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題名 雙重見證 : 論說書者中的創傷與原諒
Witnessing witnesses : on trauma and forgiveness in The Storyteller
作者 林亭妤
Lin, Ting Yu
貢獻者 邱彥彬
Chiou, Yen Bin
林亭妤
Lin, Ting Yu
關鍵詞 見證
創傷
大屠殺
原諒
Witness
Trauma
Holocaust
Forgiveness
日期 2017
上傳時間 1-Mar-2017 16:59:35 (UTC+8)
摘要 茱迪．皮考特 (Jodi Picoult) 小說 « The Storyteller»中的女主角(Sage Singer)身為第三代納粹大屠殺生還者經歷的複雜見證過程豐富了當代大屠殺小說系列關於生存者見證與創傷經驗的描述，其中把錯殺當作對見證的回應更是值得深思，本文因而將其經驗置放於見證與創傷的理論框架，並且針對女主角對於原諒加害者一事的糾結展開一系列對於原諒的叩問。創傷記憶的傳承讓第三代也成為間接的大屠殺見證者，錯殺間接強化了這個論點，而Sage Singer錯殺的這起事件為存在於復仇和原諒這個永久的對立關係開闢了新的道路，因為錯殺，Singer 第一次考慮原諒的可能性，也開始仔細重新思量整個錯殺事件的意義。從原本單純的旁觀傾聽者、第二見證人到變成整個見證過程的要角，這樣的轉變證明了見證過程的感染性是不容忽視的，事實上，聽者不是單純的被動者，聽者在說者講述的過程扮演如同心理治療師的地位，藉由傾聽來幫助說者走出自己內心找不到出口的創傷深淵，然而，聽者在陪伴說者重返創傷場域的同時，聽者也深陷了，以 Singer的例子來說，復仇是對這見證經驗的反饋，因此，探討聽者該如何適當地反饋也是本文試圖想討論的重點。
本文大略可分為三部分: 第一部分主要在於爬梳整理見證理論並探討見證的意義以及創傷本質的探討，這部份還是會回到大屠殺事件本身的創傷論述，第二部分著重文本分析見證的感染力如何導致錯殺事件的發生，因為錯殺事件意外地開啟了主角願意探討寬恕的向度，因此第三部分則是討論原諒的本質與意義。
Jodi Picoult’s novel The Storyteller has enriched the discourse of witnessing and that of trauma in the contemporary Holocaust novels because of Sage Singer’s peculiar experience as a third generation survivor, a listener, and a secondary witness. What makes Singer’s experience of witnessing special is that she eventually takes revenge of her family’s misfortune by killing a Nazi officer—the act of revenge turns out to be a miskilling. The event of killing the wrong man is particularly the climax because it manifests the over-response of the contagious power of witnessing.
I draw on theory of trauma and that of witnessing to examine how the process of witnessing influences a listener’s mind. I observe that there is a contagious power of witnessing/listening that has been understated and underestimated. I argue that the miskilling is exactly against this background of lacking awareness of the significance of the contagious power of witnessing. Critics in the past seldom focused on the traumatization of the listeners in the process of witnessing and listening but on the testifiers. In the thesis, I would like to emphasize on the listeners who play important roles in the whole process of witnessing. In fact, for a testifier, a second witness or a listener in the process of testimony is in a position comparable to that of the therapist in terms of the therapeutic value in a process of witnessing. The second witness exists to help the testifier understand the experience, just like the way a therapist does.
The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part of the thesis aims at building theoretical grounds of the theory of witnessing and that of trauma to further
analyze Singer’s case in the novel. The second part of the thesis examines how the contagious power of witnessing gives rise to the event of killing the wrong man. Because killing the wrong man opens up the dimension of forgiveness, the third part of the thesis will be discussing the possibility and meaning of forgiveness.
參考文獻 Agamben, Giorgio. Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive. Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen. New York: Zone Books, 2002. Print.
Amery, Jean. At the Mind’s Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities. Trans. Sidney Rosenfeld and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1980. Print.
Bal, Mieke, Jonathan V. Crewe, and Leo Spitzer, eds. Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present. Hanover: UP of New England, 1999. Print.
Bauer, Yehuda. “A Past that Will not Go Away.” The Holocaust and History: the Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2002. Print.
Bernard-Donals, Michael, and Richard Glejzer. Between Witness and Testimony: The Holocaust and the Limits of Representation. New York: Sate U of New York P, 2012. Print.
Caruth, Cathy, ed. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.
---. “An Introduction to ‘Trauma, Memory, and Testimony.’” Reading On 1.1 (2006): 1-3. Print.
---. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996. Print.
Erikson, Kai. “Notes on Trauma and Community.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.
Evans, Dylan. An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. New York:
Routledge, 1996. Print.
Felman, Shoshana, and Dori Laub. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. London: Taylor & Francis, 1992. Print.
Friedlander, Saul. “Trauma, Memory, and Transference.” Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory. Ed. Geoffery H. Hartman. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994. 252-63. Print.
Galatzer-Levy, Robert M. “Psychoanalysis, Memory, and Trauma.” Trauma and Memory: Clinical and Legal Controversies. Ed. Paul S. Appelbaum, et al. New York: Oxford UP, 1997.138-157. Print.
Givoni, Michal. “Witnessing/Testimony.” Mafte’akh. Lexical Review of Political Thought (2011): 147-174. Print.
Grunebaum, Heidi. “Talking to Ourselves ‘among the Innocent Dead’: On Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Mourning.” PMLA 117.2 (2002): 306-310. Print.
Hannah, Arendt. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking, 1963. Print.
Hartman, Geoffrey. “Shoah and Intellectual Witness.” Reading on 1.1 (2006): 1-8. Print.
Herman, Judith Lewis. Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic books, 1992. Print.
Huang, Han-yu. “‘Forgiven But Not Forgotten’ or the Zero Degree of Life Itself?
Some Philosophical Reflections on the Archive, Witness and Politics of
Memory” The Wenshan Review of Literature and Culture 6.2(2013): 53-92. Print.
Jäckel, Eberhard. “The Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go.” The Holocaust and History: the Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2002. Print.
Kluger, Ruth. “Forgiving and Remembering.” PMLA 117.2 (2002):311-313. Print.
Kristeva, Julia. Interviewed by Alison Rice. Forgiveness: an Interview. PMLA 117.2 (2002): 278-95. Print.
---. Hatred and Forgiveness. Trans. Jeanine Herman. New York: Columbia UP, 2010. Print.
LaCapra, Dominick. Representing the Holocaust: History, Theory, Trauma. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996. Print.
---. History and Memory after Auschwitz. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1998. Print.
---. History and Its Limits: Human, Animal, Violence. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2009. Print.
---. Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2000. Print.
Langer, Lawrence. Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991. Print.
Laplanche, J., and J.-B. Pontalis. The Language of Psychoanalysis. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. New York: W.W. Norton,1973 . Print.
Laub, Dori and Shoshana Felman, Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. New York: Routledge, 1992. Print.
---. “Truth and Testimony: The Process and the Struggle.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.
Levi, Primo. The Drowned and the Saved. Trans. Raymond Rosenthal. New York: Vintage, 1989. Print.
Levinas, Emmanuel. Otherwise than Being and Beyond Essence. Trans. Alphonso Lingis. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981. Print.
Levine, Michael G. The Belated Witness: Literature, Testimony, and the Question of Holocaust Survival. Standford: Stanford UP, 2006. Print.
McCullough, Michael E., Giacomo Bono, and Lindsey M. Root. “Religion and forgiveness.” Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (2005): 394-411. Print.
Minkkinen, Panu. “Ressentiment as Suffering: On Transitional Justice and the Impossibility of Forgiveness.” Law and Literature 19.3 (2007):513-532. Print.
Oliver, Kelly. Witnessing: Beyond Recognition. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2001.
Picoult, Jodi. The Storyteller. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013. Print.
Ricoeur, Paul. Memory, History, Forgetting. Trans. Kathleen Blamey and David Pellauer Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Pint.
Roots, Maria. “Women of Color and Traumatic Stress in ‘Domestic Captivity’: Gender aand Race as Disempowering Statuses.” Ethnocultural Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Ed. Anthony J. Marsella, et al. Washington, DC; American Psychological Association, 1996. 363-388. Print.
Rowland-Klein, D., & Dunlop, R. (1998). “The Transmission of Trauma across Generations: Identification with Parental Trauma in Children of Holocaust Survivors.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32(3), 358-369.
Santner, Eric. Stranded Objects: Mourning, Memory, and Film in Postwar Germany. New York: Cornell UP. 1990. Print.
Schreiber Weitz, Sonia. Understanding Psychological Trauma (video). By David G. Doepel and Mark Braverman. CVA Media, 1990.Videotaped interview.
Shoshan, Tamar. “Mourning and Longing from Generation to Generation”. American Journal of Psychotherapy 43.2 (1989):193-207. Print.
Wiesenthal, Simon. The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness. New York: Schocken Books, 1997. 144. Print.
Wiesel, Elie. Interview by Krista Tippett. “Evil, Forgiveness, and Prayer — Elie Wiesel.” On Being with Krista Tippett. Web. 25 Oct.2016.
Wieviorka, Annette. The Era of the Witness. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2006. Print.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
102551006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102551006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 邱彥彬zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chiou, Yen Binen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林亭妤zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Ting Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林亭妤zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Ting Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2017 16:59:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2017 16:59:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2017 16:59:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102551006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/106799-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102551006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 茱迪．皮考特 (Jodi Picoult) 小說 « The Storyteller»中的女主角(Sage Singer)身為第三代納粹大屠殺生還者經歷的複雜見證過程豐富了當代大屠殺小說系列關於生存者見證與創傷經驗的描述，其中把錯殺當作對見證的回應更是值得深思，本文因而將其經驗置放於見證與創傷的理論框架，並且針對女主角對於原諒加害者一事的糾結展開一系列對於原諒的叩問。創傷記憶的傳承讓第三代也成為間接的大屠殺見證者，錯殺間接強化了這個論點，而Sage Singer錯殺的這起事件為存在於復仇和原諒這個永久的對立關係開闢了新的道路，因為錯殺，Singer 第一次考慮原諒的可能性，也開始仔細重新思量整個錯殺事件的意義。從原本單純的旁觀傾聽者、第二見證人到變成整個見證過程的要角，這樣的轉變證明了見證過程的感染性是不容忽視的，事實上，聽者不是單純的被動者，聽者在說者講述的過程扮演如同心理治療師的地位，藉由傾聽來幫助說者走出自己內心找不到出口的創傷深淵，然而，聽者在陪伴說者重返創傷場域的同時，聽者也深陷了，以 Singer的例子來說，復仇是對這見證經驗的反饋，因此，探討聽者該如何適當地反饋也是本文試圖想討論的重點。
本文大略可分為三部分: 第一部分主要在於爬梳整理見證理論並探討見證的意義以及創傷本質的探討，這部份還是會回到大屠殺事件本身的創傷論述，第二部分著重文本分析見證的感染力如何導致錯殺事件的發生，因為錯殺事件意外地開啟了主角願意探討寬恕的向度，因此第三部分則是討論原諒的本質與意義。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Jodi Picoult’s novel The Storyteller has enriched the discourse of witnessing and that of trauma in the contemporary Holocaust novels because of Sage Singer’s peculiar experience as a third generation survivor, a listener, and a secondary witness. What makes Singer’s experience of witnessing special is that she eventually takes revenge of her family’s misfortune by killing a Nazi officer—the act of revenge turns out to be a miskilling. The event of killing the wrong man is particularly the climax because it manifests the over-response of the contagious power of witnessing.
I draw on theory of trauma and that of witnessing to examine how the process of witnessing influences a listener’s mind. I observe that there is a contagious power of witnessing/listening that has been understated and underestimated. I argue that the miskilling is exactly against this background of lacking awareness of the significance of the contagious power of witnessing. Critics in the past seldom focused on the traumatization of the listeners in the process of witnessing and listening but on the testifiers. In the thesis, I would like to emphasize on the listeners who play important roles in the whole process of witnessing. In fact, for a testifier, a second witness or a listener in the process of testimony is in a position comparable to that of the therapist in terms of the therapeutic value in a process of witnessing. The second witness exists to help the testifier understand the experience, just like the way a therapist does.
The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part of the thesis aims at building theoretical grounds of the theory of witnessing and that of trauma to further
analyze Singer’s case in the novel. The second part of the thesis examines how the contagious power of witnessing gives rise to the event of killing the wrong man. Because killing the wrong man opens up the dimension of forgiveness, the third part of the thesis will be discussing the possibility and meaning of forgiveness.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vii
Chinese Abstract viiiii
English Abstract x
Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Research Questions 1
1.2 Literature Review 8
1.3 Methodology 10
1.4 Chapter Organization 11
Chapter One- What Does It Mean by Witnessing? 15
Chapter Two- Killing the Wrong Man: The Contagious Power of
Listening/Witnessing 37
2.1 The Hearing: Hearing is a Burden 37
2.2 The Effect of the Listening—The Unexpected Response 43
2.3 The Effect of Listening/Witnessing: the Expected Killing and Unexpected Response 46
Chapter Three- Reaching a Closure and Possible Forgiveness 51
3.1 Forgiveness in The Storyteller 51
3.2 Revenge-oriented Aspect of Forgiveness in Religion 57
3.3 Forgiveness as Suspension of Judgment 61
3.4 Reaching a Closure 64
Conclusion 67
Works Cited 73		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1172910 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102551006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 見證zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 創傷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 大屠殺zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 原諒zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Witnessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Traumaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Holocausten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Forgivenessen_US
dc.title (題名) 雙重見證 : 論說書者中的創傷與原諒zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Witnessing witnesses : on trauma and forgiveness in The Storytelleren_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agamben, Giorgio. Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive. Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen. New York: Zone Books, 2002. Print.
Amery, Jean. At the Mind’s Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities. Trans. Sidney Rosenfeld and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1980. Print.
Bal, Mieke, Jonathan V. Crewe, and Leo Spitzer, eds. Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present. Hanover: UP of New England, 1999. Print.
Bauer, Yehuda. “A Past that Will not Go Away.” The Holocaust and History: the Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2002. Print.
Bernard-Donals, Michael, and Richard Glejzer. Between Witness and Testimony: The Holocaust and the Limits of Representation. New York: Sate U of New York P, 2012. Print.
Caruth, Cathy, ed. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.
---. “An Introduction to ‘Trauma, Memory, and Testimony.’” Reading On 1.1 (2006): 1-3. Print.
---. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996. Print.
Erikson, Kai. “Notes on Trauma and Community.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.
Evans, Dylan. An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. New York:
Routledge, 1996. Print.
Felman, Shoshana, and Dori Laub. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. London: Taylor & Francis, 1992. Print.
Friedlander, Saul. “Trauma, Memory, and Transference.” Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory. Ed. Geoffery H. Hartman. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994. 252-63. Print.
Galatzer-Levy, Robert M. “Psychoanalysis, Memory, and Trauma.” Trauma and Memory: Clinical and Legal Controversies. Ed. Paul S. Appelbaum, et al. New York: Oxford UP, 1997.138-157. Print.
Givoni, Michal. “Witnessing/Testimony.” Mafte’akh. Lexical Review of Political Thought (2011): 147-174. Print.
Grunebaum, Heidi. “Talking to Ourselves ‘among the Innocent Dead’: On Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Mourning.” PMLA 117.2 (2002): 306-310. Print.
Hannah, Arendt. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking, 1963. Print.
Hartman, Geoffrey. “Shoah and Intellectual Witness.” Reading on 1.1 (2006): 1-8. Print.
Herman, Judith Lewis. Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic books, 1992. Print.
Huang, Han-yu. “‘Forgiven But Not Forgotten’ or the Zero Degree of Life Itself?
Some Philosophical Reflections on the Archive, Witness and Politics of
Memory” The Wenshan Review of Literature and Culture 6.2(2013): 53-92. Print.
Jäckel, Eberhard. “The Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go.” The Holocaust and History: the Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2002. Print.
Kluger, Ruth. “Forgiving and Remembering.” PMLA 117.2 (2002):311-313. Print.
Kristeva, Julia. Interviewed by Alison Rice. Forgiveness: an Interview. PMLA 117.2 (2002): 278-95. Print.
---. Hatred and Forgiveness. Trans. Jeanine Herman. New York: Columbia UP, 2010. Print.
LaCapra, Dominick. Representing the Holocaust: History, Theory, Trauma. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996. Print.
---. History and Memory after Auschwitz. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1998. Print.
---. History and Its Limits: Human, Animal, Violence. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2009. Print.
---. Writing History, Writing Trauma. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2000. Print.
Langer, Lawrence. Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991. Print.
Laplanche, J., and J.-B. Pontalis. The Language of Psychoanalysis. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. New York: W.W. Norton,1973 . Print.
Laub, Dori and Shoshana Felman, Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. New York: Routledge, 1992. Print.
---. “Truth and Testimony: The Process and the Struggle.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.
Levi, Primo. The Drowned and the Saved. Trans. Raymond Rosenthal. New York: Vintage, 1989. Print.
Levinas, Emmanuel. Otherwise than Being and Beyond Essence. Trans. Alphonso Lingis. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981. Print.
Levine, Michael G. The Belated Witness: Literature, Testimony, and the Question of Holocaust Survival. Standford: Stanford UP, 2006. Print.
McCullough, Michael E., Giacomo Bono, and Lindsey M. Root. “Religion and forgiveness.” Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (2005): 394-411. Print.
Minkkinen, Panu. “Ressentiment as Suffering: On Transitional Justice and the Impossibility of Forgiveness.” Law and Literature 19.3 (2007):513-532. Print.
Oliver, Kelly. Witnessing: Beyond Recognition. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2001.
Picoult, Jodi. The Storyteller. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013. Print.
Ricoeur, Paul. Memory, History, Forgetting. Trans. Kathleen Blamey and David Pellauer Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Pint.
Roots, Maria. “Women of Color and Traumatic Stress in ‘Domestic Captivity’: Gender aand Race as Disempowering Statuses.” Ethnocultural Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Ed. Anthony J. Marsella, et al. Washington, DC; American Psychological Association, 1996. 363-388. Print.
Rowland-Klein, D., & Dunlop, R. (1998). “The Transmission of Trauma across Generations: Identification with Parental Trauma in Children of Holocaust Survivors.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32(3), 358-369.
Santner, Eric. Stranded Objects: Mourning, Memory, and Film in Postwar Germany. New York: Cornell UP. 1990. Print.
Schreiber Weitz, Sonia. Understanding Psychological Trauma (video). By David G. Doepel and Mark Braverman. CVA Media, 1990.Videotaped interview.
Shoshan, Tamar. “Mourning and Longing from Generation to Generation”. American Journal of Psychotherapy 43.2 (1989):193-207. Print.
Wiesenthal, Simon. The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness. New York: Schocken Books, 1997. 144. Print.
Wiesel, Elie. Interview by Krista Tippett. “Evil, Forgiveness, and Prayer — Elie Wiesel.” On Being with Krista Tippett. Web. 25 Oct.2016.
Wieviorka, Annette. The Era of the Witness. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2006. Print.		zh_TW