. 1978 Cultural Indicators : Violence Profile Ho. 9. Journal of Communication D, Sum ., 177-207. Gerbner. G. , & Gross. L. 1976a Living with Television the Violence Profile. Journal of Communication. 20(2) , 172-199. Gerbnei. G ., Gross, L., Morgan. U. , & Sogrielli. N. 1979 The Demonstration of Power : Violence Profile No. 10. Journal of Communication. 29(3). 177-196. 1980 The “Mainstreaming” of America: Violence Profile No.11. Journal of Communication. 30, 10-29. 1981 Aging with Television Commercials: Images on Television Commercials and Dramatic Programming 1977-1979. Annernberg School of Communications . University of Pennsylvania. Gerson, W. M. 1966 Mass Media Socialization Behavior: Negro-White Differences. Social Forces, 45, 40-50. Gottschalk, L. , Glesser. G .. & Springer. K . 1963 Three Hostile Scales Applicable to Verbal Samples. L M. A. Archives of Geneal Psychiatry, 9" 254- 279. Greenberg. B. S. 1981 Smoking, Drugging and Drinking in Top Related TV Series Journal of Drug Education, 11, 277-234. Greenberg. B. S. ,Abelman, R ., & Neuertdorf. K. 1981 Sex on the Soap Operas: Afternoon Delight. Journal of Communication, 31(3). 8 3 - 8 9 . Greenberg, B. S. , & D`Allessio. D. 1985 Quantity & Quality of Sex in the Soaps. Journal of Proadcasting & Electronic Media, 29(3). 309-321. Greenberg. B. G., Fernandez – Collado. C., Graef, D
     , Korenny, F., Atkin, C. K. 1989 Trends in Use of Alcohol and Other Substances on Television. Journal of Drug Education, 9, 243-253. 1980 Sexual Intimacy on Commercial TV During Prime Time. Journal Quartly. 57. 211 - 215. Gilbert. G. M. 1951 Stereotype Persistence and change among College Students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46. 245-254. Gorn. G. J.. Goldberg. M. E.. & Kanungo. R. N. 1976 The Role of Educational Television in Changing the Intergroup Attitudes of Children. Child Development, 47, 277-280. Graves. S. B. 1975. How to Create Positive Racial Attitudes. Paper Present at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Denver. Greenberg, B. S. 1972 Children.`s React ion to TV Blacks. Journalism Quartly, 49., 5-14. Greenberg. B. S. , Abelman. R. . & Neuendorf, K. 1981 Sex on the Soap Operas : Afternoon Delight. Journal of Communication. 3.1(3). 83-89. Greenberg, B. S ., D`Alessio. D. 1985 Quantity and Quality of Sex in the Soaps. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29(3). 309 - 321. Greenberg, B. S .. Graef. D ., Fernandez - Collado, C ., Korenny, F ., & Atkin. C. K. 1980a Sexual Intimacy on Commercial TV During Prime Time. Journalism Quartly, 57. 211 - 215. Hamilton D. L. & Gifford. R. K. 1975 Illusory Correlation in Interpersonal Perception Cognitive Basis of Stereotypic Judgement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12. 392-402. Harvey. S. E .. Sprafkin. J. H. , & Rubinstein. E. 1979 Prime Time Television: A Profile of Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviors. Journal of Broadcasting. 23(2), 179-189. Hendricks, M. , &. Bootzin. R. 1976 Race and Sex as Stimuli for Negative Affect and Physical Avoidance. Journal of Social Psychology. 98. 111-120. Hinton. J. L. , Seggar, J. F ., Northcott, H. C. & Fontes. B. F 1972 Tokenism and Improving Image of Blacks in Tv Drama and Comedy: 1973. Journal of Broadcasting, 18, 423- 432. Hraba. J. , & Grant. Geoffrey 1970 Blacks is Beautiful: a Reexamination of Racial Prefrence and Identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(3), 398-402. Humphrey. R., & Schuman. M. 1974 Definition of Ethnicity. Ethnicity, 1. 111-124. Jackson, M. R., & Crame. M. 1986 Some of My Best Friends Are Black ...... International Friendship and White`s Racial Attitudes. Public Opinion. 51, 459-486. Jefferr. L. W., & Hur. K. K. 1979 White Ethnics and Their Media Images. Journal of Communication, 29(1), 116-121. Kassarjian , H. H . 1969 The Negro and American Advertising. 1946-1965 . .Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 29 - 30. 1971 Blacks in Advertising A Further Comment. Journal of Marketing Research, 8, 392- 393. Katz, D ., & Bradley. K. 1933 Racial Stereotypes of One Hundred College Students . Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 28. 280 - 290. Korten. F. F. 1973 The Stereotypes as a Cognitive Construct. Journal of Social Psychology, 90. 29- 39. Levy.M. R. 1980a Home Video Recorders: a User Survey. Journal of Communication, 30, 23-27. 1980b Program Playback Preference in VCR Households. Journal of Brosdeasting. 24, 327-336. Lin. C. A. 1988 Assessing the Impact of the Evolution of Home Video Culture. Paper Presented at Education in Journalism And Mass Communication. Portland. OR. 1987 VCR Use and the Concept of Audience Activity. Communication Quartly, 35(3), 267-275. Program Playback Preference in VCR Households. Journal Q.LliL.G.s~a!i.t.i..nK. 2.4.. 327 - 336 . Long, M. , & Simon. R. 1974 The Roles and Statuses of Momen on Children and Family TV Programs. Journalism Quartly, 51, 107 - 110. Lowery. S. A, 1980 Soap and Boozw in the Afternoon: an Analysis of the Portrayal of Alcohol Use in Daytime Series. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 41. 329-838. Lowry. D. T. 1981 Alcohol Comsumption Patterns and Consequence on Prime Time Network TV. Journalism Quartly, 58 (1), 3 - 8 . Lowry. D. T ., Love. G. , & Kirby. M. 1981 Sex on the Soap Operas: Patterns of Intimacy. Journal of Communication, 31(3), 90-96. HacDonald. P. C. 1983 The" Dope " on Soaps. Journal of Drug Education, 13(4). 259- 369. Maykovich. M. K. 1972a Reciprocity in Racial Stereotypes: White. Black and Yellow. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 876-897. 1972b Stereotypes and Racial Images----White. Black and Yellow. Human Relation. 25. ( 2). 101 - 120 . 1980 Social Distance Between the Chinese and American. Acta Psychological Taiwanican, 22. (1 ). 1 - 1 2 . Marin, G. 1984 .Stereotyping Hispanics: the Differencial Effect of Research. Method. Label. and Degree of Contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relation. 8. 17-27. 1976 Symbolic Racism. Journal of Social Issues. 32 ( 2). 23-45. McHeil. J. C. 1975 Feminism. Feminity. and the Television Series: a content analysis. Journal of Broadcasting. 19, 259- 269. Morgan. H. 1982 Television and Adolescents` Sex Role Stereotypes:a Longitudinal Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 4.3 (5). 9 47 - 955 . Naroll. R. 1964 Ehtnic Unit Classification. Current AnthropoLogy. 5( 4).? O`Kelly, C. G. 1974 Sexism in Children`s Television. Journalism Quartly, 51(4). 722 - 724. Oxnam. R. B. 1971 Survey of American Opinion on China Background. Paper Prepared for Wingspread Conference. Chinese and Americans: Mutual Perceptions. September. Petersen. R. C. , Thurstone. L. L. 1933 The Effect of a Motion Picture Film on Children`s Attituce Toward Germans. Journal of Educational Psychology, 23, 241 - 245. Poulos. R. W ,, Harvey. S. E. I BI. Liebert.. R. M. 1976 Saturd3Y Morning Television: a ProfiIe of the·1974-75 Children’s Season Psychological Reports. 39. 1047-10-57. Reeves. B. 1978 Perceived TV Reality as a Predictor of Children`s Social Behavior. Journalism Quartly. 55, 682 -689 . Reid. P. T. 1979 Racial Stereotyping on Television: a Comparison of the Behavior of Both Black an White Television Characters . Journal of Applied Psychology, 64.(5). 456-471. Robert. C. 1971 The Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television. Journal of Broadc8stir;g, 15.. 45- 53. Room, R. 1980 Alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous in U. S. Films. 1945-1962: The Party Ends for the " Wet. Generations. “Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 50(4). 368-383. Seggar. J. F 1977 Television Portrayal of Minority and Women. 1971-1975 Journal of Broadcasting, 21, 435 - 446. Seggar. J. F., Hafen. J. k., & Hannonen- Gladden. H. 1981 Television`s Portrayals of Minorities and Women in Drama and Comedy Drama 1971-80. Journal of Broadcasting. 25(3). 277- 288 . Seggar. J. F., & Wheeler. P. World of Work on TV: Ethnic and Sex Representations in TV Drama. Journal of Broadcasting, 1.1(3).201-214. Seiter. E. 1986 Stereotypes and the Media: Re-evaluation. Journal of Communication, 36(1), 1 4 - 27 . Sherman. B. L .. & Dominick. J. R. 1986 Violence and Sex in Music Videos: TV and Rock `n` Roll Journal of Communication .36 (4). 79 - 93. Signorielli. N. 1987 Drinking, Sex, and Violence on Television: the Cultural Indicators Prespective. Journal of Drug Education, 17(3),245-260. SignorieIIi. N ., & Tedesco. N. 1974 Patterns in Prime Time. Journal of Communication, 24, 119-124. Silverman. Theresa 1979 Physical Contact And Sexual Behavior on Prime Time TV , Journal of Communication, 2..9.(1), 33-43. Silverman, L. T .. Sprafkin. J. H ., & Rubinstein. E. A. 1979 Physical Contact and Sexual Behavior on Prime-Time TV Journal of Communication . 29(1). 3 3 - 4 3 . Smart. R. G .. & Krakowski. M. 1973 The Nature and Frequency of Drugss Content in Magazines and on Television. Journal of Alcohol Drug Education,13(3). 16-23. Smoth. R. J ., Griffith, J. E ., Griffith. H. K. , & Steger, H. J. 1980 When Is a Steretype a Steretype? Psychological I Reports, 46. 643-651. Smyth. D. W. 1954 Reality as Presented on Television. Public Opinion Quartly. 18. 143-156. Stephan. W. G. 1978 School Desegregation An Evaluation of Predictions Made in Brown n. Board of Education. Psychological Bulletin. 85. 217-238. Sternglanz. S. H. , & Serbin. L. A. 1974 Sex Role Stereotyping in Children`s Television Programs DeveIopmental Psychology. 10., 710-715. Steur. F. B ., Applefield. J. M ., & Smith. R. 1971 Televisied Aggression and the Tnterperson31 Aggression of Preschool Children. Journal of Experimental and Tan. A. 1978 Evaluation of Newspapers and Television by Blacks and Mexican- American. Journalism Quartly. 55. 673-681. Tate. E. D. & Surlin. S. H. 1976 Agreement with Opinion8ted TV Characters Across Cultures. Journalism Quartly. 53., 199-203. Taylor. S. E ., Fiske. S. T ., Etcoff. N. L ., & Ruderman, A. J 1978 Categorical and Contextual Basses of Person Memory and Stereotyping Journal of Personality and Socisl Psychology, 36.773-793. Tedesco. N. S. 1974 Patterns in Prime Time . Journal of Communication, 24(2). 119-124. Thurstone. L. L. 1931 Influence of Motion Pictures on Children’s Attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 2., 291 - 305 . Turner, C, B. , & Turner. B. F. 1932 Gender. Race. Social Class and Self – evaluation Among College Students. the Sociological Quartly, 23 . 491-507. Vidmar. N ., & Rokeach. H. 1974 "Archie Bunker`s Bigotry: A Study in Selective Perception and Exposure. "Journal of Communication, 24. 36-48. Vinacke. W. E. 1949 Stereotyping among National Racial Groups in Hawaii: A Study in Ethnocentrism. Journal of Social Psychology. 30. 265 - 291 . Wallack, L., Breed. W. , & Cruz. J. 1987 ,Alcohol on Prime-time Television. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48(1). 33-38. Wallack, L., Breed. W. , & DeFoe. J.R. 1985 Alcohol and Soap Operas: Drinking in the Light of Day . Journal of Drug Education, L5.(4), 365-379. Wallack, L., Grube. J. W., Madden. P. A.. &Breed. W. 1990 Portrayals of Alcohol on Prime Time Television . Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51(5), 428-437. Warren, B. , & DeFoe J.R. 1981 The Portrayal of Drinking Process on Prime Time Television Journal of Communication. 31.(1). 58-67. Webster, F. R. 1985 A Technique for the Measurement of Race Attitudes. American Sociolgical Review. 18.(1), 73-77. Weigel. R. W.,Loomis, J. W., & Soja. H. .J. 1980 Race Relation on Prime Time Television. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5) ,884-893. Weita, S. 1972 Attitude . Violence and Behavior: A Repressed Affect Model of Interracial Interact i on. Journal of Personality. 24(1), 14-21. Wilhcit. G. G., & Back. H. 1976 "All in the Family" in Holland. Journal of Communication. Aut. Pp.75-84. Wilkes. R. E., & Valenticia. H. 1989 Hispanics and Black in Television Commercials. Journal of Advertising. 18. 19-25. Williams. T. M., Zabrack. M. L., & Joy. L. A. 1982 The Portrayal of Aggerssion on North Amyerican Television. Journal of Applied Seciel Psychology. 12(5). 360-380. Nord. C. O., Zanna. M. P., & Cooper. J. 1974 The Nonverbal Mediation of Self- Fulfilling Prophecies in Interracial Interaction. Journal lf Expeimental Secial Psychology. 10. 109. 120. Zinkhan. G. M .. Cox, K. K. , & Hong, J. W. 1986 Changes in Stereotypes: Blacks and Whites in Magazines Advertisements. Journalism Quartly. 63. 568 - 572 . Zuckerman, D. H. , Singer, D. G. ,& Singer. J. L. 1980 Children’s Television Viewing. Racial and Sex-role Attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology. 10(4). 281-294.		zh_TW