| dc.contributor.advisor | 洪振耀 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Gabriel Hong | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 尹承俊 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Grace Yin, Cheng Jun | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 尹承俊 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Grace Yin, Cheng Jun | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 1998 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 10-May-2016 15:46:47 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 10-May-2016 15:46:47 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 10-May-2016 15:46:47 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | A2010000596 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/95860 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 語言學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 84555002 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 本論文旨在描述臨床上一對六歲同卵雙胞胎姊妹的語言障礙。此對雙胞胎之母語為國語，語言特色在於她們彼此說話溝通似乎無太大問題，但她們與其他人溝通卻有問題：她們說的話經常無法讓人聽懂，而她們也偶爾聽不懂別人的言語。隨著年齡的增加，說話清晰度卻是與同鈴兒童的差距愈來愈大，似有發展遲緩的現象。初步診斷為聽力正常、發音器官正常、智力中等，無神經系統異常的跡象。 本研究除了對此對雙胞胎─p與H的音韻障礙作共時性(Synchronic)的描述外，亦做歷時性(diachronic)的描述，並且比較P與H之間的音韻發展。研究期間自她們五歲十一個月至六歲兩個月。音韻發展分為三階段：第一階段5；11，第二階段6；0，第三階段6；2。 研究結果顯示，在第一階段p與H有相同的音韻障礙：音節節尾鼻音省略(Syllable-final nasal deletion)、複元音弱化(diphthong reduction)、三元音弱化(triphthong reduction)、替代音[I]substitution)、與顎化(palataliztion)。P與H有相同的音韻系統。但由於障礙出現的頻率，H較P高，因此P的說話清晰度較H為高。此外，P有上聲變調的問題。在第二階段，P與H有不同的發展。P發展出音節首鼻音/n/及韻母/î/，H則大致停留在第一階段的程度，但出現上聲變調的問題。至第三階段，P發展出聲母/z/、韻母/ai/與/uai/，語音顎化幾乎消失，上聲變調規則穩定；H則發展出音節首鼻音/n/，同時，上聲變調規則亦趨於穩定。 由以上的發展記錄可以得到下列結論：一、兒童語言發展過程中，規則的習得往往是模糊不清的，一條規則不見得皆用於語境相同的字詞上，即使在同一字詞上，規則時有時無。二、本個案與國外（美國、歐洲、澳洲）研究所得之結論相符，即：同卵雙胞胎為語言發展異常的高危儉群，尤其是音韻障礙。三、P與H有明顯音節結構簡化的現象，朝CV的結構發展。四、儘管P與H為同卵雙胞胎，語言發展速度並不相同。不過發展的步驟卻十分類似。H於第二階段的程度正好是P第一階段的程度：H於第三階段的發展接近P第二階段的發展。五、在學齡前適時的介入，患者依然有語言恢復正常的可能。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | This study intends to describe the linguistic disorders of a pair of Mandarin-speaking monozygotic twin girls at the age of six. One of the main characteristics of their speech is that they can communicate with each other but they have communication problems with other members of the family and the society. It seems that when they are getting older and older, their speech intelligibility does not increase with age. The twin sisters are, thus, suspected to be developmentally delayed. The preliminary diagnosis indicates that the pair of twins, P and H, have some articulation disorders, but with normal hearing, normal articulatory organs, and normal intelligence. Also, no symptom or syndrome indicates any neurological disorder. The study is aimed to describe the phonological disorders of P and H synchronically and diachronically, with comparison between P and H at each developmental stage. The phonological development is composed of three stages: Stage I when they are 5;11, Stage II when 6;0, and Stage III when 6;2. The results indicate that P and H share the same types of disorders at Stage I: 1) syllable-final nasal deletion, 2) diphthong reduction, 3) triphthong reduction, 4) [I] substitution, and 5) palatalization. And, they share the same phonological system. Because of the higher frequency of these processes in H than in P, the speech intelligibility is better in P than in H. In addition, P`s third tone sandhi rule is problematic. At Stage II, their development is different. While P has developed the syllable initial / n / and the final /î/, H hardly makes progress. Besides, H`s third tone sandhi rule becomes problematic. At Stage III P has developed the initial /z/, the finals / ai / and / uai /, and the palatalization process almost disappears. H has developed the syllable initial /n/. The third tone sandhi rule becomes stable both in P and H. Five conclusions can be drawn from the case study. First, in the process of child language acquisition, the rules a child learns are largely opaque rules. Second, the results of the case study are compatible with previous research in America, Europe and Australia on twins` language development: twins are a high risk group vulnerable for developmental dysphasia, especially for phonological disorders. This case study offers a piece of evidence for previous observation on twin children speaking other languages. Third, the speech tendency of P and H is to simplify the syllable structure towards the "CVCV" form, leaving the so-called "open syllable". Fourth, although P and H are a pair of monozygotic twins, who are usually supposed to have many physical as well as psychological characteristics in common, their language development is different. However, it is interesting to note that H`s level at Stage II is almost the same as P`s level at Stage I, and H`s level at Stage III is the same as P`s level at Stage II. Finally, the study shows that if appropriate intervention and therapy is carried out during the preschool years, there is still a possibility for them for coming back to the normal state. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | Acknowledgments(致謝詞)-----v Table of Contents-----viii List of Tables-----xiii List of Figures-----xv Chinese Abstract-----xvii English Abstract-----xix Chapter One: Introduction-----1 1.1. Introduction-----1 1.2. First Language Acquisition-----7 1.2.1. Theories of First Language Acquisition-----7 1.2.1.1. Behaviorism-----7 1.2.1.2. The Inateness Hypothesis-----8 1.2.1.3. The Cognition Hypothesis-----9 1.2.1.4. Socialization Theory-----10 1.2.2. Twin-Singleton Differences in Language Acquisition-----10 1.2.2.1. The Role of Biological Factors-----10 1.2.2.2. The Role of Environmental Influences-----10 1.3. Purpose of the Present Study-----13 Chapter Two: Twin Studies in Linguistic Science-----16 2.1. Introduction-----16 2.2. The Classical Twin Study-----16 2.3. Comparison of Twin-Singleton Differences-----21 2.4. Case Studies-----30 Chapter Three: Romantic Science and Single Case Study-----33 3.1. Value of a Case Study-----33 3.1.1. Classical vs. Romantic Science-----34 3.1.2. Theoretical vs. Clinical Linguistics-----34 3.2. The Case-Study Method-----35 3.3. Background of this Case-----36 3.3.1. Personal Information-----36 3.3.2. Family Structure-----37 3.3.3. Linguistic Background-----38 3.3.4. Preschool Experiences-----38 3.3.5. Child Psychiatrist`s Diagnosis-----40 3.4. Data Collection-----41 3.5. Linguistic Indices-----42 Chapter Four: Profiles of Phonological Disorders-----43 4.1. The Purpose-----43 4.2. Profiles of Phonological Disorders-----44 4.3. Stage I-----47 4.3.1. Speech Intelligibility-----47 4.3.2. Segmental Analysis-----49 4.3.3. Distribution of Phones-----61 4.3.4. Analysis of Phonological Processes-----67 4.3.4.1. Syllable-Final Nasal Deletion-----68 4.3.4.2. Diphthong Reduction-----71 4.3.4.3. Triphthong Reduction-----72 4.3.4.4. [I] Substitution-----74 4.3.4.5. Palatalization-----77 4.3.4.6. Vowel Harmony-----79 4.3.5. Frequency of Phonological Processes-----80 4.3.6. Syllable Structure-----85 4.3.7. Phonological System of P and H-----86 4.3.8. The Third Tone Sandhi-----91 4.3.9. Summary-----91 4.4. Stage II-----93 4.4.1. Speech Intelligibility-----93 4.4.2. Segmental Analysis-----95 4.4.3. Distribution of Phones-----95 4.4.4. Analysis of Phonological Processes-----99 4.4.4.1. Change in Diphthong Reduction Process-----100 4.4.4.2. Change in Triphthong Reduction Process-----101 4.4.4.3. Consonant Harmony-----101 4.4.4.4. Neologism-----101 4.4.5. Frequency of Phonological Processes-----102 4.4.6. The Third Tone Sandhi-----106 4.4.7. The Comparison-----106 4.4.8. Summary-----107 4.5. Stage III-----108 4.5.1. Speech Intelligibility-----108 4.5.2. Segmental Analysis-----110 4.5.3. Distribution of Phones-----110 4.5.4. Frequency of Phonological Processes-----113 4.5.5. The Comparison-----115 4.5.6. Summary-----118 4.6. Other Linguistic Disorders-----119 4.6.1. Syntactic Uniqueness-----120 4.6.2. Lexical Uniqueness-----121 4.6.3. Summary-----121 Chapter Five: Concluding Remarks and Discussions-----122 5.1. Concluding Remarks-----122 5.2. Discussions-----125 Appendix A. 注音符號與國際音標(IPA)對照表-----138 Appendix B. Lexicon Sheet of Phonological Disorders-----139 References-----168 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Studies on the relative effect of nature and nurture on twins` language development-----21 Table 2. Studies of twin-singleton comparison in language development-----27 Table 3. Sex, age, birthweight, and IQ score of P and H-----36 Table 4. Three developmental stages of phonology in P & H and their corresponding ages-----46 Table 5. Speech intelligibility of P and H at Stage 1-----48 Table 6. Typology of P`s deviations of speech sounds-----51 Table 7. Typology ofH`s deviations of speech sounds-----52 Table 8. Percentage of occurrence of sounds omission, substitution, and vowel harmony for P & Hat Stage I-----60 Table 9. Phonetic inventory of Mandarin initials for P & Hat Stage I-----62 Table 10. Phonetic inventory of Mandarin finals for P & H at Stage I-----65 Table 11. Numbers of phonetic inventory for P, H & normals-----67 Table 12. Number of actual occurrence for P & H at Stage I-----82 Table 13. Frequency of process for P & Hat Stage I-----83 Table 14. Frequency of process for P & Hat Stage I-----84 Table 15. Classification of Mandarin initials in terms of place and manner of articulation-----88 Table 16. Mandarin finals for P & H-----88 Table 17. Speech intelligibility of P & H at Stage I & Stage II-----94 Table 18. Percentage of occurrence of sound omission, substitution, vowel harmony, consonant harmony & neologism in P & H at Stage I & Stage II-----95 Table 19. Mandarin initials for P & Hat Stage II-----96 Table 20. Phonetic inventory of Mandarin finals for P & Hat Stage II-----97 Table 21. Comparison of phonetic inventory between P & H at-----99 Table 22. Number of occurrence for P&H at Stage II-----103 Table 23. Percentage of process for P &H at Stage II-----104 Table 24. Comparison of percentage of process occurrence between P & H at Stage I & Stage II-----105 Table 25. A summary of phonological change at Stage II-----108 Table 26. Speech intelligibility of P&H at the three stages-----109 Table 27. Percentage of occurrence of sound omission, substitution, vowel harmony, consonant harmony & neologism for P & Hat the three stages-----110 Table 28. Phonetic inventory of Mandarin initials for P&H at Stage III-----111 Table 29. Mandarin finals for P&H at Stage III-----112 Table 30. Frequency of process at Stage III-----113 Table 31. Comparison of frequency of process for P&H at the three stages-----114 Table 32. A summary of phonological change at Stage III-----119 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Sequence of events of child language acquisition-----8 Figure 2. The onset of speech and the subsequent development among identical twins and fraternal twins-----18 Figure 3. Main categories in linguistic pathology-----43 Figure 4. Spectrography of "吃" of a female adult-----54 Figure 5. Spectrography of "吃" of P-----55 Figure 6. Spectrography of "吃" of H-----56 Figure 7. Spectrography of "生日" of a female adult-----57 Figure 8. Spectrography of "生日" of P-----58 Figure 9. Spectrography of "生日" of H-----59 Figure 10. Comparison of percentage of process operation between P & H at Stage I-----84 Figure 11. Mandarin syllable structure-----85 Figure 12. Normative consonant development of Mandarin-----90 Figure 13. Comparison of speech intelligibility between P & H-----94 Figure 14. Comparison of percentage of process between P & H at Stage I & Stage II-----105 Figure 15. Comparison of speech intelligibility between P & Hat the three stages-----109 Figure 16. Process A. Syllable-final nasal deletion-----117 Figure 17. Process B. Diphthong reduction-----117 Figure 18. Process C. Triphthong reduction-----117 Figure 19. Process D. [I] substitution-----118 Figure 20. Process E. Palatalization-----119 | zh_TW |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2010000596 | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 同卵雙胞胎語言發展遲緩之個案研究 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | Developmental Dysphasia of Mandarin-Speaking Monozygotic Twins: A Case Study | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en_US |
