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題名 從優選理論之觀點分析海陸客語中的變調、介音及音節連併
An Optimality Theory Approach to Tone Sandhi, Pre-nuclear Gliding, and Syllable Contraction in Hai-lu Hakka
作者 張彩芳
Chang, Tsai Fang
貢獻者 蕭宇超
E. Hsiao, Yu Chau
張彩芳
Chang, Tsai Fang
關鍵詞 海陸客語
優選理論
變調
介音
音節連併
Hai-lu Hakka
Optimality Theory
tone sandhi
pre-nuclear glides
syllable contraction
日期 2002
上傳時間 9-May-2016 16:10:26 (UTC+8)
摘要 　　本篇論文旨在從優選理論（Optimality Theory）的架構觀點分析海陸客語中 的三個音韻現象：變調（Tone Sandhi）、介音（Pre-nuclear Gliding）及音節連併（Syllable Contraction）。
　　在變調方面，由於海陸客語中上聲與陰入聲助數詞不因環境而變調，在利用之前文獻解釋時必須另外設定條件來說明海陸助數詞的特殊變調行為，本文建議利用優選論的制約來分析，本文所提出的一組制約，可以成功的解釋海陸客語中的上聲與陰入聲變調現象。
　　在介音方面，本文選擇以端木三所提出的音節結構為海陸客語音節結構，因為海陸客語中介音所呈現的行為較似起首子音的次發音特徵，因此本文亦提出了一組制約解釋海陸介音在音節中的歸屬。
　　在音節連併方面，本文檢驗了之前文獻所提出的方法，發現無法全面解釋海陸音節連併的現象，因此，提出一組關於音段與聲調的連併之制約將海陸音節連併現象以優選理論呈現。
　　本文是第一篇嘗試以優選理論解釋海陸客語音韻現象的研究，希望能從不同於之前文獻的角度討論海陸客語音韻的問題。之前理論運作的缺陷與不足，在本文的分析下，均可以成功的以優選理論之制約層級來說明。
　　This thesis aims to explore three issues in Hai-lu Hakka Phonology in terms of Optimality Theory (OT). The three issues are tone sandhi, pre-nuclear gliding and syllable contraction.
　　Hai-lu Shang Toned and Yin-ru Toned numerals preserve their base tones in any case. Thus, previous studies would need to add an additional condition for the special tone sandhi behaviors of Hai-lu numerals. This thesis offers a set of OT constraints to explain tone sandhi in Hai-lu. The OT constraints can successfully operate Hai-lu tone sandhi without additional conditions.
　　Pre-nuclear glides in Hai-lu behave like the secondary articulations of the onsets. This thesis suggests Duanmu`s (1990) syllable structure for Hai-lu syllables. A set of constraints are proposed to explain the pre-nuclear gliding in Hai-lu syllables.
　　The approaches previous studies suggest for syllable contraction are not across-the-board in Hai-lu. Thus, a set of segmental and tonal constraints are proposed to explain Hai-lu syllable contraction. The OT constraints operate syllable contraction in Hai-lu without difficulties.
　　This thesis is a pioneering study which aims to examine Hai-lu phonology in terms of OT. With OT constraint rankings, this thesis explains the remaining problems from previous studies successfully.
參考文獻 Archangeli, Diana, and D. Terence Langendoen, eds. 1997. Optimality Theory: An Overview. Oxford: Blackwell.
Aronoff, Mark.1985. Word Formation in Generative Grammar. 3rd ed. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Bao, Zhiming.1990. "Fanqie Languages and Reduplication." Linguistic Inquiry 21, 317-350.
---. 1996. "The Syllable in Chinese." Journal in Chinese Linguistics 24, 312- 354.
Benua,Luara. 1995. "Identity Effects in Morphological Truncation." In Papers in Optimality Theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, eds. Beckman et al., 77-136. Amherst: Graduate Linguistic Students Association.
Broselow, Ellen, Su-I Chen, and Marie Huffman. 1997. "Syllable Weight: Convergence of Phonology and Phonetics." Phonology 14, 47-82.
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chen, Matthew Y. 1996. Tone Sandhi. San Diego: University of California.
Chung, Raung-fu. 1989. Aspects of Kejia Phonology. Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
---. 1996. "Ke Jia Hua De Gou Ci He Yin Yun De Guan Xi" (The Relationship Between Hakka Morphology and Phonology).In The Collectanea of the Awarded Local Language Researches, ed. Educational Research Committee of the Ministry of Education, 15-1-15-21. Taipei: The Ministry of Education.
---. 1997. "Syllable Contraction in Chinese." In Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 3, eds.Feng-fu Tsao and H. Samuel Wang. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Deng, Rong-kun. 1995. Ke Jia Ge Yau Yu Li Yu (Hakka Ballads and Slangs). Taipei: Wu-ling Press.
Duanmu, San. 1990. A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress, and Domain in Chinese Languages. Ph.D. diss., MIT.
---. 1999. "The Syllable in Chinese." In The Syllable: Views and Facts, eds. VanDerHulst, Harry, and Nancy, A.Ritter, 477-99.
---. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. New York: Oxford University Press.
---. 2001. “Phonological Features and Onset Clusters.” In Yuchau E. Hsiao ed.Proceedings of the 7th International and the 19th National Conferences on Chinese Phonology, 112-24. Taipei: National Cheng-chi University.
Feng, Hui-yue. 1991. Ke Yu Tong Yau Da Jia Nian (Hakka Nursery Rhymes for Everybody). Taipei: Wu-ling Press.
Gu, Guo-shun, Jian-de Ye, and Shi-song He, eds. 1998. Xin Zhu Xian Ke Jia Hua Ji Yin Xun Lian Jiao Cai. (The Teaching Materials of Hakka Pronunciation in Hisn-chu County.) Hsin-chu: Hsin-chu County Government.
Hayes, Bruce. 1989. "Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology." Linguistic Inquiry 20, 253-306.
Hong, Tony T. N. 1987. "Syntactic and Semantic Aspects of Chinese Tone Sandhi." Ph. D. diss. University of California at San Diego.
Hsiao, Yuchau E.. 1991. Syntax, Rhythm and Tone: A Triangular Relationship.Taipei: Crane.
---. 1999. "Cong Tai Yu Yin Jie Lian Bing Dao Yin Yun, Cou Ci Yu Ju Fa De Guan Xi: Lao Wen Ti, Xin Jiao Du (From Syllable Contraction in Southern Min to the Interaction of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax: Old Issues and New Angles.)" In Yuen-mei Yin, I-li Yang, and Hui-chen Chan eds. Chinese Languages and Linguistics V: Interactions in Language. Symposium series of the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, No.2, 251-288.
---. 2000a. "Optimal Tone Sandhi in Taiwanese." Manuscript. National Chengchi University.
---. 2000b. "Trisyllabic and Quadrasyllabic Tone Sandhi in Sixian Hakka: An Optimality Theory Perspective." In Proceedings of he 2000 NCCU Teachers’ Conference on Linguistics Research, ed. Yuchau E. Hsiao, 101-24.
Hsu, Kuei-ping. 1996. "Hakka Tone Sandhi: the Interface between Syntax and Phonology." M.A. thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Kager, René. 1999. Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaisse, Ellen M.. 1985. Connected Speech: The Interaction of Syntax and Phonology. Orlando: Academic.
Katamba, Francis. 1993. Morphology. New York: St. Martin``s Press.
Kenstowicz, Michael. 1994. Phonology in Generative Grammar. Cambridge:Blackwell.
Lin, Yen-Huei. 1990. "Prenuclear Glides in Chinese. " Journal of Chinese Linguistics 24, 312-54.
---. 1999. “On the Ranking of Faith-Root and Faith-Affix in Chinese Affixal Phonology,” In Proceedings of NACLL-11, unpaginated.
Lu, Yien Jie. 1999. Xin Zhu Hai Lu Ke Jia Hua Ci Hui Yan Jiu (The Vocabulary Study of Hailu Hakka Dialect in Hsinchu). Hshin-chu: National Hsin-chu Teachers College.
Luo, Zao-jin. 1985. Ke Yu Yu Fa (The Hakka Grammar). Taipei: Student Press.
---. 1990. Tai Wan De Ke Jia Hua (The Hakka Dialects in Taiwan). Taipei: Taiyuan Press.
Prince, Alen, and Paul Smolensky. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. To appear, MIT Press.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1986. "On Derived Domains in Sentence Phonology." Phonology Yearbook 3: 371-405.
Wan, I-Ping. 1997. "The Status of Prenuclear Glides in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence From Speech Errors." Chicago Linguistic Society 33, 417-28.
Yip, Moira. 1982. "Reduplication and C-V Skeletal in Chinese Secret language." Linguistic Inquiry 13, 637-62.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
88555001
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2010000127
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor E. Hsiao, Yu Chauen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張彩芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Tsai Fangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張彩芳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Tsai Fangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-May-2016 16:10:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-May-2016 16:10:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-May-2016 16:10:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) A2010000127en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/95394-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 88555001zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　本篇論文旨在從優選理論（Optimality Theory）的架構觀點分析海陸客語中 的三個音韻現象：變調（Tone Sandhi）、介音（Pre-nuclear Gliding）及音節連併（Syllable Contraction）。
　　在變調方面，由於海陸客語中上聲與陰入聲助數詞不因環境而變調，在利用之前文獻解釋時必須另外設定條件來說明海陸助數詞的特殊變調行為，本文建議利用優選論的制約來分析，本文所提出的一組制約，可以成功的解釋海陸客語中的上聲與陰入聲變調現象。
　　在介音方面，本文選擇以端木三所提出的音節結構為海陸客語音節結構，因為海陸客語中介音所呈現的行為較似起首子音的次發音特徵，因此本文亦提出了一組制約解釋海陸介音在音節中的歸屬。
　　在音節連併方面，本文檢驗了之前文獻所提出的方法，發現無法全面解釋海陸音節連併的現象，因此，提出一組關於音段與聲調的連併之制約將海陸音節連併現象以優選理論呈現。
　　本文是第一篇嘗試以優選理論解釋海陸客語音韻現象的研究，希望能從不同於之前文獻的角度討論海陸客語音韻的問題。之前理論運作的缺陷與不足，在本文的分析下，均可以成功的以優選理論之制約層級來說明。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 　　This thesis aims to explore three issues in Hai-lu Hakka Phonology in terms of Optimality Theory (OT). The three issues are tone sandhi, pre-nuclear gliding and syllable contraction.
　　Hai-lu Shang Toned and Yin-ru Toned numerals preserve their base tones in any case. Thus, previous studies would need to add an additional condition for the special tone sandhi behaviors of Hai-lu numerals. This thesis offers a set of OT constraints to explain tone sandhi in Hai-lu. The OT constraints can successfully operate Hai-lu tone sandhi without additional conditions.
　　Pre-nuclear glides in Hai-lu behave like the secondary articulations of the onsets. This thesis suggests Duanmu`s (1990) syllable structure for Hai-lu syllables. A set of constraints are proposed to explain the pre-nuclear gliding in Hai-lu syllables.
　　The approaches previous studies suggest for syllable contraction are not across-the-board in Hai-lu. Thus, a set of segmental and tonal constraints are proposed to explain Hai-lu syllable contraction. The OT constraints operate syllable contraction in Hai-lu without difficulties.
　　This thesis is a pioneering study which aims to examine Hai-lu phonology in terms of OT. With OT constraint rankings, this thesis explains the remaining problems from previous studies successfully.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements-----v
Vita-----vii
Table of Contnets----ix
Chinese Abstract-----xi
English Abstract-----xiii
Chapter
　　1. Introduction-----1
　　2. Literature Review and Theoretical Background-----4
　　　2.1Related Literature-----4
　　　　2.1.1 Tone Sandhi-----4
　　　　　2.1.1.1 The Branch Condition-----5
　　　　　2.1.1.2 Domain C-command-----6
　　　　　2.1.1.3 K-condition-----7
　　　　　2.1.1.4 End-based Parameter Settings-----7
　　　　2.1.2 Syllabification of Pre-nuclear Glides-----8
　　　　2.1.3 Hakka Syllable Contraction-----11
　　　　　2.1.3.1 The Edge-in Association-----11
　　　　　2.1.3.2 Chung`s Analysis-----12
　　　2.2 Basic Phonological Information of Hai-lu-----13
　　　　2.2.1 The Vowel and Consonant Inventory-----14
　　　　2.2.2 The Tonal System-----17
　　　2.3 Theoretical Background of the Optimality Theory-----18
　　　2.4 Correspondence Theory-----21
　　3. Shang Tone and Yin-ru Tone Sandhi-----23
　　　3.1 Introduction-----23
　　　3.2 Hai-lu Tone Sandhi Rules-----23
　　　3.3 The Problems-----26
　　　　3.3.1 Lexical and Post-lexical Tone Sandhi Rules-----26
　　　　3.3.2 Adjective Lexicalization-----30
　　　　3.3.3 Tone Sandhi of Numerals-----32
　　　3.4 The OT Analysis for Hai-lu Tone Sandhi-----35
　　　3.5 Conclusion-----41
　　4. Pre-nuclear Gliding-----43
　　　4.1 Introduction-----43
　　　4.2 Three Facts of Hai-lu Pre-nuclear Glides-----44
　　　4.3 The Sub-syllabic Position for Hai-lu Pre-nuclear Glides-----47
　　　　4.3.1 Hai-lu Pre-nuclear Glides are in Neither the Nucleus nor the Rime Projection-----48
　　　　4.3.2 Hi-lu Pre-nuclear Glides are in the Onset as Secondary Articulations-----49
　　　4.4 Moraic Hai-lu Syllable Structures-----51
　　　　4.4.1 Heavy Syllables and Light Syllables in Hai-lu-----51
　　　　4.4.2 The Advantages of the Present Anaylsis-----53
　　　4.5 Optimality Theoretic Characterization-----55
　　　4.6 Conclusion-----61
　　5.Syllable Contraction-----63
　　　5.1 Introduction-----63
　　　5.2 Contracted Syllable in Hai-lu-----64
　　　5.3 The Problems-----66
　　　　5.3.1 Edge-in Principles-----66
　　　　5.3.2 Chung`s Analysis-----69
　　　　　5.3.2.1 The Structure of a Rising Diphthong-----69
　　　　　5.3.2.2 Syllabicity of Contracted Forms-----71
　　　5.4 The OT Analysis-----72
　　　　5.4.1 Segmental Changes with B-C Identity and I-C Identity-----73
　　　　5.4.2 Tonal Changes and I-C Correspondence-----79
　　　　5.4.3 Morphological Blocking Effect in Hai-lu Syllable Contraction-----82
　　　5.5 Conclusion-----88
　　6.Conclusion-----89
　　References-----93		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2010000127en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海陸客語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優選理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 變調zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 介音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音節連併zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hai-lu Hakkaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Optimality Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) tone sandhien_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) pre-nuclear glidesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) syllable contractionen_US
dc.title (題名) 從優選理論之觀點分析海陸客語中的變調、介音及音節連併zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An Optimality Theory Approach to Tone Sandhi, Pre-nuclear Gliding, and Syllable Contraction in Hai-lu Hakkaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Archangeli, Diana, and D. Terence Langendoen, eds. 1997. Optimality Theory: An Overview. Oxford: Blackwell.
Aronoff, Mark.1985. Word Formation in Generative Grammar. 3rd ed. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Bao, Zhiming.1990. "Fanqie Languages and Reduplication." Linguistic Inquiry 21, 317-350.
---. 1996. "The Syllable in Chinese." Journal in Chinese Linguistics 24, 312- 354.
Benua,Luara. 1995. "Identity Effects in Morphological Truncation." In Papers in Optimality Theory: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18, eds. Beckman et al., 77-136. Amherst: Graduate Linguistic Students Association.
Broselow, Ellen, Su-I Chen, and Marie Huffman. 1997. "Syllable Weight: Convergence of Phonology and Phonetics." Phonology 14, 47-82.
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chen, Matthew Y. 1996. Tone Sandhi. San Diego: University of California.
Chung, Raung-fu. 1989. Aspects of Kejia Phonology. Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
---. 1996. "Ke Jia Hua De Gou Ci He Yin Yun De Guan Xi" (The Relationship Between Hakka Morphology and Phonology).In The Collectanea of the Awarded Local Language Researches, ed. Educational Research Committee of the Ministry of Education, 15-1-15-21. Taipei: The Ministry of Education.
---. 1997. "Syllable Contraction in Chinese." In Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 3, eds.Feng-fu Tsao and H. Samuel Wang. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Deng, Rong-kun. 1995. Ke Jia Ge Yau Yu Li Yu (Hakka Ballads and Slangs). Taipei: Wu-ling Press.
Duanmu, San. 1990. A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress, and Domain in Chinese Languages. Ph.D. diss., MIT.
---. 1999. "The Syllable in Chinese." In The Syllable: Views and Facts, eds. VanDerHulst, Harry, and Nancy, A.Ritter, 477-99.
---. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. New York: Oxford University Press.
---. 2001. “Phonological Features and Onset Clusters.” In Yuchau E. Hsiao ed.Proceedings of the 7th International and the 19th National Conferences on Chinese Phonology, 112-24. Taipei: National Cheng-chi University.
Feng, Hui-yue. 1991. Ke Yu Tong Yau Da Jia Nian (Hakka Nursery Rhymes for Everybody). Taipei: Wu-ling Press.
Gu, Guo-shun, Jian-de Ye, and Shi-song He, eds. 1998. Xin Zhu Xian Ke Jia Hua Ji Yin Xun Lian Jiao Cai. (The Teaching Materials of Hakka Pronunciation in Hisn-chu County.) Hsin-chu: Hsin-chu County Government.
Hayes, Bruce. 1989. "Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology." Linguistic Inquiry 20, 253-306.
Hong, Tony T. N. 1987. "Syntactic and Semantic Aspects of Chinese Tone Sandhi." Ph. D. diss. University of California at San Diego.
Hsiao, Yuchau E.. 1991. Syntax, Rhythm and Tone: A Triangular Relationship.Taipei: Crane.
---. 1999. "Cong Tai Yu Yin Jie Lian Bing Dao Yin Yun, Cou Ci Yu Ju Fa De Guan Xi: Lao Wen Ti, Xin Jiao Du (From Syllable Contraction in Southern Min to the Interaction of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax: Old Issues and New Angles.)" In Yuen-mei Yin, I-li Yang, and Hui-chen Chan eds. Chinese Languages and Linguistics V: Interactions in Language. Symposium series of the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, No.2, 251-288.
---. 2000a. "Optimal Tone Sandhi in Taiwanese." Manuscript. National Chengchi University.
---. 2000b. "Trisyllabic and Quadrasyllabic Tone Sandhi in Sixian Hakka: An Optimality Theory Perspective." In Proceedings of he 2000 NCCU Teachers’ Conference on Linguistics Research, ed. Yuchau E. Hsiao, 101-24.
Hsu, Kuei-ping. 1996. "Hakka Tone Sandhi: the Interface between Syntax and Phonology." M.A. thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Kager, René. 1999. Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaisse, Ellen M.. 1985. Connected Speech: The Interaction of Syntax and Phonology. Orlando: Academic.
Katamba, Francis. 1993. Morphology. New York: St. Martin``s Press.
Kenstowicz, Michael. 1994. Phonology in Generative Grammar. Cambridge:Blackwell.
Lin, Yen-Huei. 1990. "Prenuclear Glides in Chinese. " Journal of Chinese Linguistics 24, 312-54.
---. 1999. “On the Ranking of Faith-Root and Faith-Affix in Chinese Affixal Phonology,” In Proceedings of NACLL-11, unpaginated.
Lu, Yien Jie. 1999. Xin Zhu Hai Lu Ke Jia Hua Ci Hui Yan Jiu (The Vocabulary Study of Hailu Hakka Dialect in Hsinchu). Hshin-chu: National Hsin-chu Teachers College.
Luo, Zao-jin. 1985. Ke Yu Yu Fa (The Hakka Grammar). Taipei: Student Press.
---. 1990. Tai Wan De Ke Jia Hua (The Hakka Dialects in Taiwan). Taipei: Taiyuan Press.
Prince, Alen, and Paul Smolensky. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. To appear, MIT Press.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1986. "On Derived Domains in Sentence Phonology." Phonology Yearbook 3: 371-405.
Wan, I-Ping. 1997. "The Status of Prenuclear Glides in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence From Speech Errors." Chicago Linguistic Society 33, 417-28.
Yip, Moira. 1982. "Reduplication and C-V Skeletal in Chinese Secret language." Linguistic Inquiry 13, 637-62.		zh_TW