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題名 兒童英語教學教室內師生互動的個案研究
A case study of classroom interaction in teaching English to elementary school children
作者 張秀琴
貢獻者 楊懿麗
Yi-Li Yang
張秀琴
日期 1990
1989
上傳時間 3-May-2016 14:05:44 (UTC+8)
摘要 The purpose of this thesis is to analyze classroom interaction in four teachers` classes while teaching English to elementary school children. Interactive patterns and teacher talk are the main concerns of the study. The former is explored in terms of the types of interaction, the interactive sequences, the turn-taking systems and the functions of interaction; the latter is dealt with through an analysis of the teachers` questions and feedbacks.
參考文獻 Allwright, R.L. 1980. ``Turns, Topics, and Tasks: Patterns of Participation in Language Learning and Teaching." in Discourse Analysis in Second Language Research, ed. Diane Larsen-Freeman. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     1983. "Classroom-Centered Research on Language Teaching and Learning: A Brief Historical Overview." TESOL Ouarterly, 17.2: 191-204.
     Asher, James J. 1977. Learning Another Language Through Actions: The Complete Teacher`s Guidebook. Los Gatos, CA: Sky Oak Productions.
     Atkinson, David. 1987. "The Mother Tongue in the Classroom: Neglected Resource?" ELT, 41.4: 241-7.
     Barnes, D. 1976. From Communication to Curriculum. Harmondsworth: Panguin Books.
     Belleck, A. A., et a1. 1966. The Lan2ua2e of the Classroom. New York: Teachers College Press.
     Brown, Gillan and George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Brown, H. Douglas. 1980. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
     Brown, R., C. Gazden, & U. Bellugi. 1969 ``The Child`s Grammar Form I to III."in Minnesota Symposium of Child Psychology, Vol. 2, ed. J.P. Hill. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
     Canale, M. and Swain. M. 1980. "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching end Testing." Applied Linguistics, 1:1-47
     Chaudron, C. 1978. English as the Medium of Instruction in ESL Classes: An Initial Report of a Pilot Study of the Complexity of Teachers` Speech. Ms. University of Toronto; Modern Language Center OISE .
     1983 "Foreginer Talk in the Classroom-An Aid to Learning?" in Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition, eds. H. W. Seligar and M. H. Long. Rowley: Newbury House.
     Coulthard, Malcolm. 1977. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: Longman Group Ltd.
     Edmonson, Willis. 1981. Spoken Discourse: A Model for Analysis. New York: Longman Group Ltd.
     Ellis, Rod. 1981. "The Role of Input in Second Language Acquisition: Some Implications for Second Language Teaching." Applied Linguistics, 2:70-82.
     Enright, S. and M. L. McCloskey. 1985. "Yes, Talking: Organizing the Classroom to Promote Second Language Acquisition." TESOL Quarterly, 19.3: 431-453.
     Fanselow, J. F. 1977. "Beyond RASHOMON-Conceptualizing and Describing the Teaching Act." TESOL Quarterly, 11.1: 17-39.
     ----. 1987. Breaking Rules: Generating and Exploring Alternatives in Language Teaching. New York: Longman Inc.
     Ferguson, C. A. 1978. "Talking to Children: A Search for Universals." In Universals of Human Language, ed. Joseph H. Greenberg. Standford: Stanford University Press.
     Fries, C. 1945. Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Larguage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
     Frohlich, M., Nina S., and Patrick Allen. 1985. "Differences in the Communicative Orientation of L2 Classroom." TESOL Quarterly, 19.1: 27-53.
     Gaies, S. J. 1983. `The Investigation of Language Classroom Process." TESOL Quarterly, 17: 205-217.
     Goody, E. N. 1978. "Towards a Theory of Questions." in Questions and. Politeness Strategies in Social Interaction, ed. E. N. Goody. Combridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Grice, H. P. 1975 . "Logic and Conversation." in Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts, eds. Cole, P. and J. Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
     Gumperz, J, L. 1972. Introduction. in Directions in Sociolinguistics, eds. Gumperz, J. L. & Hymes, D. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     Hamayan, Else V. and G. Richard Tucker. 1980. "Language Input In the Bilingual Classroom, and Its Relationship to Second Language Achievement." TESOL Quarterly, XIV,4: 453-468.
     Hatch, E. 1978. "Discourse Analysis and Second Language Acquisition." In Second Language Acquisition: A Book of Readings, ed. Hatch, E. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Hatch, E. and M. L. Long. 1980. "Discourse Analysis, What`s That?" in Discourse Analysis in Second Language Research, ed. Diane Larsen-Freeman. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Hyltenstam, Kenneth. 1983. "Teacher Talk in Swedish as a Second Language Classrooms. Quantitative Aspects and Markedness Conditions." In Language Development at the Crossroads, eds. Sascha W. Felix & Henning Wode. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
     Kramsch, Claire J. 1981. Discourse Analysis and Language Teaching. Washington D. C.: Center for Appied Linguistics.
     Krashen, Stephen D. 1978."The Monitor Model for Second- Language Acquisition." in Second-Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching, ed. Dosaris C. Girgras. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
     ___. 1980. "The Theoretical and Practical Relevance of Simple Codes in Second Language Acquisition." in Research in Second Language Acquisition: Selected Papers of the Los Angeles Second Language Research Forum, eds. Stephen D. Krashen and Robin Scarcella. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.
     ___.1981. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Practive in Second Language Teaching. Washington D. C.: Center for Approach: New York: Pergamon Press.
     Krashen Stephen D., and Tracy D. Terrell. 1983. The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. New York: Pergamon Press.
     Littlewood, \\Villiam. 1981. Communicative Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Long, M. H. 1980a. "Inside the "Black Box": Methodological Issues in Classroom Research on Language Learning." Language Learning? 30.1: 1-42.
     ___,1981a. "Questions in Foreigner Talk Discourse." Language Learning, 31.1: 135-157.
     ___.1981b. "Native speaker/Non-Native Speaker Conversation in the Second Language Classroom." in On TESOL ` 82, eds Mark A. Clarke and Jean Handscombe. Washington, D.C: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Long, M. H, & C. J. Sato. 1983. "Classroom Foreigner Talk Discourse: Forms and Functions of Teachers` Questions." in Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition) eds. Seliger H. and M. Long. Rowley: Newbury House.
     Merritt, M. 1976. "On Questions Following Questions In Service Encounters." Language in Society, 5, 315-357.
     Nunan, David. 1987. "Communicative Language Teaching: Making it work." ELT, 41, 136-145.
     Palmer, Harold. 1964. The principles of Language Study. London: Oxford University Press.
     Phillips, S. U. 1974. The Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Reservation. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
     Pica, Teresa and Catherine Doughty. 1985. "Input and Interaction in the Communicative Language Classroom: A Comparison of Teacher-Fronted and Group Activities." in Input in Second Language Acguisition, eds. Susan M. Gass & Carolyn G. Madden. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Prator, Clifford H. 1979. ``The Cornerstones of Method." in Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, eds. 11arianne Celce-Murcia & Lois McIntosh. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Ramirez, A. & N. Stromquist. 1978. "ESL Methodology and Student Language Learning in Bilingual Elementary Schools." paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada.
     Sacks, H., Scbegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. 1974. "A Simplest Systematics for the Organisation of Turn-taking for Conversation." in Language, 50.4: 696-735.
     Savignon, Sandra J. 1983. Communicative Competence: Theory and Classroom Practice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
     Schachter, Jacquelyn. 1982. "Nutritional Needs of Language Learners." in On TESOL `82 eds. Mark A. Clarke and Jean Handscombe. Washington D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Schegloff, E. A. and Sacks, H. 1973. "Opening up Closings." in Semiotica, 8.4: 289-327.
     Schinke-Llano, L. A. 1983. "Poreigner Talk in Content Classrooms." in Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition, eds. H. W. Seliger and M. H. Long. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Schwartz, J. 1977. "Repair in Conversation between Adult Second Language Learners of English." Unpubished M. A. in TESL thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
     Sinclair, 1. M., et al. 1972. `The English Used by Teachers and Pupils." Final Report to S. S.R.C. :Mimeo, Birmingham University.
     Sinclair, J. M. & Coulthard, R . M. 1975. Towards an Analysis of Discourse. London: Oxford University Press.
     Snow, Catherine E. 1977. "Mothers` Speech Research: From Input to Interaction." in Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition, eds Catherine E. Snow and Charles A. Ferguson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Stevens, Florence. 1983. "Activities to Promote Learning and Communication in the Second Language Classroom." TESOL QuarterlY1 17.2: 259-271.
     Vogel, Phyllis, et al. 1982. `The Communicative Classroom: Task, Materials, Methodology." in On TESOL `82, eds. l\\1ark A. Clarke and Jean Handscombe Washington, D. C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Washington, Grace. 1982. "Second-Language Learning Strategies in the Elementary School Classroom." in On TESOL `8 1. eds. Mary Hines and William Rutherford. Washington, D. c.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Weeks, T. E. 1976. " Discourse, Culture and Instruction." paper presented at the Discourse Analysis Section, AERA.
     Weir, R. H. 1962. Language in Crib. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
     Wing, B. H. 1987. "The Linguistic and Communicative Functions of Foreign Language Teacher Talk." in Cross-Linguistic Series on Second Language Research, ed. Roger W. Andersen. Cambridge: Newbury House. .
     Zamel, Vivian. 1981. "Cybernetics: A Model for Feedback in the ELS Classroom." TESOL Quarterly, 15.2: 139-150.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005262
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊懿麗zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yi-Li Yangen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張秀琴zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 張秀琴zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1990en_US
dc.date (日期) 1989en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-May-2016 14:05:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-May-2016 14:05:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-May-2016 14:05:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002005262en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89983-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this thesis is to analyze classroom interaction in four teachers` classes while teaching English to elementary school children. Interactive patterns and teacher talk are the main concerns of the study. The former is explored in terms of the types of interaction, the interactive sequences, the turn-taking systems and the functions of interaction; the latter is dealt with through an analysis of the teachers` questions and feedbacks.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................i
     ABSTRACT.................... ii
     LIST OF TABLES....................vi
     CHAPTER 1 INTRODOCTION ....................1
     1.1 Research Problems....................1
     1.2 Definitions of Terms.................... 3
     1.3 Methodology ....................4
     1.4 Importance and Limitations ....................6
     CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW.................... 8
     2.1 Communicative Approach....................8
     2.2 Classroom Interaction....................13
     2.3 Discourse Analysis....................21
     2.4 Teacher Talk....................27
     Notes....................36
     CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY....................38
     3.1 Subjects....................38
     3.2 Instruments....................40
     3.3 Date-Collection....................46
     3.4 Data-Analysis....................46
     CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................48
     4.1 Interactive Patterns ....................48
     4.1.1 Types of Interaction....................49
     4.1.2 Turn-taking Systems .................... 55
     4.1.3 Interactive Sequences .................... 59
     4.1.4 Functions of Interaction.................... 64
     4.2 Teacher Talk .................... 72
     4.2.1 Teachers` Questions.................... 73
     4.2.2 Teachers` Feedbacks.................... 85
     CHATPER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................... 120
     5.1 Summary ....................120
     5.2 Discussion and Suggestions....................123
     5.3 Implications....................131
     5.4 Suggestions for Further Research.................... 132
     APPENDIX....................134
     BIBLIOGRAPHY.................... 150		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005262en_US
dc.title (題名) 兒童英語教學教室內師生互動的個案研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A case study of classroom interaction in teaching English to elementary school childrenen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allwright, R.L. 1980. ``Turns, Topics, and Tasks: Patterns of Participation in Language Learning and Teaching." in Discourse Analysis in Second Language Research, ed. Diane Larsen-Freeman. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     1983. "Classroom-Centered Research on Language Teaching and Learning: A Brief Historical Overview." TESOL Ouarterly, 17.2: 191-204.
     Asher, James J. 1977. Learning Another Language Through Actions: The Complete Teacher`s Guidebook. Los Gatos, CA: Sky Oak Productions.
     Atkinson, David. 1987. "The Mother Tongue in the Classroom: Neglected Resource?" ELT, 41.4: 241-7.
     Barnes, D. 1976. From Communication to Curriculum. Harmondsworth: Panguin Books.
     Belleck, A. A., et a1. 1966. The Lan2ua2e of the Classroom. New York: Teachers College Press.
     Brown, Gillan and George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Brown, H. Douglas. 1980. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
     Brown, R., C. Gazden, & U. Bellugi. 1969 ``The Child`s Grammar Form I to III."in Minnesota Symposium of Child Psychology, Vol. 2, ed. J.P. Hill. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
     Canale, M. and Swain. M. 1980. "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching end Testing." Applied Linguistics, 1:1-47
     Chaudron, C. 1978. English as the Medium of Instruction in ESL Classes: An Initial Report of a Pilot Study of the Complexity of Teachers` Speech. Ms. University of Toronto; Modern Language Center OISE .
     1983 "Foreginer Talk in the Classroom-An Aid to Learning?" in Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition, eds. H. W. Seligar and M. H. Long. Rowley: Newbury House.
     Coulthard, Malcolm. 1977. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: Longman Group Ltd.
     Edmonson, Willis. 1981. Spoken Discourse: A Model for Analysis. New York: Longman Group Ltd.
     Ellis, Rod. 1981. "The Role of Input in Second Language Acquisition: Some Implications for Second Language Teaching." Applied Linguistics, 2:70-82.
     Enright, S. and M. L. McCloskey. 1985. "Yes, Talking: Organizing the Classroom to Promote Second Language Acquisition." TESOL Quarterly, 19.3: 431-453.
     Fanselow, J. F. 1977. "Beyond RASHOMON-Conceptualizing and Describing the Teaching Act." TESOL Quarterly, 11.1: 17-39.
     ----. 1987. Breaking Rules: Generating and Exploring Alternatives in Language Teaching. New York: Longman Inc.
     Ferguson, C. A. 1978. "Talking to Children: A Search for Universals." In Universals of Human Language, ed. Joseph H. Greenberg. Standford: Stanford University Press.
     Fries, C. 1945. Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Larguage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
     Frohlich, M., Nina S., and Patrick Allen. 1985. "Differences in the Communicative Orientation of L2 Classroom." TESOL Quarterly, 19.1: 27-53.
     Gaies, S. J. 1983. `The Investigation of Language Classroom Process." TESOL Quarterly, 17: 205-217.
     Goody, E. N. 1978. "Towards a Theory of Questions." in Questions and. Politeness Strategies in Social Interaction, ed. E. N. Goody. Combridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Grice, H. P. 1975 . "Logic and Conversation." in Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts, eds. Cole, P. and J. Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
     Gumperz, J, L. 1972. Introduction. in Directions in Sociolinguistics, eds. Gumperz, J. L. & Hymes, D. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
     Hamayan, Else V. and G. Richard Tucker. 1980. "Language Input In the Bilingual Classroom, and Its Relationship to Second Language Achievement." TESOL Quarterly, XIV,4: 453-468.
     Hatch, E. 1978. "Discourse Analysis and Second Language Acquisition." In Second Language Acquisition: A Book of Readings, ed. Hatch, E. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Hatch, E. and M. L. Long. 1980. "Discourse Analysis, What`s That?" in Discourse Analysis in Second Language Research, ed. Diane Larsen-Freeman. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Hyltenstam, Kenneth. 1983. "Teacher Talk in Swedish as a Second Language Classrooms. Quantitative Aspects and Markedness Conditions." In Language Development at the Crossroads, eds. Sascha W. Felix & Henning Wode. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
     Kramsch, Claire J. 1981. Discourse Analysis and Language Teaching. Washington D. C.: Center for Appied Linguistics.
     Krashen, Stephen D. 1978."The Monitor Model for Second- Language Acquisition." in Second-Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching, ed. Dosaris C. Girgras. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
     ___. 1980. "The Theoretical and Practical Relevance of Simple Codes in Second Language Acquisition." in Research in Second Language Acquisition: Selected Papers of the Los Angeles Second Language Research Forum, eds. Stephen D. Krashen and Robin Scarcella. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.
     ___.1981. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Practive in Second Language Teaching. Washington D. C.: Center for Approach: New York: Pergamon Press.
     Krashen Stephen D., and Tracy D. Terrell. 1983. The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. New York: Pergamon Press.
     Littlewood, \\Villiam. 1981. Communicative Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Long, M. H. 1980a. "Inside the "Black Box": Methodological Issues in Classroom Research on Language Learning." Language Learning? 30.1: 1-42.
     ___,1981a. "Questions in Foreigner Talk Discourse." Language Learning, 31.1: 135-157.
     ___.1981b. "Native speaker/Non-Native Speaker Conversation in the Second Language Classroom." in On TESOL ` 82, eds Mark A. Clarke and Jean Handscombe. Washington, D.C: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Long, M. H, & C. J. Sato. 1983. "Classroom Foreigner Talk Discourse: Forms and Functions of Teachers` Questions." in Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition) eds. Seliger H. and M. Long. Rowley: Newbury House.
     Merritt, M. 1976. "On Questions Following Questions In Service Encounters." Language in Society, 5, 315-357.
     Nunan, David. 1987. "Communicative Language Teaching: Making it work." ELT, 41, 136-145.
     Palmer, Harold. 1964. The principles of Language Study. London: Oxford University Press.
     Phillips, S. U. 1974. The Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Reservation. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
     Pica, Teresa and Catherine Doughty. 1985. "Input and Interaction in the Communicative Language Classroom: A Comparison of Teacher-Fronted and Group Activities." in Input in Second Language Acguisition, eds. Susan M. Gass & Carolyn G. Madden. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Prator, Clifford H. 1979. ``The Cornerstones of Method." in Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, eds. 11arianne Celce-Murcia & Lois McIntosh. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Ramirez, A. & N. Stromquist. 1978. "ESL Methodology and Student Language Learning in Bilingual Elementary Schools." paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada.
     Sacks, H., Scbegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. 1974. "A Simplest Systematics for the Organisation of Turn-taking for Conversation." in Language, 50.4: 696-735.
     Savignon, Sandra J. 1983. Communicative Competence: Theory and Classroom Practice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
     Schachter, Jacquelyn. 1982. "Nutritional Needs of Language Learners." in On TESOL `82 eds. Mark A. Clarke and Jean Handscombe. Washington D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Schegloff, E. A. and Sacks, H. 1973. "Opening up Closings." in Semiotica, 8.4: 289-327.
     Schinke-Llano, L. A. 1983. "Poreigner Talk in Content Classrooms." in Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition, eds. H. W. Seliger and M. H. Long. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
     Schwartz, J. 1977. "Repair in Conversation between Adult Second Language Learners of English." Unpubished M. A. in TESL thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
     Sinclair, 1. M., et al. 1972. `The English Used by Teachers and Pupils." Final Report to S. S.R.C. :Mimeo, Birmingham University.
     Sinclair, J. M. & Coulthard, R . M. 1975. Towards an Analysis of Discourse. London: Oxford University Press.
     Snow, Catherine E. 1977. "Mothers` Speech Research: From Input to Interaction." in Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition, eds Catherine E. Snow and Charles A. Ferguson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Stevens, Florence. 1983. "Activities to Promote Learning and Communication in the Second Language Classroom." TESOL QuarterlY1 17.2: 259-271.
     Vogel, Phyllis, et al. 1982. `The Communicative Classroom: Task, Materials, Methodology." in On TESOL `82, eds. l\\1ark A. Clarke and Jean Handscombe Washington, D. C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Washington, Grace. 1982. "Second-Language Learning Strategies in the Elementary School Classroom." in On TESOL `8 1. eds. Mary Hines and William Rutherford. Washington, D. c.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
     Weeks, T. E. 1976. " Discourse, Culture and Instruction." paper presented at the Discourse Analysis Section, AERA.
     Weir, R. H. 1962. Language in Crib. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
     Wing, B. H. 1987. "The Linguistic and Communicative Functions of Foreign Language Teacher Talk." in Cross-Linguistic Series on Second Language Research, ed. Roger W. Andersen. Cambridge: Newbury House. .
     Zamel, Vivian. 1981. "Cybernetics: A Model for Feedback in the ELS Classroom." TESOL Quarterly, 15.2: 139-150.		zh_TW