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題名 漢語敘述文中連詞的交談功能
Connectives in Chinese narrative discourse
作者 尤雪瑛
貢獻者 李櫻
Cherry Ying Li
尤雪瑛
關鍵詞 ASP Aspect marker
M Measure Word
PART Particle
PERF Perfect marker
POSS Possessive marker
PREP Preposition
SM Subordinate marker
日期 1990
1989
上傳時間 3-May-2016 14:05:50 (UTC+8)
摘要 The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discourse function of connectives in Chinese narratives. It is found that connectives , being a kind of cohesive ties , operate at different levels of discourse as boundary markers. The present study also
參考文獻 Aziz , Yowell Y. 1988. "Theme-rheme Organization and Paragraph structure in Standard Arabic." in Journal of the International Linguistic Association , 39.2: 117-28.
     Beaugrande , Robert de and Wolfgang Dressler. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman.
     Brown , Gillan and George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Canbridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Calson , Robert. 1987. "Narrative Connectives in Supyire." in Typological Studies in Language: .Coherence and Grounding in Discourse , ed. Tomlin , Russell S. Amsterdan: J. Benjamins.
     Chafe Wallace L. 1970. Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press.
     __________. 1972. “Discourse Structure and Human knowledge.” in Language Comprehension and the Acquisition of knowledge , eds. J. B. Carroll & R. O.
     Freedle. Washington: Wiley.
     __________. 1976. “Givenness , Contrastiveness ,Difinitness , Subjects , Topics and Point of View." in Subject and Topic , ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press.
     __________. 1979. "The Flow of Thought and the Flow of Language.” in Syntax and Semantics Vol. 12 , ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press , 159-81.
     __________. 1980. "The Deployrnent of Consciousness in the production of a Narrative." in The pear Stories , ed. Wallace L. Chafe. Norwood , New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Co.
     __________. ed. 1980. The Pear Stories. Norwood , New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Co.
     __________. 1985. "How People Use Adverbial Clauses." in BLS , 11: 437-49.
     Chao , Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Chen , Ding-An. 1985. English and Chinese: A Comparative Study. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
     Ch`i , Chun. 1988. “Shih Fen Hao Yueh. “ [Beautiful Moon] ,Chung Hua Daily News , September 25 , 1988 , p. 14.
     Christensen , Francis. 1965. "A Generative Rhetoric of the paragraph." College Composition and Communication , 16.3:144-57.
     Chu , Chauncey C. and W. Vincent Chang. 1987. “The Discourse Function of the Verbal Suffix －Le in Mandarin.” JCL, 15.2:309-34.
     Clark , Herbert H. and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     Erbaugh , Mary S. 1987. "A Uniform Pause and Error Strategy for Native and Non-native Speakers." in Typological Studies in Language: Coherence and Grounding in Discourse, ed. Russell S. Tomlin. . Amsterdam: John Benjamins B. V.
     Foley , William A. and Robert D. van Valin , JR. 1980. "Role and Reference Grammar." in Syntax and Semantics 13 , Current Approaches to Syntax , eds. Edith A. Moravcsik and Jessica R. Wirth. New York: Academic Press.
     _________. 1984. Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Friend, Jewell A. 1974. Traditional Grammar. London: Feffer & Simons , Inc.
     Givon , Talmy . 1978. "Negation in Language: Pragmatics , Function , Ontology." in Syntax and Semantics 9 , Pragmatics , ed. Peter Cole. New York: Academic Press.
     _________.1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
     _________.1983. "Topic continuation in Discourse: The Functional Domain of Switch Reference." in Switch Reference: Typological Studies in Language Vo1.2 , eds. J. Haiman and P. Munro. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     _________, ed. 1983. Topic continuity in Discourse: A Quantitative Cross-language Study. Amsterdan: J.Benjeamins.
     _________.1984. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     _________.1987. "Beyond Foreground and Background." In Typological Studies in Language: Coherence and Grounding in Discourse , ed. Russell S. Tomlin. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     Grice , H. P. 1975. "Logic and Conversation. “ in Syntax and semantics 3. Speech Acts , eds. Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
     Grimes , Joseph E. 1975. The thread of Discourse. The Hague:Mouton.
     Haiman , John. 1978. “Conditionals are Topics." Language , 54.3:564-89.
     Hall , Donald. 1976. Writing Well. Boston: Little , Brown and Company.
     Halliday , M. A. K. 1967.”Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English , Part 2.” Linguistics, 3: 199-244.
     _________.1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
     Halliday , M. A. K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
     Hinds , John. 1978. “Levels of Structure Within the Paragraph." BLS , 4: 598-609.
     _________.1979. “Organizational Patterns in Discourse." in Syntax and Semantics , 12 Discourse and Syntax , ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press.
     Ho, Ching-hsien, ed. 1986. Intermediate Chinese Vol. 2. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Co.
     Hopper , Psul J. 1979. “Aspect and Forgrounding in Discourse.” in Syntax and Semantics , 12 Discourse and Syntax , ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press.
     Hsieh , Pingying. 1961. MY Youth. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Co.
     Jeng , Heng-syung. 1978. "Topic and Subject in Chinese , English and Bunun." in Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics -- 1977 Linguistic Institute of the Linguistics Society of America , eds. Tang , Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Co.
     _________.1982. "The Development of Topic and Subject in Chinese and English." in L inguistics in the Morning Calm , ed. the Linguistic Society of Korea. Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Co.
     _________.1987. "A Discourse Grammar of Chinese. “ paper presented at the symposium on Modern Syntactic Theories and Chinese Syntax , sponsored by the Graduate Institute of Linguistics , Ching-hua University.
     Johnston , Judith R. 1985. "Cognitive Prerequisites: The Evidence from Children Learning English." in The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition , 2: Theoretical Issues. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Inc. , Publishers.
     Labov , William and Joshua Waletzky. 1967.”Narrative Analysis: Oral Versions of Personal Experience.” in Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts, ed. June Helm. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
     Lakoff , Robin. 1971. "If’s , and`s and but`s about Conjunction." in Studies. in Linguistic Semantics , eds. Charles J. Fillmore and D. Terrence Langendon. New York: Holt , Rinehart & Winston.
     Larson , Richard L. 1967 . ”Sentences in Action: A Technique for Analyzing Paragraphs.” College Composition and Communication , 18.1: 16-22.
     Leech , Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatic s. London: Longman.
     Levinsohn , Stephen and Robert Longacre. 1977. "Field Analysis of Discourse." in Current Trends in Textlinguistics , ed. Wolgang U. Dressler. New York: de Gruyter.
     Li , Charles N. and Sandra .A.. Thompson. 1976. "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language." in Subject and Topic ,ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press.
     _________.1979. "Third-person pronouns and zero-anaphora in Chinese Discourse.” in Syntax and Semantics 12, Discourse and Syntax , ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press.
     _________.1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. California: University of California Press.
     Li , Cherry Ing. 1985. Participant Anaphora in Mandarin Chinese , Ph. D. dissertation , University of Florida.
     Li , Li-kuo. 1988. "Jung Shu Lou." [The Old Banyan] , United Daily News , September 25 , 1988 , p. 15.
     Lin , Yutang. 1980. Art of Life. Taipei: Yuan Ching Press.
     Longacre , Robert and Stephen Levinsohn. 1977. "Field Analysis of Discourse." in Current Trends in Textlinguistics , ed. Wolfgang U. Dressler. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
     Longacre , Robert E. 1979. "The Paragraph as a Grammatical Unit. " in Syntax and Semantics 12 , Discourse and Syntax ,ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press.
     __________.1983. The Grammar of Discourse. New York: Plenum Press.
     Lyons , John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
     McCawley , James D. 1979. "Presupposition and Discourse Structure." in Syntax and Semantics 11,
     Mo , Chien-ching. 1985. "On English Reading Comprehension From the Viewpoint of Understanding Paragraphs.” Studies in Language Education , 4: 85-105.
     ______________.1987. "Chi-Cheng-Jwan-He: An English Version." Laureate 27: 54-62.
     Nation, I. S. P. 1984. .Understanding Paragraphs." Language Learning and Communication , 3.1: 61-68.
     Okurowski , Mary Ellen. 1986. Textual Cohesion in Modern Standard Chinese , Ph. D. dissertation , Georgetow University.
     Ramsay , Violeta. 1987. "The Functional Distribution of Preposed and Postposed `If ` and `When ` Clauses in Written Discourse." in Typological Studies in Language: Coherence and Grounding in Discourse , ed. Russell S. Tomlin. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     SChiffrin , Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Stalter , William. 1978. "A Sense of Structure. “College Composition and Communication , 29.4: 341-5.
     Stubbs , M. 1983. Discourse Analysis: The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
     Tang , Ting-chi . 1988. Studies on Chinese Morphology and Syntax. Taipei: Student Book Co.
     Thompson , Sandra A. 1987. " ‘Subordination’ and Narrative Event Structure." in Typological Studies in Language: Coherence and Grounding in Discourse,ed. Russell S.
     Tomlin. Amserdam: J. Benjamins.
     Tomlin , Russell S. , ed. 1987. Typological studies in Language Coherence and Grounding in Dicsourse. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     Tsai , Chuotang. 1972. Research on Translation. Taipei: Grand Earth Press.
     Tsao , Feng-Fu. 1979. A Functional Study of Topic in Chinese: The First Step Towards Discourse Analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co.
     ___________.1981. Topic Chain in Chinese: A Functional Basic Discourse Unit. Taipei: Crane Book Co.
     ___________.1985. "The World of Four-line Poems: From the Viewpoint of Discourse Analysis." Chung-wai Literary monthly , 2.3: 34-99.
     Tseng , Shoute. 1977. A Study on the Chinese Equivalents of the English "And` M. A. thesis , National Taiwan Normal University.
     Van Dijk , Tenn A. 1972. Some Aspects of Text Grammars. The Hague: Mouton.
     1977. Text and Context: Explorations in the semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse. London: Longman.
     Van Dijk , Tenn A. & Walter Kintsch. 1977. "Cognitive Psychology and Discourse: Recalling and Summarizing Stories." In Current Trends in Textlinguistics, ed. Wolfgangu Dressler. New york: de Gruyter.
     Wald , Benji. 1987 "Cross-Clause Relations and Temporal Sequence in Narrative and Beyond." in Typological Studies in Language: Coherence and Grounding in Discourse , ed. Tomlin Russell S. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     Wang , Li. 1955. Chuang Kuo Yu Fa Li Lun. [Theories of Chinese Grammer. ] Shanghai: Commercial Press.
     _________.1959. Chung Kuo Hsien Dai Yu Fa. [A Grammar of Modern Chinese.] Hong Kong: Ahong Hua Book Store.
     Warner , Richard George. 1979. Discourse Connectives in English ,Ph. D. dissertation , University of California , Santa Cruz.
     Witte , Stephen P. and Lester Faigley. 1981. "Coherence, Cohesion and Writing Quality." College Composition and Communication , 32.2: 189-204.
     Wu , Hsi-chen and others. 1986. Stories from Chinese History Vol.1. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Co.
     __________.1987. Chinese Moral Tales. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Co.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005265
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李櫻zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Cherry Ying Lien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 尤雪瑛zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 尤雪瑛zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1990en_US
dc.date (日期) 1989en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-May-2016 14:05:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-May-2016 14:05:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-May-2016 14:05:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002005265en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/89986-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discourse function of connectives in Chinese narratives. It is found that connectives , being a kind of cohesive ties , operate at different levels of discourse as boundary markers. The present study alsoen_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
     ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
     KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
     LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
     LIST OF APPENDIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ix
     CHAPTER I INTRODUCT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
     Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
     CHAPTER II CLASSIFICATION OF CHINESE CONNECTIVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
     2.1 Previous Classifications of Chinese Connectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
     2.1.1 Wang`s Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     2.1.2 Chao`s Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     2.1.3 Li and Thompson`s Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     2.2 The Halliday-Hasan Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     2.3 A Semantic Classification of Chinese Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     2.3.1 Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     2.3.2 Causals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     2.3.3 Adversatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     2.3.4 Temporals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     2.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
     Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
     CHAPTER III CHINESE CONNECTIVES AS DISCOURSE MARKERS. . . . . . . .. 44
     3.1 Discourse Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     3.1.1 Cognitive Basis for Discourse Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
     3.1.2 Discourse Structure of Chinese Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
     3.2 Discourse Functions of Chinese Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
     3.2.1 Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
     3.2.2 Causals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
     3.2.2.1 Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
     3.2.2.2 Causals as Local Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
     3.2.2.3 Causals as Global Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
     3.2.3 Adversatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
     3.2.3.1 Adversatives as Global Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
     3.2.3.2 Adversative Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
     3.2.4 Temporals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
     3.3 Chinese Connectives and Traditional Chinese Rhetoric Principle . . . . . . .. . . . . . 95
     3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
     Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
     CHAPTER IV CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHINESE CONNECTIVES AND
     TOPIC CONTINUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
     4.1 Topic Continuity and Discourse Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
     4.2 Criteria of Topic Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
     4.2.1 Referential Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
     4.2.2 Participant Anaphora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
     4.3 Topic Continuity and the Distribution of Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
     4.3.1 The Definition of Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
     4.3.2 The Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
     4.3.3 Referential Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
     4.3.4 Participant Anaphora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 126
     4.3.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
     Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
     CHAPTER V EXPERIMENT OF THE USE OF CHINESE CONNECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
     5.1 The Design of the Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
     5.2 The Informants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
     5.3 Problems and Solutions in Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
     5.4 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
     5.4.1 Results of the Tests in the Four Categories of Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
     5.4.2 Results of the Tests in Incorporation of Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . 153
     5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
     Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
     CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
     APPENDIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
     BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005265en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ASP Aspect markeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) M Measure Worden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) PART Particleen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) PERF Perfect markeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) POSS Possessive markeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) PREP Prepositionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) SM Subordinate markeren_US
dc.title (題名) 漢語敘述文中連詞的交談功能zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Connectives in Chinese narrative discourseen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aziz , Yowell Y. 1988. "Theme-rheme Organization and Paragraph structure in Standard Arabic." in Journal of the International Linguistic Association , 39.2: 117-28.
     Beaugrande , Robert de and Wolfgang Dressler. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman.
     Brown , Gillan and George Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Canbridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Calson , Robert. 1987. "Narrative Connectives in Supyire." in Typological Studies in Language: .Coherence and Grounding in Discourse , ed. Tomlin , Russell S. Amsterdan: J. Benjamins.
     Chafe Wallace L. 1970. Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press.
     __________. 1972. “Discourse Structure and Human knowledge.” in Language Comprehension and the Acquisition of knowledge , eds. J. B. Carroll & R. O.
     Freedle. Washington: Wiley.
     __________. 1976. “Givenness , Contrastiveness ,Difinitness , Subjects , Topics and Point of View." in Subject and Topic , ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press.
     __________. 1979. "The Flow of Thought and the Flow of Language.” in Syntax and Semantics Vol. 12 , ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press , 159-81.
     __________. 1980. "The Deployrnent of Consciousness in the production of a Narrative." in The pear Stories , ed. Wallace L. Chafe. Norwood , New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Co.
     __________. ed. 1980. The Pear Stories. Norwood , New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Co.
     __________. 1985. "How People Use Adverbial Clauses." in BLS , 11: 437-49.
     Chao , Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Chen , Ding-An. 1985. English and Chinese: A Comparative Study. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
     Ch`i , Chun. 1988. “Shih Fen Hao Yueh. “ [Beautiful Moon] ,Chung Hua Daily News , September 25 , 1988 , p. 14.
     Christensen , Francis. 1965. "A Generative Rhetoric of the paragraph." College Composition and Communication , 16.3:144-57.
     Chu , Chauncey C. and W. Vincent Chang. 1987. “The Discourse Function of the Verbal Suffix －Le in Mandarin.” JCL, 15.2:309-34.
     Clark , Herbert H. and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
     Erbaugh , Mary S. 1987. "A Uniform Pause and Error Strategy for Native and Non-native Speakers." in Typological Studies in Language: Coherence and Grounding in Discourse, ed. Russell S. Tomlin. . Amsterdam: John Benjamins B. V.
     Foley , William A. and Robert D. van Valin , JR. 1980. "Role and Reference Grammar." in Syntax and Semantics 13 , Current Approaches to Syntax , eds. Edith A. Moravcsik and Jessica R. Wirth. New York: Academic Press.
     _________. 1984. Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Friend, Jewell A. 1974. Traditional Grammar. London: Feffer & Simons , Inc.
     Givon , Talmy . 1978. "Negation in Language: Pragmatics , Function , Ontology." in Syntax and Semantics 9 , Pragmatics , ed. Peter Cole. New York: Academic Press.
     _________.1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
     _________.1983. "Topic continuation in Discourse: The Functional Domain of Switch Reference." in Switch Reference: Typological Studies in Language Vo1.2 , eds. J. Haiman and P. Munro. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     _________, ed. 1983. Topic continuity in Discourse: A Quantitative Cross-language Study. Amsterdan: J.Benjeamins.
     _________.1984. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     _________.1987. "Beyond Foreground and Background." In Typological Studies in Language: Coherence and Grounding in Discourse , ed. Russell S. Tomlin. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
     Grice , H. P. 1975. "Logic and Conversation. “ in Syntax and semantics 3. Speech Acts , eds. Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
     Grimes , Joseph E. 1975. The thread of Discourse. The Hague:Mouton.
     Haiman , John. 1978. “Conditionals are Topics." Language , 54.3:564-89.
     Hall , Donald. 1976. Writing Well. Boston: Little , Brown and Company.
     Halliday , M. A. K. 1967.”Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English , Part 2.” Linguistics, 3: 199-244.
     _________.1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
     Halliday , M. A. K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
     Hinds , John. 1978. “Levels of Structure Within the Paragraph." BLS , 4: 598-609.
     _________.1979. “Organizational Patterns in Discourse." in Syntax and Semantics , 12 Discourse and Syntax , ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press.
     Ho, Ching-hsien, ed. 1986. Intermediate Chinese Vol. 2. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Co.
     Hopper , Psul J. 1979. “Aspect and Forgrounding in Discourse.” in Syntax and Semantics , 12 Discourse and Syntax , ed. Talmy Givon. New York: Academic Press.
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     Jeng , Heng-syung. 1978. "Topic and Subject in Chinese , English and Bunun." in Proceedings of Symposium on Chinese Linguistics -- 1977 Linguistic Institute of the Linguistics Society of America , eds. Tang , Cheng & Li. Taipei: Student Book Co.
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