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題名 兒童英語與國中英語學習成果之關連研究報告
The relationships between English learning in childhood & English achievements in junior high school
作者 李路得
貢獻者 楊懿麗
李路得
日期 1991
1990
上傳時間 2-May-2016 16:57:39 (UTC+8)
摘要 Abstract
參考文獻 References In English Language
     Abraham, Roberta G. 1985. “ Field Independence-Dependence and the Teaching of Grammar." TESOL Quarterly, 19, 689-702.
     Asher, J., and Price, B. 1961 . "The Learning Strategy of Total Physical Response: Some Age Differences." In Stephen D. Krashen, Robin C. Scarcella, and Michael H.
     Long, eds. 1982. Child-Adult Differences In Second Language Acguisition. Rowley: Newbury House.
     Ausubel, David A,. 1964. "Adults Versus Children in Second Language Learning: Psychological Considerations." Modern Language Journal, 48, 420-424.
     Barroso, Felix. 1976. "Hemispheric Asymmetry of Function in Children." In Rieber, R. W`. The :Neuropsychology of Language.New York: Plenum.
     Bialystok, Ellen. 1978. "A Theoretical Model of Second Language Learning." Language Learning, 28, 69-83.
     Borich, Gary D., and Tom Kubiszyn. 1987. Educational Testing and Measurement: Classroom Application and Practice. 2nd ed. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman.
     Brega, E. and Newell, J. 1965. "Comparison of Performance by FLES Program Students and Regular French III Students on Hodern Language Association Tests." French Review ,39, 433-438.
     Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall.
     Budner, S. 1962. "Intolerance of Ambiguity as a Personality Yariable. ,. Journal of Personality, 30, 29-50, cited by
     Carol Chapeele and Cheryl Roberts. 1986. "Ambiguity Tolerance and Field Independence as Predictors of Proficiency in English as a Second Language.”Language Learning, 36, 27-45.
     Chapelle, Carol A. and Roberts, Cheryl. 1986. "_Ambiguity Tolerance and Field Independence as Predictors of Proficiency in English as a Second Language. ,. Language Learning, 36, 25-45.
     Cummins, James. 1980. " The Cross-Lingual Dimensions of Language Proficiency: Implications for bilingual Education and the Optimal Age Issue." TESOL Quarteriy , 14 ,175-187.
     Dulay H., and Burt, M. 1973. " Should We Teach Children Syntax?Language Learning,24 245-58.
     Dulay, Heidi, Marina Burt, and Stephen Krashen. 1982.Language Two. New York :oxford.
     Ekstrand, L. 1978. "English without a book Revisited " The Effect of Age on Second Language Acquisition in Formal Setting." (Department of Educational and Psychological Research, School of Education, Malmo, Sweden J , no. 60 ,October 1978. Rpt. In Stephen D. krashen, Robin C.
     Scarcella, and Michael H. Long, eds. 1982. Child-Adult Differences In Second Language Acquisition Rowley:Newbury House.
     Fathman, Ann K. 1915. " The Relationship between Age and Second Language Productive Ability” Language Learning,25,245-253.
     -------- 1976. "Variables Affecting the Successful Learning of English as a Second Language. "TESOL Quarterly, 10,433-443.
     FIege , James E. 1981. "The Phonological Basis of foreign _Accent: A Hypothesis."TESOL Quarterly, 15, 443-455.
     Ferguson, George A. 1959 . Statistical Analysis in Psychology & Education. .4th ed. New York:Mcgraw-Hill.
     Genesee, Fred. 1982. "Experimental Neuropsychological Research on Second Language Processing." TESOL Quarterly 16, 315-322.
     Hale, T. and E. Budar. 1970. “Are TESOL Classes the Only Answer?" Modern Language Journal, 5-1, ~81--192.
     Hansen, Jacqueiline and Stansfield, Charles. 1981. "The Relationship of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Styles to Foreign Language Achievement. ,. Language Learning, 31,349- 367.
     Heaton, J. B. 1986. Writing English Language Tests. New York: Longman. Hill, Jane. 1970. "Foreign Accents, Language Acquisition, and Cerebral dominance Revisited." Language Learning, 20,237-241.
      Justman, Joseph, and Martin L. Nass. 1956. "The High School Achievement of Pupils who were and were Not Introduced to a Foreign Language in Elementary School." The Hodern Language Journal, 60, 120-123.
     Kinsbourne, M. 1975. "The Ontogeny of Cerebral Dominance."
     The Structure of Language. In D. Aaronson and R. Rieber,
     eds. Developmental Psycholinguistics and Communication
     Disorders. New `York: New York Academy of Sciences,244-250
     , cited by Neidi Dulay, Marine Burt, and Stephen
     Krashen. Language Two. (New York:Onford,1982 ), 89 -90.
     Krashen, Stephen. 1973. "Lateralization. Language Learning,
     and the Critical Period: Some New- Evidence. Language
     Learning, 63-74.
     -------- 1976. "Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments
     in Language Acquisition and Language Learning. ,. TESOL
     Quarterly , 10, 157-168.
     -------- 1979. "Accounting for Child-Adult Differences In
     Second Language Rate and Attainment. " TESOL Quarterly,
     1979, 43, 573-582.
     -------- 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second
     Language Learning. Oxford Pergamon.
     Krashen, Stephen, Butler, J., Birnbaum, R., and Roberston, J.
     1978. "Two Studies in Language Acquisition and Language
     Learning. " ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, 39-4-0: 73-
     92, cited by Heidi Dulay, Marina Burt,and Stephen
     Krashen. Language Two.New York: Oxford, 1982), 63.
     Krashen, S., Michael A. Long, and Robin C.Scarcella. 1979.
     "Age, Rate and Eventual Attainment in Second Language
     Acquisition." TESOL Quarterly, 13, 573-582.
     Krashen, Stephen, and Bon, P. 1975. "An Error Analysis of an
     Advanced ESL Learner." Working Papers on Bilingualism,
     7, 125-129, cited by Heidi Dulay, ~Marina Burt, and
     Stephen Krashen. Language Two. (New York: Oxford:
     1982), 65-66.
     Krashen, Stephen, and Tracy D. Terrell. 1983. The Natural
     Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. Oxford:
     Pergamon.
     Krashen, Stephen D, Robin C. Scarcella, and Michael H. Long,
     eds. 1982. Child-adult Differences in Second Language
     Acquisition. Rowley, ~Mass : Newbury House.
     Krashen, Stephen, and Seliger ,H. 1975. "The Essential
     Characterisitics of Formal Instruction. `TESOL Quarterly,
     9, 173-183.
     Lenneberg, Eric. 1967. Biological foundations of Language .
     New York: John Wiley and Sons.
     Macaulay, R.K. S. 1 9 7 8 . "The myth of Female Superiority in
     Language. ,. Journal of Child Language,5, 353-37-4, cited
     by Dan Isaac Slobin. Psycholinguistics. 2nd ed.
     (Glenview, Ill. Scott, Foresman,1979),74.
     Madsen, Harold S. 1983. Techniques in Testing. New York:
     Oxford. Mclaughlim, Barry. 1985. Second-Language
     Acquisition in childhood: Volume 2. School-Age Children.
     2nd ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     Norris, Beth S. K., and Louis J. Gerstman. 1986. "Age
     Contrasts in the Learning of Language-Relevant Materials:
     Some Challenges to Critical Period Hypothesis." Language
     Learning, 36, 311-352.
     Neufeld, Gerald G. 1980. "On the Adult` s Ability to Acquire
     Phonology." TESOL Quarterl ,14, 185-198,
     Norton, R ,W,1975. "Measurement of Ambiguity Tolerance,"
      Journal of Personality Assessment, 39,607-618, cited by
     Carol Chapeele , and Cheryl Roberts. 1986, "Ambiguity
     Tolerance and Field Independence as Predictors of
     Proficiency in English as a Second Language,"Learning, 36, 27-45.
     Oller, John W. Jr. and Naoko Nagato. 1974. "The Long-Term
     Effect of FLES: An Experiment." The Modern Language
      Journal, 58, 15-19.
     01 son, L., and ? Samuels, S. J. 1973 . " The Re1ationship between
     Age and Accuracy of Fore1gn Language Pronunciation. ,.
     Journal of Educational Research I 66, 263-267, Rpt. in
     Stephen D. Krashen, Robin C. Scarcella, and Michael H.
     Long, eds. 1982. Child -),Adu1t Differences 1n Second
     Language ,Acquisition .Rowley : Newbury House.
     Oyama, S. 1976,”A Sensitive Period for the Acquisition of
     A Nonnative Phonological System." Journal of Psycholinguistic
     Research. 5, 261- 285 . Rpt. In Stephen D.
     Krashen, Robin C. Scarcella, Michael H. Long I eds. 1982.
     Child-Adult Differences in Second Lang1..1a~e Acquisition.
     Rowley: Newbury House.
     Patkowski. M,1980, The Sensitive Period for the Acquisition
     of Syntax 1n a Second Language. Language Learning, 30,
     449-472.
     Phillips, John L. Jr. 1981. Piaget`s Theor: A primer San
     Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
     Rosansky, Ellen J. 1975), "The Critical Period for the
     Acquisition of Language: Some cognitive Developmental
     Consideration, " working Papers on Bilingualism 6. 92-
     102, cited by H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language
     Learning and Teaching. 2nd Ed.(New Jersey:Prenticehall,1987)47
     Scarceiia, R., and Higa, C . 1982. "Input and Age Differences
     1n Second Language Acguisition .. , 1n Stephen D. Erashen,
     Robin C- . Scarcella, and Michael H. Long ,eds . 1982.
     Child-Adult Differences in Second Language Acquisition
     Rowley: Newbury House.
     Scovel, Thomas. 1969. Foreign Accents, Language Acquisition,
     and Cerbra1 Dominance ." Language Learning,19,245-254
     ---------- 1982.” Questions Concerning the Application of
     Neurolinguistic Research to Second Language Language Learning
     Teaching," TESOL Quarterly` , 16, 323-331.
     Seliger, Herbert W.1977. “Does Practice Made Perfect : Study of Interaction Patterns and 12 Comperence
     Language Learning , 27, 263-278.
     1982. "On the Possible Role of the Right Hemisphere in Second Language Acguisition." TESOL Quarterly ,16, 307-314.
     Seliger, H., S. Krashen, and P. Ladefoged. 1975. "Maturational
     Constraints in the –Acquisition of Second Languages.
     Language Sciences, 38, 20-22. Rpt. in Stephen.
     Krashen, Robin C.Scarcella , and Michael H. Long, eds.
     1982. Child-Adult.. difierences in Second Language
     Acquisition , Rowley: Newbury House.
     Snow, C., and Ferguson, C. A, eds. 1977. Talking to Children:
     Language Input and Acquistion. Cambridge: Cambridge
     University Press.
     Snow,C., and Hoefnagel - Hohle, M.1977”Age Differences in the
     Pronunciation of Foreign Sound ” Language and Speech , 20,357-65.Rpt, in Stephen D, Krashen, Robin C. Scarcella, and Michael H. Long, eas,1982. Child
     Adult Differences in Second Language Acquisition,
     Rowley: Xewbury House.
     -------- 1978. "The Critical Period for Language Acquisi tion:
     Evidence from Second Language Learning." Child Development.
     49, 1114-1128. Rpt. In Stephen D. Krashen, Robin
     C. Scarcella , and Michael H. Long, eds,182. Child-
     Adult Differences In Second Laneguage . Acquisition,
     Rowley: Newbury House.
     Sorenson, Arthus, 1967. "Multilingualism in the Northwest
     Amazon. "American Anthropologist, 69, 670-684, cited by
      Jane H. Hill. 1970. "Foreign Accents, Language Acquisition,
     and Cerebral Dominapce Revisi ted ... Language, 20, 237-248.
     Taylor, Barry. 1974. "Toward a Theory of Language Acquisition.
     LanguaQ`e Learning, 24, 23-25.
     Witelson, S, and Pallie,W.1973. “Left Hemisphere Specialization for Language in the Newborn ”Brain, 96, 621-646,
     cited by Heidi Dulay, Marina burt, and Stephen Krashen, Language Two.(New York: Oxford, 1982), p. 89.
     
     
     
     References in Chinese Language
     
     
     
     中國時報(China Times Daily , 1987) 兒童學英語，到底好不好? 」 中國時報一週專題，民國七十六年四月二十二日。
     王萬清(Wang , 1987)「兒童為何闖入英語世界? 」 師友月刊，民國七十六年元月,9-10。
     周中天( Chou , 1988)「兒童提前學習英語對其日後英語能力影響之研究 」 國科會專題研究報告， (NSC-78-0301-H003-11) 民國七十八年七月。
     林振春(Lin ,1987) 「 台北升大學補習班學生生活狀況調查研究」社教雙月刊，民國七十六年16期， 191-232。
     柵美報導(Cha-Mei Report , 1989)「兒童英語風吹入柵美」民國七十八年十二月十六日， 792期，第三版。
     秦夢群(Ch`in , 1987)「小學生該學ABC 嗎? 」 師友月刊，民國七十六年元月， 16-17。
     陳玉婕(Chen, 1987)「先跑的孩子不一定贏一談兒童英語的功效 」， 師友月刊，民國七十六年元月， 6 – 8。
     陳英豪&吳裕益(Ch`en and Wu , 1982)「測驗的編製與應用」，台北:信文圖書出版社有限公司，民國七十一年三月一版。
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     楊懿麗(Yang , 1988) 「國小兒童學習英語之實驗研究報告 」 國科會專題研究報告， NSC-77-3301-H-004-03，民七十七年九月。
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004899
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊懿麗zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李路得zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 李路得zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1991en_US
dc.date (日期) 1990en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-May-2016 16:57:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-May-2016 16:57:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-May-2016 16:57:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002004899en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89517-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstracten_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
     List of Tables.iv
     CHAPTER ONE Introduction………………..1
     1.1 Introdution………………..1
     1.2 The Purposes of the Study………………..1
     1.3 The Research Hypotheses………………..7
     1.4 The Limitations of the Study………………..9
     1.5 Definition of Terms………………..10
     CHAPTER TWO Review of Related Literature………………..13
     2.1 Biological Considerations………………..14
     2.2 Cognitive Factors………………..19
     2.2.1 Monitoring………………..22
     2.2.2 Field Independence\\Dependence………………..24
     2.2.3 Tolerance of Ambiguity………………..26
     2.3 Language Environments………………..28
     2.4 Experimental Reports………………..33
     2.4.1 Formal Environments………………..34
     2.4.1.1 Long-Term Studies………………..34
     2.4.1.2 Short-Term Studies………………..35
     2.4.2 Informal Environments………………..38
     2.4.2.1 Long-Term Studies………………..39
     2.4.2.2 Short-Term Studies………………..41
     2.5 Domestic Studies………………..43
     2.6 Conclusions………………..45
     CHAPTER THREE Methods and Procedures………………..49
     3.1 Subjects………………..49
     3.2 Design and Materials………………..51
     3.2.1 The Questionnaire………………..51
     3.2.2 The Tests………………..52
     3.2.2.1 Grammar Test………………..54
     3.2.2.2 Reading Test………………..55
     3.2.2.3 Writing Test………………..56
     3.3 Procedures………………..57
     3.4 Scoring………………..59
     3.5 Statistical Methods………………..60
     CHAPTER FOUR Results………………..64
     4.1 General Language Backgrounds of the Subjects………………..64
     4.2 Overall Performance………………..68
     4.3 Correlations between the Language
     Backgrounds of the Subjects and
     the Scores on the Tests ………………..70
     4.3.1 Correlations between the Characteristics
     of Grade 1 Subjects
     and the Testing Scores………………..71
     4.3.1.1 Sex………………..73
     4.3.1.2 Extracurricular English
     Learning at Junior High
     School Level (EEJS) ………………..73
     4.3.1.3 Length of EEJS………………..74
     4.3.1.4 English Learning in
     Childhood (ELC) ………………..76
     4.3.2 Correlations between the Characteristics
     of Grade 2 Subjects
     and the Testing Scores………………..83
     4.3.2.1 Sex………………..84
     4.3.2.2 Extracurricular English
     Learning at Junior High
     School Level (EEJS) ………………..85
     4.3.2.3 Length of EEJS………………..86
     4.3.2.4 English Learning in
     Childhood (ELC) ………………..88
     4.4 The Interactions between ELC and Length
     of EEJS………………..95
     4.5 The Predictability of the Scores in Terms of
     the Language Backgrounds`? of the Subjects………………..100
     CHAPTER FIVE Discussions and Conclusions………………..106
     5.1 Summary of the Findings………………..107
     5.2 Discussions………………..111
     5.2.1 The Performance of ELC Subjects Versus
     Non-ELC Subjects………………..113
     5.2.2 The Influence of Age of Early Start
     and Length of ELC………………..113
     5.2.3 The Influence of the Content of
     Instruction………………..114
     
     5.2.4 The Comparison between Grade 1 and
     Grade 2………………..116
     5.3 Conclusions………………..119
     5.3.1 Implications for Education………………..120
     5.3.2 Recommendations of Further Research………………..121
     Reference in English Language………………..123
     Reference in Chinese Language………………..132
     Appendix………………..134		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002004899en_US
dc.title (題名) 兒童英語與國中英語學習成果之關連研究報告zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The relationships between English learning in childhood & English achievements in junior high schoolen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) References In English Language
     Abraham, Roberta G. 1985. “ Field Independence-Dependence and the Teaching of Grammar." TESOL Quarterly, 19, 689-702.
     Asher, J., and Price, B. 1961 . "The Learning Strategy of Total Physical Response: Some Age Differences." In Stephen D. Krashen, Robin C. Scarcella, and Michael H.
     Long, eds. 1982. Child-Adult Differences In Second Language Acguisition. Rowley: Newbury House.
     Ausubel, David A,. 1964. "Adults Versus Children in Second Language Learning: Psychological Considerations." Modern Language Journal, 48, 420-424.
     Barroso, Felix. 1976. "Hemispheric Asymmetry of Function in Children." In Rieber, R. W`. The :Neuropsychology of Language.New York: Plenum.
     Bialystok, Ellen. 1978. "A Theoretical Model of Second Language Learning." Language Learning, 28, 69-83.
     Borich, Gary D., and Tom Kubiszyn. 1987. Educational Testing and Measurement: Classroom Application and Practice. 2nd ed. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman.
     Brega, E. and Newell, J. 1965. "Comparison of Performance by FLES Program Students and Regular French III Students on Hodern Language Association Tests." French Review ,39, 433-438.
     Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall.
     Budner, S. 1962. "Intolerance of Ambiguity as a Personality Yariable. ,. Journal of Personality, 30, 29-50, cited by
     Carol Chapeele and Cheryl Roberts. 1986. "Ambiguity Tolerance and Field Independence as Predictors of Proficiency in English as a Second Language.”Language Learning, 36, 27-45.
     Chapelle, Carol A. and Roberts, Cheryl. 1986. "_Ambiguity Tolerance and Field Independence as Predictors of Proficiency in English as a Second Language. ,. Language Learning, 36, 25-45.
     Cummins, James. 1980. " The Cross-Lingual Dimensions of Language Proficiency: Implications for bilingual Education and the Optimal Age Issue." TESOL Quarteriy , 14 ,175-187.
     Dulay H., and Burt, M. 1973. " Should We Teach Children Syntax?Language Learning,24 245-58.
     Dulay, Heidi, Marina Burt, and Stephen Krashen. 1982.Language Two. New York :oxford.
     Ekstrand, L. 1978. "English without a book Revisited " The Effect of Age on Second Language Acquisition in Formal Setting." (Department of Educational and Psychological Research, School of Education, Malmo, Sweden J , no. 60 ,October 1978. Rpt. In Stephen D. krashen, Robin C.
     Scarcella, and Michael H. Long, eds. 1982. Child-Adult Differences In Second Language Acquisition Rowley:Newbury House.
     Fathman, Ann K. 1915. " The Relationship between Age and Second Language Productive Ability” Language Learning,25,245-253.
     -------- 1976. "Variables Affecting the Successful Learning of English as a Second Language. "TESOL Quarterly, 10,433-443.
     FIege , James E. 1981. "The Phonological Basis of foreign _Accent: A Hypothesis."TESOL Quarterly, 15, 443-455.
     Ferguson, George A. 1959 . Statistical Analysis in Psychology & Education. .4th ed. New York:Mcgraw-Hill.
     Genesee, Fred. 1982. "Experimental Neuropsychological Research on Second Language Processing." TESOL Quarterly 16, 315-322.
     Hale, T. and E. Budar. 1970. “Are TESOL Classes the Only Answer?" Modern Language Journal, 5-1, ~81--192.
     Hansen, Jacqueiline and Stansfield, Charles. 1981. "The Relationship of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Styles to Foreign Language Achievement. ,. Language Learning, 31,349- 367.
     Heaton, J. B. 1986. Writing English Language Tests. New York: Longman. Hill, Jane. 1970. "Foreign Accents, Language Acquisition, and Cerebral dominance Revisited." Language Learning, 20,237-241.
      Justman, Joseph, and Martin L. Nass. 1956. "The High School Achievement of Pupils who were and were Not Introduced to a Foreign Language in Elementary School." The Hodern Language Journal, 60, 120-123.
     Kinsbourne, M. 1975. "The Ontogeny of Cerebral Dominance."
     The Structure of Language. In D. Aaronson and R. Rieber,
     eds. Developmental Psycholinguistics and Communication
     Disorders. New `York: New York Academy of Sciences,244-250
     , cited by Neidi Dulay, Marine Burt, and Stephen
     Krashen. Language Two. (New York:Onford,1982 ), 89 -90.
     Krashen, Stephen. 1973. "Lateralization. Language Learning,
     and the Critical Period: Some New- Evidence. Language
     Learning, 63-74.
     -------- 1976. "Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments
     in Language Acquisition and Language Learning. ,. TESOL
     Quarterly , 10, 157-168.
     -------- 1979. "Accounting for Child-Adult Differences In
     Second Language Rate and Attainment. " TESOL Quarterly,
     1979, 43, 573-582.
     -------- 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second
     Language Learning. Oxford Pergamon.
     Krashen, Stephen, Butler, J., Birnbaum, R., and Roberston, J.
     1978. "Two Studies in Language Acquisition and Language
     Learning. " ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, 39-4-0: 73-
     92, cited by Heidi Dulay, Marina Burt,and Stephen
     Krashen. Language Two.New York: Oxford, 1982), 63.
     Krashen, S., Michael A. Long, and Robin C.Scarcella. 1979.
     "Age, Rate and Eventual Attainment in Second Language
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