1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Social Science
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 韓日慰安婦協議：尚未解決的問題
The ROK-Japan comfort women agreement: an unresolved issue
作者 劉柔拿
Liu, Yuna Esther
貢獻者 李明
Lee, Ming
劉柔拿
Liu, Yuna Esther
關鍵詞 日本
韓國
慰安婦
協議
慰安婦協議
Japan
South Korea
Comfort women
Agreement
Comfort women agreement
日期 2017
上傳時間 11-Jul-2017 12:13:57 (UTC+8)
摘要 2015 年年底，⽇本與韓國政府迅速發表有關慰安婦議題的協議。雖然此協
議在國際上獲得讚揚，然⽽卻引起韓國⼈民、慰安婦及⽀持者們的嚴厲批判。
這「最終定案」的協議被視為對犧牲者的背叛，於是幾百位韓國抗議⼈民，包
括慰安婦，⾛上街頭並譴責協議。簡⾔之，慰安婦議題橫亙韓⽇兩國之間且相
當棘⼿。過去幾⼗年，韓國⼈民對於⽇本的道歉感到不滿。因此本論⽂將探究
韓國⼈對於⽇本道歉持續不滿的原因。本研究會依循2015 年協議無效，並進⼀
步揭露協議真正的⽬的。本論⽂以質量分析研討諸多學術性期刊、報告等資
料。
At the end of year 2015, Japanese and South Korean governments
announced a quick agreement over the long-standing issue of “comfort
women.” While the agreement won international praises, it raised sharp
criticisms from the South Korean citizens, the former comfort women and
their supporters. This “final and irreversible” deal was seen as a betrayal
of the victims, leading hundreds of South Korean protesters including
former comfort women out on the street to denounce the deal. The comfort
women issue remained a stubbornly unsolvable issue between the two
countries. For the past decades, South Korean people were never satisfied
with Japan’s past apologies. This thesis aims to study the reasons behind
South Korean people’s constant dissatisfaction towards Japan’s
allegations; to trace the ineffectiveness 2015 agreement; and to reveal the
true purpose behind the agreement. This thesis is based on qualitative
analysis of various scholarly books, journals and reports relevant to the
topic at hand.
參考文獻 References
Government Documents
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2014. Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi
Murayama on the Occasion of the Establishment of the “Asian Women’s
Fund” MOFA. Retrieved from http://www.mofa.go.jp/pol
icy/women/fund/state9507.html
The Nuremberg Trial and the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (1945-1948). n.d. United States
of America Department of State: Office of the Historian. Retrieved from
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nuremberg
Non-Governmental Documents
About TWRF. n.d. Taipei Women’s Rescue Foundation. Retrieved from
https://www.twrf.org.tw/eng/p1-about.php
Asian Women’s Fund. n.d. The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women’s Fund.
Asian Women’s Fund. Retrieved from http://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/0170.pdf
Askin, K.D. 2008. Rape as a Weapon of War: Accountability for Sexual Violence in
Conflict. Open Society Foundations. 1-14. Retrieved from
https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/rape_20080516.pdf
Bower, E. Z., Hiebert, M., Nguyen, P., & Poling, G.B. 2015. Southeast Asia’s
Geopolitical Centrality and the U.S.- Japan alliance. Center for Strategic &
International Studies. Retrieved from https://spfusa.org/wp-content/uploads/
2015/02/150609_Bower_SoutheastAsiaCentrality_Web.pdf
Chanlett-Avery, E. 2017. Pivotal Issues in Korea-Japan-U.S. Relations: Perspectives
from Emerging Leaders. The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation.
Retrieved from http://mansfieldfdn.org/mfdn2011/wp-content/up
loads/2017/01/Emerging-Leaders_vfinal.pdf
Dokdo Research Institute. 2008. The Truth: Dokdo is Korean Territory. Dokdo
Research Institute. Retrieved from www.dokdohistory.com
Etsuro, T. 2008. Postwar Responsibilities of Japan: “Comfort Women”, Military
Sexual Slavery-Non-Fulfillment of Obligations for Apology, Compensation,
and Punishment and the Criticism of the Treaty Defense by Japan.
Japan Fellowship of Reconciliation (JFOR). Retrieved from
http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session2/JP/JFOR_JPN_UPR_S2_2008_JapanFellowshipofReconciliation
_uprsubmission.pdf
Feminist Network for Decolonization (FeND). 2016. A Fact Sheet on Japanese
Military “Comfort Women”. FeND. Retrieved from
http://fendnow.org/pdf/cw_factsheet.pdf
Friedhoff, K. 2017. Pivotal Issues in Korea-Japan-U.S. Relations: Perspectives from
Emerging Leaders. The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation. Retrieved
from http://mansfieldfdn.org/mfdn2011/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Emerg
ing-Leaders_vfinal.pdf
Fisher, B. A. 2007. Yasukuni Shrine: Typhoon’s Eye of Japan’s Spiritual/ Political
Storm Rejecting Wartime Victim Redress. Columbia University.
Retrieved from http://people.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0704.pdf
Hashimoto, A. 1999. Japanese and German Projects of Moral Recovery: Toward a
New Understanding of War Memories in Defeated Nations. Edwin O.
Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. Retrieved from
http://rijs.fas.harvard.edu/pdfs/hashimoto.pdf
Hideaki, K. 2014. Comfort Women in Korea. Society for the Dissemination of
Historical Fact. Retrieved from http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/98_S4.pdf
Hiromichi, M. 2012. The Truth About the “Comfort Women”. WAC Magazine.
Retrieved from http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/84_S4.pdf
Japan and Republic of Korea. Tokyo, 1966. United Nations Treaty, vol. 583, No.
8473, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Vol
ume%20583/volume-583-I-8473-English.pdf
Koyama, T. 2013. Japan: The Japanese Military Sexual Slavery (“Comfort Women”)
Issue (50). Seoul: The Korean council for the Women Drafted for Military
Sexual Slavery by Japan.
McDevitt, M.A., & Lea, C. K. 2013. Japan’s Territorial Disputes.
CNA Maritime Asia Project. Retrieved from
https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/dcp-2013-u-005049-final.pdf
Stokes, H. S. 2014. Comfort Women in Korea. Society for the Dissemination of
Historical Fact. Retrieved from http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/98_S4.pdf
Sutter, R. G., Brown., M. E., Adamson, T.J.A., Mochizuki, M.M., & Ollapally, D. 2013.
Balancing Acts: The U.S. Rebalance and Asia-Pacific Stability. The George
Washington University. Retrieved from https://www2.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/BalancingActs_Compiled1.pdf
The Genron NPO and East Asia Institute. 2015. The 3rd Japan-South Korea Joint
Public Opinion Poll. Tokyo, Japan: The Genron NPO and East Asia Institute.
Retrieved from http://www.genron-npo.net/pdf/forum_1505_en.pdf
UNCHR, Report on the Mission to the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea, the Republic of Korea and Japan on the issue of Military Sexual Slavery
in Wartime, 1996/53, UNECOSOC, 52nd Sess, UN Doc E/CN.4 (1996) 53.
Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM). 2016. Japan’s Military Sexual
Slavery: NGO Alternative Information to the Government Reply to the List of
Issues (63). Geneva: Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace.
Wong, T. C. 2009. South Korea-China Mutual Perceptions: The Good, The Bad, and
The Ugly. SAIS U.S.-Korea Yearbook 2009. Retrieved from
http://uskoreainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/2009_Year
book_Wong.pdf
Books
Barkan, E. 2000. The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical
Injustices. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Cai, K. G. 2008. The Political Economy of East Asia: Regional and National
Dimensions. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chang, P. Y. 2006. Carrying the Torch in the Darkest Hours. In Buswell. R. E. Jr.,
and T. S. Lee (Ed.), Christianity in Korea (195-220). Honolulu, HI: University
of Hawaii Press
Chong, J. H. 2007. Between Ally and Partner: Korea-China Relations and the United
States. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Dolgopol, U., & Paranjape, S. 1994. Comfort Women: An Unfinished Ordeal.
Geneva: Switzerland: International Commission of Jurists.
Edwards, W. 2013. Comfort Women: A History of Japanese Forced Prostitution
During the Second World War. Absolute Crime.
Engert, S. 2016. Japan- China and the Two Korea: The Apologia Syndrome. In C.
Daase, S. Engert, M. Horelt, J. Renner and R. Strassner (Ed.), Apology and
Reconciliation in International Relations: The Importance of Being Sorry.
New York, NY: Routledge.
Glosserman, B., & Snyder, S. A. 2015. The Japan- South Korea Identity Clash: East
Asian Security and the United States. New York, NY: Columbia University
Press.
Hayashi, H. 2015. The Japanese Military “Comfort Women” Issue and the San
Francisco System. In K. Hara (Ed.), The San Francisco System and Its
Legacies: Continuation, Transformation, and Historical Reconciliation in the
Asia-Pacific. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hein, L., & Selden, M. 2000. The Lessons of War, Global Power, and Social Change.
In L. Hein and M. Selden (Ed.), Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory
in Japan, Germany, and the United States. Armonk, NY: An East Gate Book.
Heo, U., & Roehrig, T. 2014. South Korea’s Rise: Economic Development, Power
and Foreign Relations. UK, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hubbard, T. 2015. State of the Rebalance. In G. Rozman (Ed.), Asia’s Alliance
Triangle: U.S-Japan-South Korea Relations at a Tumultuous Time. New
York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hwang, K. M. 2016. Rationalizing Korea: The Rise of the Modern State, 1894-1945.
Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Kaufman, Z.D. 2016. United States Law and Policy on Transitional Justice:
Principles, Politics, and Pragmatics. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.
Kim, P. K. 2011. Park Chung Hee Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kimura, M. 2016. Unfolding the ‘Comfort Women’ Debates: Modernity, Violence,
Women’s Voices. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matake, K. 2000. Japanese Foreign Policy Toward Northeast Asia. In I. Takashi and
P. Jain (Ed.), Japanese Foreign Policy Today- A Reader (226-250). New
York, NY: Palgrave Publishers Ltd.
Naoko, K. 2016. The Comfort Women: Historical, Political, Legal, and Moral
Perspectives. Tokyo, Japan: International House of Japan.
Norma, C. 2016. The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China
and Pacific Wars. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Nozaki, Y. 2001. Feminism, Nationalism, and the Japanese Textbook Controversy
over “Comfort Women” In K.M. Blee and F.W. Twine (Ed.), Feminism and
Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice (170-192). New York, NY:
New York University Press.
Oh, B.B.C., & Stetz, M. 2001. The Japanese Imperial System and the Korean
“Comfort Women” of World War II. In B.B.C. Oh and M.D. Stetz (Ed.),
Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II (3-25). New York, NY:
Routledge. 153 Congressional Record., 4579-6130 (2007) Washington: United
States Government Printing Office.
Park, A. 1996. Racial Conflict and Healing: An Asian-American Theological
Perspective. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Park, C. H. 2015. Korea-Japan Relations under Deep Stress. In G. Rozman (Ed.),
Asia’s Alliance Triangle:US-Japan-South Korea Relations at a Tumultuous
Time (pp. 87-104). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Park, K. Who Controls the Korean Policy Making?: Digital Broadcasting Policy.
Morrisville, NC: LuLu Press.
Park, S. W. 1999. Colonial Industrialization and Labor in Korea: The Onoda Cement
Factory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Qiu, P., Su, Z., & Chen, L. 2014. Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from
Imperial Japan’s Sex Slaves. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Seth, M. J. 2016. A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present.
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Shao, M. 2007. Taiwan in Wartime. In S. R. MacKinnon, D. Lary, and E.F. Vogel
(Ed.), China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945 (91-109). Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press.
Soh, C. S. 2007. The Korean “Comfort Women” Tragedy as Structural Violence. In
G. Shin, S. Park, and D. Yang (Ed.), Rethinking Historical Injustice and
Reconciliation in Northeast Asia (pp. 18-35). New York, NY: Routledge.
Soh, C. S. 2008. Sexual Violence in Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan.
Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Soh, C. S. 2011. The Korean “Comfort Women”: Movement for Redress. In
E. Beauchamp (Ed.), Japan’s Role in International Politics Since World War
II. New York: NY: Routledge.
Stetz, M.D. 2008. Representing “Comfort Women”: Activism Through Law and Art.
In T.D. Dickison and R. K. Schaeffer (Ed), Transformations: Feminist
Pathways to Global Change. New York, NY: Routledge.
Tadashi, K. 2008. The Cold War and Relations between Japan and Korea. In D. Hyun
(Ed.), The Historical Perceptions of Korea and Japan (pp. 279-303). Paju,Kyeonggi: Nanam Publishing House.
Tanaka, Y. 2002. Japan’s Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During
World War II and the U.S. Occupation. New York, NY: Routledge.
Totsuka, E. 2006. Could Systematic Sexual Violence against Women during War
Time Have Been Prevented? - Lessons from the Japanese Case of “Comfort
Women” In U. Dolgopol, J. Gardam (Ed.), The Challenge of Conflict:
International Law Responds (499-514). Netherlands: Martinus Nihoff
Publishers.
Tsai, H.C. 2006. Korean Forced Labor in Japan’s Wartime Empire. In P. H. Kratoska
(Ed.), Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire (95-128). Arts Link,
Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Tsukamoto, S. 2017. Beyond the Dichotomy of Prostitutes versus Sex Slaves:
Transnational Feminist Activism of Comfort Women in South Korea and
Japan. In C. Peniston-Bird, E. Vickers (Ed.), Gender and the Second World
War: The Lessons of War (185-199). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
United Nations Human Rights, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in the Context of
Transitional Justice (Geneva: United Nations Office of the High Commissioner
for Human Rights, 2014).
Yoichi, F. 2015. Something has been ‘lost’ from our Future. In F. Yoichi, and B.
Kushner (Ed.), Examining Japan’s Lost Decades (314-330). New York, NY:
Routledge.
Youn, M. S. 2008. Controversies Surrounding the Question of the Japanese Army’s
Comfort Stations and ‘Comfort Women.’ In D. Hyun (Ed.), The Historical
Perceptions of Korea and Japan (pp. 213-228). Paju, Kyeonggi: Nanam
Publishing House.
Yun, D. D. 2004. Dear Humanism. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.
Journal Articles
Akaha, T. 2008. The Nationalist Discourse in Contemporary Japan: The Role of
China and Korea in the Last Decade. Pacific Focus, vol.23, no.2: pp.156-188.
doi: 10.1111/j.1976-5118.2008.00009.x
Arakawa, M. 2013. A New Forum for Comfort Women: Fighting Japan in United States Federal Court. Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, vol.16,
no.1: pp.174-200. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/
viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=bglj
Argibay, C. M. 2003. Sexual Slavery and the Comfort Women of World War II.
Berkeley Journal of International Law, vol.21, no.2: pp.375-389. Retrieved
from http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1242&context=bjil
Beal, T., Nozaki, Y., & Yang, J. 2001. Ghosts of the Past: The Japanese History
Textbook Controversy. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, vol.3, no.2:
pp.177-188.
Card, J. 2006. A Chronicle of Korea-Japan ‘Friendship.’ The Asia Pacific Journal,
vol.4, no.1: pp.1-9. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-James-
Card/1778/article.pdf
Dolgopol, U. 1995. Women’s Voices, Women’s Pain. Human Rights Quarterly,
vol.17, no.1: pp.127-154. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/762350
Dudden, A., & Mizoguchi, K. 2007. Abe’s Violent Denial: Japan’s Prime Minister
and the ‘Comfort Women.’ The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol.5, no.3: pp.1-5.
Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-K-MIZOGUCHI—Alexis-
Dudden/2368/article.pdf
Gardner-Feldman, L. 2010. German-Polish Reconciliation in Comparative
Perspective: Lessons for Japan? The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol.8, no.16: pp.1-
19. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-Lily-Gardner-Feldman/3344/article.pdf
Hayashi, H. 2013. Review of United Nations’ Policy for War Crimes Trials. Jairo,
no.55: pp.1-28. Retrieved from http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0008/00003633
Hein, P. 2010. Patterns of War Reconciliation in Japan and Germany. A Comparison.
East Asia, no.27: pp.145-164. DOI 10.1007/s12140-010-9106-z
Hein, P. 2016. Unresolved Comfort Women Issue: How Pragmatism Precludes
Reconciliation. The Korean Journal of International Studies, vol.14, no.3:
pp.447-460. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.14731/kjis.2016.12.14.3.447
Hsu, Y. P. 1993. “Comfort Women” From Korea: Japan’s World War II Sex Slaves
and the Legitimacy of Their Claims for Reparations. Pacific Rim Law &
Policy Journal, vol.2, no.1: pp.97-129. Retrieved from
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/
1773.1/646/2PacRimLPolyJ097.pdf;sequence=1
Jang, S. H. 2012. The Korean Wave and Its Implications for the Korea-China
Relationship. Journal of International and Area Studies. vol.19, no.2: pp.97-
113.
Janowitz, M. 1946. German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities. American Journal of
Sociology, vol.52, no.2: pp.141-146. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
stable/2770938
Jonsson, G. 2015. Can the Japan-Korea Dispute on “Comfort Women” be Resolved?
Korea Observer, vol.46, no.3: pp.489-515. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286626428
Koo, M.G. 2011. Partisanship and South Korea’s Trade Policy: New Soul Searching
Between Neo-Developmentalism and Neo-Liberalism. 社會科學研究 : 東京
大学社会科学研究所紀要, vol.63, no.34: pp.39-53.
Lai, G. 2002. Comfort Women in Japan and Korea. Dalhousie Journal of Legal
Studies, no.11: pp.32-64. Retrieved from https://ojs.library.dal.ca/djls/arti
cle/view/5626
Lee, S. 2002. The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan and the Territorial
Disputes in East Asia. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, vol.11, no.1: pp.63-
146. Retrieved from http://pds25.egloos.com/pds/201208/
12/82/11PacRimLPolyJ063.pdf
Lee, S. J. 2011. The Korean Wave: The Seoul of Asia. The Elon Journal of
Undergraduate Research in Communications vol.2, no.1: pp.85-93.
Lee, S. R. 2014. Comforting the Comfort Women: Who can Make Japan Pay?
University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, vol.24, no.1:
pp.509-547. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1256&context=jil
Lee, N. Y. 2014. The Korean Women’s Movement of Japanese Military “Comfort
Women”: Navigating between Nationalism and Feminism. The Review of
Korean Studies, vol.17, no.1: pp.71-92. Retrieved from
http://www.aks.ac.kr:8080/common/download.do?file_no=52651.
Lin, S. G. 2016. Herstory: A Case for Using Japan’s Restitution Agreement with
Korea as a Model for Easing the Discomfort of Other Comfort Women. N.C.J.
Int’l L, no.42: pp.1-25. Retrieved from http://ncilj.org/wpcontent/
uploads/2017/01/Lin.pdf
Lind, J. 2009. The Perils of Apology: What Japan Shouldn’t Learn from Germany.
Foreign Affairs, vol.88, no.3: pp.132-146. Retrieved from http://sites.dart
mouth.edu/jlind/files/2013/09/Lind_Perils-Copy.pdf
Lupig, D. 2009. Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual and Gender Based Crimes
before the International Criminal Court. Journal of Gender, Social Policy &
the Law, vol.17, no.2: pp.431-496.
Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1030&context=jgspl
Min, P. G. 2003. Korean “Comfort Women”: The Intersection of Colonial Power,
Gender, and Class. Gender and Society, vol.17, no.6: pp.938-957. Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594678
Nozaki, Y., & Selden, M. 2009. Japanese Textbook Controversies, Nationalism, and
Historical Memory: Intra- and International Conflicts. The Asia-Pacific
Journal, vol.7, no.24: pp.1-33. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-Yoshiko-
Nozaki--Mark-Selden/3173/article.pdf
Orreill, K. 2008. Who are the Ianfu (Comfort Women)? New Voices, no.2: pp.128-
152. Retrieved from http://newvoices.org.au/volume-2/who-are-the-ianfucomfort-
women/
Park, S. 2002. Broken Silence: Redressing the Mass Rape and Sexual Enslavement of
Asian Women by the Japanese Government in an Appropriate Forum. Asian-
Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol.3, no.1: pp.23-55. Retrieved from
http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_03.1_park.pdf
Pollmann, M. E. 2016a. The Politics of Visiting the Yasukuni Shrine: Explaining
Japanese Politicians’ Behaviors. Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs, vol.2,
no.2: pp.123-152. Retrieved from https://asianstudies.georgetown.edu/sites/
asianstudies/files/files/upload/gjaa._2.2_pollmann.pdf
Pollmann, M. E. 2015a. The Politicization of the Liancourt Rocks Dispute and its
Effect on the Japan-South Korea Relationship. Pacific Forum CSIS,
vol.15, no.10: pp.1-21.
Postel-Vinay, K. 2017. The Global Rightist Turn, Nationalism and Japan. The Asia
Pacific Journal, vol.15, no.1: pp.1-18. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-
Karoline-Postel-Vinay/5035/article.pdf
Ryu, Y. 2007. The Yasukuni Controversy: Divergent Perspectives from the Japanese
Political Elite. Asian Survey, vol.47, no.5: pp.705-726. Retrieved from
https://theholeinfaraswall-2.nethouse.ru/static/
doc/0000/0000/0232/232493.dmow4o1qua.pdf
Sakamoto, R. 2001. The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s
Military Sexual Slavery: A Legal and Feminist Approach to the ‘Comfort
Women’ Issue. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, vol.3, no.1: pp.49-58.
Retrieved from http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJASJune01/
Comfortwomen.pdf
Saunders, P.C. 2014. China’s Rising Power, the U.S. Rebalance to Asia, and
Implications for U.S.-China Relations. Issues & Studies, vol.50, no.3: pp.19-
55. Retrieved from http://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/82/Documents/chinas-risingpower.
pdf
Schott, J. J. 2015. An Assessment of the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement. Peterson
Institute for International Economics vol.15, no.24: pp.1-15.
Sellars, K. 2011. Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo. The European Journal
of International Law, vol.21, no.4: pp.1085-1102. Retrieved from
http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/21/4/2106.pdf
Selden, M. 2011. Small Islets, Enduring Conflict: Dokdo, Korea-Japan Colonial
Legacy and the United States. The Asia Pacific Studies, vol.9, no.17: pp.1-20.
Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/2011/9/17/Mark-Selden/3520/article.html
Sellers, P. V. 2011. Wartime Female Slavery: Enslavement? Cornell International
Law Journal, no.44. Retrieved from http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/re
search/ILJ/upload/Sellers-final-version.pdf
Sneider, D. C., Sohn, Y., & Soeya, Y. 2016. U.S.-ROK-Japan Trilateralism: Building
Bridges and Strengthening Cooperation. The National Bureau of Asian
Research, no.59. Seattle, Washington: The National Bureau of Asian
Research.
Takashi, U. 2015. Labeled the Reporter who “Fabricated” the Comfort Woman Issue:
A Rebuttal 反論慰安婦問題「捏造記者」と呼ばれて. The Asia-Pacific
Journal. vol.13, no.2. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/2015/13/1/Tomomi-
Yamaguchi/4249.html
Tongsuthi, J. L. 1994. Comfort Women of World War II. UCLA Women’s Law
Journal, vol.4, no.2: pp.413-419.
Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/80f938hm
U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations, 2007.
Protecting the Human Rights of Comfort Women. Human Trafficking: Data
and Documents, no.27. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/
viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=humtraffdata
Yamashita, Y. 2009. Nationalism and Gender in the Comfort Women Issue. Kyoto
Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, vol.3, no.1: pp.208-219. Retrieved from
http://www.asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kias/
1st_period/contents/pdf/kb3_1/14yamashita.pdf
Yan, F. 2013. Nationalist Movements in Korea and Taiwan Under Japanese
Colonialism: Homogeneity and Diversity. Stanford Journal of East Asian
Affairs, vol.13, no.1: pp.100-107. Retrieved from https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/
access/content/user/92187/public/Nationalist%20Movement_Fei%20Yan.pdf
Yee, A. 2011. Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis of
the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Journal of Current Chinese
Affairs, vol.40, no.2: pp.165-193. Retrieved from https://journals.sub.uni-ham
burg.de/giga/jcca/article/download/421/419
Yoon, B. S. L. 2010. Imperial Japan’s Comfort Women from Korea: History &
Politics of Silence-Breaking. The Journal of Northeast Asian History, vol.7,
no.1: pp.5-39. Retrieved from
http://contents.nahf.or.kr/chinese/item/downloadItemFile.process?
fileName=jn_011_0010.pdf&levelId=jn_011e_0010
Yoon, T.R. 2011. Historical Animosity is What States Make of It: The Role of
Morality and Realism in Korea-Japan Relations. The Korean Journal of
International Studies, vol.9, no.1: pp.1-37.
Retrieved from http://kaisnet.or.kr/resource/down/9_1_01.pdf
Zhang, W. 2006. From Nuremberg to Tokyo: Some Reflections on the Tokyo Trial
(On the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Nuremberg Trials). Cardozo Law Review,
vol.27, no.4: pp.1673-1682. Retrieved from http://cardozolawre
view.com/Joomla1.5/content/27-4/ZHANG.WEBSITE.pdf
Dissertations (Thesis)
Koh, J. 2007. Comfort Women: Human Rights of Women from Then to Present.
(Master dissertation). Retrieved from LLM Thesis and Essays. (Paper 79).
Nakayama, 2013. Japanese Activists who Support Redress for “Comfort Women”:
Why and How Do They Address the “Comfort Women” Issue? (Master
dissertation). Retrieved from https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/
handle/1993/22101/nakayama_hayato.pdf?sequence=3
Park, E. 2011. The Trials of a Comfort Women. (Master dissertation). Retrieved from
http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/113
Renner, L. 2006. The Growing Relationship Between South Korea and China:
Consequences for North Korea. (Master dissertation).
Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a445560.pdf
Sedgwick, J. B. 2012. The Trial Within: Negotiating Justice at the International
Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1946-1948. (Master dissertation).
Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/
collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0072876
Sikka, N. 2009. The Official Marginalization of Comfort Women.
(Master dissertation). Retrieved from
http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/15225/The%20Official
%20Marginalization%20of%20Comfort%20Women.pdf
Online Sources
Bader, J.A., & Dollar. D. 2015. Why the TPP is the Linchpin of the Asia Rebalance.
Brookings. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-fromchaos/
2015/07/28/why-the-tpp-is-the-linchpin-of-the-asia-rebalance/
Carpenter, T. G. 2015. The Island Dispute No One is Talking About. The National\\
Interest. Retrieved from http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-island-disputeno-
one-talking-about-12297
Choe S. H. 2015. Japan and South Korea Agree WWII ‘Comfort Women’ Deal. BBC.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35188135
Choe, S. H. 2016. ‘Comfort Woman’ Statue Reinstated Near Japan Consulate in
South Korea. The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/30/world/asia/south-korea-comfort-women-wwii-japan.html?_r=0
Choe, S. H., & Motoko, R. 2017. Japan Recalls Ambassador to South Korea to Protest
‘Comfort Woman’ Statue. The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/world/asia/japan-south-korea-ambassa
dor-comfort-woman-statue.html?_r=0
Comfort Women Statue in Busan, South Korea. 2017. Foreign Press Center Japan.
Retrieved from http://fpcj.jp/en/j_views-en/recent_editorials-en/p=51094/
Cortazzi, H. 2014. Does Right-Wing Extremism Threaten Japan’s Democracy? The
Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/
opinion/2014/10/31/commentary/japan-commentary/does-right-wingextremism-
threaten-japans-democracy/#.WTVa5VKB1E5
Desai, A. N. 2015. Japan, South Korea Settle ‘Comfort Women’ Issue with ‘Heartfelt
Apology’ and 1 Billion Yen Compensation. Inquisitr. Retrieved from http://
www.inquisitr.com/2663097/japan-south-korea-settle-comfort-women-issuewith-
heartfelt- apology-and-1-billion-yen-compensation/
Eddy, M. 2012. For 60th Year, Germany Honors Duty to Pay Holocaust Victims.
The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/world/europe/for-60th-yeargermany-
honors-duty-to-pay-holocaust-victims.html
Fackler, M. 2014. Conservative Group Urges Changes at Japanese War Shrine. The
New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/world/asia/japan-yasukuni-shrineizokukai.
html_r=0&mtrref=undefined&gwh=01F2B85B34FD956D2EEDB8D
8E8E4C1D2&gwt=pay
Fifield, A. 2015a. Japanese Historians Contest Textbook’s Description of ‘Comfort
Women’ The Washington Post. Retrieved from
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/japanese-historians-contest-text
books-description-of-comfort-women/2015/03/17/6e5422e3-09a3-4d96-a520-
8a5767ab93e4_story.html?utm_term=.e0b1360db2b0
Fifield, A. 2015b. North Korea Threatens Action in South Korea over
Anti-Pyongyang Broadcasts. The Washington Post.
Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/north-andsouth-
korea-exchange-artillery-fire-across-tense-border/2015/08/20/f26b6fa5-
d5e1-45dd-8831-ce7b128e651c_story.html?utm_term=.87144c3103ca
Gattig, N. 2015. Forget Germany- Japan must deal with WWII its own way. The
Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/
2015/09/09/voices/forget-germany-japan-must-deal-wwiiway/#.
WVOfX1KB1E4
Graham- Harrison, E. 2017. Island on the Frontline of a New Global Flashpoint:
China v Japan. The Guardian. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/05/china-v-japan-new-globalflashpoint-
senkaku-islands-ishigaki
Griffiths, J. 2017. South Korea’s New President Questions Japan ‘Comfort Women’
Deal. CNN. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/11/asia/south-ko
rea-japan-comfort-women/
Growth rate of Japanese Tourists Visiting S. Korea Rebounds in 2016. 2017. Yonhap
News. Retrieved from http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2017/
02/13/0301000000AEN20170213010100315.html
Hallyu. 2017. Korea.net. Retrieved from http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Cultureand-
the-Arts/Hallyu
Halpin, D. 2016. Opening of Taipei Comfort Women Museum Reunites Korean
Victim with Former Taiwan President. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from
http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_editorial/775242.html
Hanna, J., Hume, T., & Griffiths., J. 2015. North Korea Claims it has H-Bomb as
U.N. Discusses Human Rights Abuses. CNN. Retrieved from
http://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/10/asia/north-korea-thermonuclear-claim/
Han, S., & Griffiths J. 2017. Why this Statue of a Young Girl Caused a Diplomatic
Incident. CNN. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/05/asia/southkorea-
comfort-women-statue/
Hatoyama Mourns Korean Independence Activists in Seoul. 2015. The Japan Times.
Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/12/national/history/hatoyamamourns-
korean-independence-activists-in-seoul/#.WSwLaFKB1E5
Hwang, J. 2014. The ROK’s China Policy Under Park Geun Hye:
A New Model of ROK-PRC Relations. The Brookings. Retrieved from
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-roks-china-policy-under-park-geunhye-
a-new-model-of-rok-prc-relations/
Hyun, P. 2015. In Washington, Views on East Asia Tilting in Japan’s Favor. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_
edition/e_editorial/689409.html
Johnson J., & Osumi, M. 2015. Fifty Japanese Scholars Attack McGraw-Hill, U.S.
Academics on ‘Comfort Women’ Issue. The Japan Times. Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/11/national/history/fifty-japanesescholars-
attack-mcgraw-hill-u-s-academics-oncomfort-
women-issue/#.WSxFsFKB1E5
Kim, B. K. 2017. Despite Official Document of ‘Japanese Military’s Forced
Recruitment of Comfort Women,’ Japan’s Denial “No Direct Evidence”
YonHap News. Retrieved from http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/
2017/04/19/0200000000AKR20170419096800073.HTML?input=1195m
Kim, H. J. 2017. Definitions of ‘Comfort Women’ Reveal Japan-S. Korea Divide. AP
News. Retrieved from http://bigstory.ap.org/arti
cle/5c8d6ca2a9004f379d4c8a24146e6f44
Kim, J. C. 2016. Park’s Claims Defending Comfort Women Settlement Fail to
Convince. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from
http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/726390.html
Kim, K. 2015. Cold, Hunger, Discrimination: Remembering the Korean Laborers
Conscripted by Japan. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from
http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/722801.html
Kim, M. 2016. The U.S. the Big Winner in ‘Comfort Women’ Agreement.
EastAsiaForum. Retrieved from
http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/01/07/the-us-is-the-big-winner-incomfort-
women-agreement/
Kim, S. 2015. 50 Years After Korea-Japan pact, Some Issues Won’t go away. Korea
JoongAng Daily.
Retrieved from http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId=3005725
KMT rule over Taiwan 100 Times Worse than Japan’s: DPP’s Hsieh. 2007.
China Post. Retrieved from http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/
detail.asp?id=132412&grp=`B`
Kwon, Y. 2014. Korea and China’s Clashing Histories. The Diplomat.
Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2014/07/
korea-and-chinas-clashing-histories/
Liu, Charles 2015. Chinese Tourists Are Loving South Korea. The NanFang.Retrieved from https://thenanfang.com/chinese-touristsspent-
us-24-billion-south-korea-last-year/
Mathews, J. T. 2017. Washington Already Knows How to Deal with North Korea.
The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/ar
chive/2017/04/washington-north-korea-nuclear-trump-kim-jong-un-icbmchina-
xi-jinping/523815/
Many Praise Germany, Scorn Japan 70 Years After WWII. 2015. The Japan Times.
Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/13/national/his
tory/70-years-wwii-neighbor- states-hold-germany-high-heap-scorn-axis-allyjapan/#.
WSwivlKB1E4
Minegishi, H. 2015. Park Seeks to Resolve Thorny Issue with soft Touch.
Nikkei: Asian Review. Retrieved from http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-
Economy/International-Relations/Park-seeksto-
resolve-thorny-issue-with-soft-touch
Mitter, R. 2017. Can Japan Lay its ‘Comfort Women’ Ghosts to Rest? South China
Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/weekasia/
society/article/2062027/can-japan-lay-its-comfort-women-ghosts-rest
Mody, S. 2017. China Lashes out as South Korea puts an American Anti-Missile
System in Place. CNBC. Retrieved from
http://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/17/thaad-anti-missile-system-makeschina-
lash-out-at-south-korea.html
Morris-Suzuki, T. 2014. Japan and the Art of Un-Apologising. East Asia Forum.
Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/07/16/japan-and-the-artof-
un-apologising/
Noh, K. J. 2015. South Korea’s Betrayal of the “Comfort Women” Counter Punch.
Retrieved from http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/12/31/south-koreasbetrayal-
of-the-comfort-women/
Nuclear Threat Initiative. 2017. North Korea. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved
from http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/
Panda, A. 2014. Survey: South Koreans Prefer Kim Jong-Un to Shinzo Abe.
The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/survey-southkoreans-
prefer-kim-jong-un-to-shinzo-abe/
Panda, A. 2017a. South Koreans Continue to Distrust Japan. How will the Upcoming Presidential Election Change That? The Diplomat. Retrieved from
http://thediplomat.com/2017/04/south-koreans-continue-to-distrust-japanhow-
will-the-upcoming-presidential-electionchange-
that/
Panda, A. 2017b. The ‘Final and Irreversible’ 2015 Japan-South Korea Comfort
Women Deal Unravels. The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplo
mat.com/2017/01/the-final-and-irreversible-2015-japan-south-korea-comfortwomen-
deal-unravels/
Park, C. H. 2009. The Future of the Korea-Japan Strategic Relationship: A Case for
Cautious Optimism. Korea Economic Institute of America. Retrieved from
http://www.keia.org/publication/future-korea-japan-strategic-relationshipcase-
cautious-optimism
Park, S.H. 2017. Comfort Women Agreement Needs to be Disclosed …Japan’s
Apology is the Key to Resolve Issue. Yonhap News. Retrieved from
http://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=00
1&aid=0009267138
Pollack, J.D. 2016. Changes and Prospects for the Structure of Regional Stability in
East Asia: A U.S. Perspective. Brookings. Retrieved from
https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/changes-and-prospects-for-thestructure-
of-regional-stability-in-east-asia-a-u-s-perspective/
Pollmann, M. 2015b. Why Japan’s Textbook Controversy is Getting Worse.
The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/why-japanstextbook-
controversy-is-getting-worse/
Pollmann, M. 2016b. Will Taiwan’s ‘Comfort Women’ Get an Apology from Japan?
The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/will-taiwanscomfort-
women-get-an-apology-from-japan/
Real Meter. 2007. Japan’s Abe, Lower Public Rating than Koizumi. Real Meter.
Retrieved from http://www.realmeter.net/2007/03/日아베-고이즈미보다-더-
비호감/
Real Meter. 2015. Japanese Military Sexual Slavery Agreement, Good 43.2% vs Bad
50.7%. Real Meter. Retrieved from
http://www.realmeter.net/2015/12/일본군-위안부-합의-잘했다-43-2-vs-
잘못했다-50-7/
Real Meter. 2016. South Korea-Japan Agreement, must be Denunciated. Real Meter.
Retrieved from http://www.realmeter.net/2016/12/한일-위안부-합의-
파기해야-한다-59/
Rozman, G. 2016. Chinese Views of South Korean History. The Asan Forum.
Retrieved from http://www.theasanforum.org/chinese-views-of-south-koreanhistory/
Scholars urge Abe to Renew ‘Comfort Women’ Apology. 2015. The Japan Times.
Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/09/national/his
tory/japanese-academics-urge-abe-renew-comfort-women-apol
ogy/#.WSwQXVKB1E5
Sevastopulo D., & Mundy, S. 2014. Park Under Pressure to Talk to Abe.
The Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/0e6bb598-
6a1a-11e4-8f4f-00144feabdc0
76% of People Polled in South Korea Oppose Removal of ‘Comfort Women’ Statue
in Seoul. 2016. The Japan Times. Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/03/national/76-people-polledsouth-
korea-oppose-removal-comfort-women-statue-seoul/#.WS5POFKB1E5
S. Korea’s Trade with Japan down for 3 Straight Years in 2014. 2015. Yonhap News.
Retrieved from http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/
2015/03/18/95/0502000000AEN20150318001500320F.html
Soble J., & Choe, S.H. 2015. South Korean and Japanese Leaders Feel Backlash from
‘Comfort Women’ Deal. The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/30/world/asia/south-korea-japan-comfortwomen.
html
Song, S.D. n.d. Lawsuits Brought Against Japan by Former Korean “Comfort
Women” The Columbia Law School. Retrieved from
http://www.law.columbia.edu/korean-legal-studies/sexual-slavery-duringwwi-
comfort-women-issue/legal-documents-and-lawsuits/lawsuits- broughtformer-
korean-comfort-women
South Korean Court Orders Gov’t to Disclose Documents on Sexual Slavery
Agreement with Japan. 2017. Global Times. Retrieved from
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1027482.shtml
Stanton, J. 2015. Is Kim Jong Un Preparing New Nuclear Tests? Satellite Images
Reveal Construction Work and New Tunnel at Site of North Korea’s Power
Programme. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
3344021/Is-Kim-Jong-preparing-new-nuclear-tests-Satellite-images-revealconstruction-
work-new-tunnel-site-North-Korea-s-power-programme.html
Strategic Ambiguity Highlights Divergence on Japan-S. Korea ‘Comfort Women’
Deal. 2015. Global Times. Retrieved from http://www.globaltimes.cn/
content/961286.shtml
Statues Honoring Korean, Chinese ‘Comfort Women’ Erected in Seoul. 2015. Japan
Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/10/29/na
tional/politics-diplomacy/statues-honoring-korean-chinese-comfort-womenerected-
in-seoul/#.WSvRIlKB1E5
Tabuchi, H. Japan’s Abe: No Proof of WWII Sex Slaves. 2007. Washington Post.
Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/
content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030100578.html
Tiezzi, S. North Korea Nuclear Test Reveals the Limits of China-South Korea
Cooperation. 2016. The Diplomat. Retrieved from
http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/northkorea-
nuclear-test-reveals-the-limits-of-china-south-korea-cooperation/
UN Chief Praises S Korea, Japan for Settling ‘Comfort Women’ Row. 2015. AFP.
Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-3376717/UNchief-
praises-SKorea-Japan-settling-comfort-women-row.html
UN Panel Calls on Japan and South Korea to Revise ‘Comfort Women’ Deal. 2017.
South China Morning Post. Retrieved from
http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2094212/un-panel-callsjapan-
and-south-korea-revise-comfort-women-deal
U.S. Praises Korea, Japan for Reaching Breakthrough Deal on Wartime Sexual
Slavery. 2015. The Korea Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.koreaherald.com/common_prog/newsprint.php?ud=20151229000
236&dt=2
Wi, T.W., & Chang, L.C. 2016. 1965 Korea-Japan Agreement Should be
Re-Estimated. Korea.net. Retrieved from
http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/History/view?articleId=134245
Wong, C. H. 2015. China Shows Skepticism on Japan’s ‘Comfort Women’ Apology.
The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-shows-skepticism-on-japans-comfort-women-apology-1451386918
WSJ Archive: 50th Anniversary of Normalization of Japan- South Korea Ties. The Wall
Street Journal. Retrieved from https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/
2015/06/18/wsj-archive-50th-anniversary-of-normalization-of-japan-southkorea-
ties/?mg=prod/accounts-wsj
Wu, Yu-Shan. 2012. Hallyu: An Unstoppable Influence in Asia? Waltham Economy of
Asia Review.
Retrieved from https://brandeisear.wordpress.com/2012/11/27/hallyu-an-un
stoppable-influence-in-asia/
Yao, Yao. 2015. Last Chinese ‘Comfort Woman’ who Filed Suit Against Japan Dies.
China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-
11/13/content_22452220.htm
Yoo, J. H. 2017. The ‘Irreversible’ Condition Inscribed by South Korea to Avoid
Reversing Japan’s Apology is the Fetters. JungAng Ilbo. Retrieved from http://
m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=025&aid
=0002675363
Yoshida, R., & Mie, A. 2017. Japan Recalls Envoys over New ‘Comfort Women’
Statue in Busan. The Japan Times. Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/06/national/politicsdiplomacy/
japan-pulls-envoy-south-korea-comfort-womendispute/#.
WL5RTGOkxE5
Zhu, L. 2017. Japan Condemned for Interference’ with ‘Comfort Women’ Memorial
Lawsuit. China Daily. Retrieved from
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-03/02/content_28404395.htm
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
104926016
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉柔拿zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liu, Yuna Estheren_US
dc.creator (作者) 劉柔拿zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liu, Yuna Estheren_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 11-Jul-2017 12:13:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 11-Jul-2017 12:13:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Jul-2017 12:13:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104926016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/110866-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104926016zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 2015 年年底，⽇本與韓國政府迅速發表有關慰安婦議題的協議。雖然此協
議在國際上獲得讚揚，然⽽卻引起韓國⼈民、慰安婦及⽀持者們的嚴厲批判。
這「最終定案」的協議被視為對犧牲者的背叛，於是幾百位韓國抗議⼈民，包
括慰安婦，⾛上街頭並譴責協議。簡⾔之，慰安婦議題橫亙韓⽇兩國之間且相
當棘⼿。過去幾⼗年，韓國⼈民對於⽇本的道歉感到不滿。因此本論⽂將探究
韓國⼈對於⽇本道歉持續不滿的原因。本研究會依循2015 年協議無效，並進⼀
步揭露協議真正的⽬的。本論⽂以質量分析研討諸多學術性期刊、報告等資
料。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) At the end of year 2015, Japanese and South Korean governments
announced a quick agreement over the long-standing issue of “comfort
women.” While the agreement won international praises, it raised sharp
criticisms from the South Korean citizens, the former comfort women and
their supporters. This “final and irreversible” deal was seen as a betrayal
of the victims, leading hundreds of South Korean protesters including
former comfort women out on the street to denounce the deal. The comfort
women issue remained a stubbornly unsolvable issue between the two
countries. For the past decades, South Korean people were never satisfied
with Japan’s past apologies. This thesis aims to study the reasons behind
South Korean people’s constant dissatisfaction towards Japan’s
allegations; to trace the ineffectiveness 2015 agreement; and to reveal the
true purpose behind the agreement. This thesis is based on qualitative
analysis of various scholarly books, journals and reports relevant to the
topic at hand.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Motivation 1
1.3. Purpose & Objectives 3
1.4. Research Approach 3
1.5. Methods 3
1.6. Literature Reviews 5
1.7. Scope of Research 20
1.8. Limitations 22
Chapter 2. Historical Issues in South Korea-Japan Relations 24
2.1. Wider Historical Issues between South Korea and Japan 24
2.1.1. Dokdo-Takeshima Islands 25
2.1.2. Yasukuni Shrine 29
2.1.3. History Textbook 30
2.2. The Comfort Women Issue 35
2.2.1. Origin and Development of Comfort Women System 35
2.2.2. Sexual Exploitation of the Comfort Women 37
2.2.3. Class and Racial Exploitation of the Comfort Women 39
2.3. Significance of South Korea’s Comfort Women Case 43
2.3.1. Comparison to Taiwan’s Comfort Women Case 44
2.3.2. Korea’s Colonial Experience 48
2.3.3. Expansion of Female Trafficking 50
2.3.4. Women in Korean Culture and Society 53
Chapter 3. Justice Seeking Process for S. Korean Comfort Women 55
3.1. Japanese Government’s Violations Under International Law 55
3.1.1. Slavery and Rape 55
3.1.2. Crimes against Humanity 57
3.2. International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) 58
3.2.1. Comparison to the Nuremberg Trial 59
3.2.2. Sexual Discrimination 62
3.2.3. Racial Discrimination 64
3.2.4. Comparison to the German’s Reconciliation Process 65
3.3. Comfort Women Resolution History Between S. Korea and Japan 68
3.3.1. 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations 69
3.3.2. Kono Statement of 1993 73
3.3.3. The 2015 Comfort Women Agreement 75
Chapter 4. Behind the 2015 Comfort Women Agreement 82
4.1. Perspectives of the two Governments 82
4.1.1. Past and Present Stance of Japanese Government 82
4.1.2. Past and Present Stance of South Korean Government 87
4.1.3. Purpose of the Agreement for Japanese and S. Korean Governments 91
4.2. Understanding the Agreement in Regional Context 96
4.2.1. U.S. Rebalance to Asia 97
4.2.2. Understanding the Agreement in U.S. Perspective 99
4.2.3. Understanding the Agreement in China’s Perspective 101
Chapter 5. The National Response of Japan and S. Korea 108
5.1. The Public Perspective on the Issue 108
5.1.1. Public Response of South Korea 108
5.1.2. Public Response of Japan 111
5.2. The Civic Supporters of the Comfort Women 114
5.2.1. The Comfort Women Activists in Japan 114
5.2.2. The Comfort Women Activists in South Korea 117
5.2.3. The International Comfort Women Activists 117
Chapter 6. Conclusion 118
6.1. Research Findings: Why the Issue Failed to be Resolved 121
6.2. Future Prospect and Suggestions 124
List of Illustrations
Figure 1-1 [2015 Public Opinion on the Dec 28 2015 Comfort Women Agreement] 5
Figure 2-1 [1877 Statement Regarding Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Dokdo] 26
Figure 4-1 [Batavia Trial Evidence #25 Proof of Coercion] 87
Figure 5-1 [2016 Public Opinion on the Dec 28 2015 Comfort Women Agreement] 109
Map 2-2 [The Map of Japan in San Francisco Peace Treaty] 28
Table 3-1 [The Announcement to the Media by the Foreign Ministers of ROK and Japan] 76
References 126		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1956044 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 日本zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 慰安婦zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 協議zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 慰安婦協議zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Japanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) South Koreaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Comfort womenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Agreementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Comfort women agreementen_US
dc.title (題名) 韓日慰安婦協議：尚未解決的問題zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The ROK-Japan comfort women agreement: an unresolved issueen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) References
Government Documents
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2014. Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi
Murayama on the Occasion of the Establishment of the “Asian Women’s
Fund” MOFA. Retrieved from http://www.mofa.go.jp/pol
icy/women/fund/state9507.html
The Nuremberg Trial and the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (1945-1948). n.d. United States
of America Department of State: Office of the Historian. Retrieved from
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nuremberg
Non-Governmental Documents
About TWRF. n.d. Taipei Women’s Rescue Foundation. Retrieved from
https://www.twrf.org.tw/eng/p1-about.php
Asian Women’s Fund. n.d. The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women’s Fund.
Asian Women’s Fund. Retrieved from http://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/0170.pdf
Askin, K.D. 2008. Rape as a Weapon of War: Accountability for Sexual Violence in
Conflict. Open Society Foundations. 1-14. Retrieved from
https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/rape_20080516.pdf
Bower, E. Z., Hiebert, M., Nguyen, P., & Poling, G.B. 2015. Southeast Asia’s
Geopolitical Centrality and the U.S.- Japan alliance. Center for Strategic &
International Studies. Retrieved from https://spfusa.org/wp-content/uploads/
2015/02/150609_Bower_SoutheastAsiaCentrality_Web.pdf
Chanlett-Avery, E. 2017. Pivotal Issues in Korea-Japan-U.S. Relations: Perspectives
from Emerging Leaders. The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation.
Retrieved from http://mansfieldfdn.org/mfdn2011/wp-content/up
loads/2017/01/Emerging-Leaders_vfinal.pdf
Dokdo Research Institute. 2008. The Truth: Dokdo is Korean Territory. Dokdo
Research Institute. Retrieved from www.dokdohistory.com
Etsuro, T. 2008. Postwar Responsibilities of Japan: “Comfort Women”, Military
Sexual Slavery-Non-Fulfillment of Obligations for Apology, Compensation,
and Punishment and the Criticism of the Treaty Defense by Japan.
Japan Fellowship of Reconciliation (JFOR). Retrieved from
http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session2/JP/JFOR_JPN_UPR_S2_2008_JapanFellowshipofReconciliation
_uprsubmission.pdf
Feminist Network for Decolonization (FeND). 2016. A Fact Sheet on Japanese
Military “Comfort Women”. FeND. Retrieved from
http://fendnow.org/pdf/cw_factsheet.pdf
Friedhoff, K. 2017. Pivotal Issues in Korea-Japan-U.S. Relations: Perspectives from
Emerging Leaders. The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation. Retrieved
from http://mansfieldfdn.org/mfdn2011/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Emerg
ing-Leaders_vfinal.pdf
Fisher, B. A. 2007. Yasukuni Shrine: Typhoon’s Eye of Japan’s Spiritual/ Political
Storm Rejecting Wartime Victim Redress. Columbia University.
Retrieved from http://people.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0704.pdf
Hashimoto, A. 1999. Japanese and German Projects of Moral Recovery: Toward a
New Understanding of War Memories in Defeated Nations. Edwin O.
Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. Retrieved from
http://rijs.fas.harvard.edu/pdfs/hashimoto.pdf
Hideaki, K. 2014. Comfort Women in Korea. Society for the Dissemination of
Historical Fact. Retrieved from http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/98_S4.pdf
Hiromichi, M. 2012. The Truth About the “Comfort Women”. WAC Magazine.
Retrieved from http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/84_S4.pdf
Japan and Republic of Korea. Tokyo, 1966. United Nations Treaty, vol. 583, No.
8473, available from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Vol
ume%20583/volume-583-I-8473-English.pdf
Koyama, T. 2013. Japan: The Japanese Military Sexual Slavery (“Comfort Women”)
Issue (50). Seoul: The Korean council for the Women Drafted for Military
Sexual Slavery by Japan.
McDevitt, M.A., & Lea, C. K. 2013. Japan’s Territorial Disputes.
CNA Maritime Asia Project. Retrieved from
https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/dcp-2013-u-005049-final.pdf
Stokes, H. S. 2014. Comfort Women in Korea. Society for the Dissemination of
Historical Fact. Retrieved from http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/98_S4.pdf
Sutter, R. G., Brown., M. E., Adamson, T.J.A., Mochizuki, M.M., & Ollapally, D. 2013.
Balancing Acts: The U.S. Rebalance and Asia-Pacific Stability. The George
Washington University. Retrieved from https://www2.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/BalancingActs_Compiled1.pdf
The Genron NPO and East Asia Institute. 2015. The 3rd Japan-South Korea Joint
Public Opinion Poll. Tokyo, Japan: The Genron NPO and East Asia Institute.
Retrieved from http://www.genron-npo.net/pdf/forum_1505_en.pdf
UNCHR, Report on the Mission to the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea, the Republic of Korea and Japan on the issue of Military Sexual Slavery
in Wartime, 1996/53, UNECOSOC, 52nd Sess, UN Doc E/CN.4 (1996) 53.
Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM). 2016. Japan’s Military Sexual
Slavery: NGO Alternative Information to the Government Reply to the List of
Issues (63). Geneva: Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace.
Wong, T. C. 2009. South Korea-China Mutual Perceptions: The Good, The Bad, and
The Ugly. SAIS U.S.-Korea Yearbook 2009. Retrieved from
http://uskoreainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/2009_Year
book_Wong.pdf
Books
Barkan, E. 2000. The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical
Injustices. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Cai, K. G. 2008. The Political Economy of East Asia: Regional and National
Dimensions. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chang, P. Y. 2006. Carrying the Torch in the Darkest Hours. In Buswell. R. E. Jr.,
and T. S. Lee (Ed.), Christianity in Korea (195-220). Honolulu, HI: University
of Hawaii Press
Chong, J. H. 2007. Between Ally and Partner: Korea-China Relations and the United
States. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Dolgopol, U., & Paranjape, S. 1994. Comfort Women: An Unfinished Ordeal.
Geneva: Switzerland: International Commission of Jurists.
Edwards, W. 2013. Comfort Women: A History of Japanese Forced Prostitution
During the Second World War. Absolute Crime.
Engert, S. 2016. Japan- China and the Two Korea: The Apologia Syndrome. In C.
Daase, S. Engert, M. Horelt, J. Renner and R. Strassner (Ed.), Apology and
Reconciliation in International Relations: The Importance of Being Sorry.
New York, NY: Routledge.
Glosserman, B., & Snyder, S. A. 2015. The Japan- South Korea Identity Clash: East
Asian Security and the United States. New York, NY: Columbia University
Press.
Hayashi, H. 2015. The Japanese Military “Comfort Women” Issue and the San
Francisco System. In K. Hara (Ed.), The San Francisco System and Its
Legacies: Continuation, Transformation, and Historical Reconciliation in the
Asia-Pacific. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hein, L., & Selden, M. 2000. The Lessons of War, Global Power, and Social Change.
In L. Hein and M. Selden (Ed.), Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory
in Japan, Germany, and the United States. Armonk, NY: An East Gate Book.
Heo, U., & Roehrig, T. 2014. South Korea’s Rise: Economic Development, Power
and Foreign Relations. UK, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hubbard, T. 2015. State of the Rebalance. In G. Rozman (Ed.), Asia’s Alliance
Triangle: U.S-Japan-South Korea Relations at a Tumultuous Time. New
York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hwang, K. M. 2016. Rationalizing Korea: The Rise of the Modern State, 1894-1945.
Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Kaufman, Z.D. 2016. United States Law and Policy on Transitional Justice:
Principles, Politics, and Pragmatics. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.
Kim, P. K. 2011. Park Chung Hee Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kimura, M. 2016. Unfolding the ‘Comfort Women’ Debates: Modernity, Violence,
Women’s Voices. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matake, K. 2000. Japanese Foreign Policy Toward Northeast Asia. In I. Takashi and
P. Jain (Ed.), Japanese Foreign Policy Today- A Reader (226-250). New
York, NY: Palgrave Publishers Ltd.
Naoko, K. 2016. The Comfort Women: Historical, Political, Legal, and Moral
Perspectives. Tokyo, Japan: International House of Japan.
Norma, C. 2016. The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China
and Pacific Wars. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Nozaki, Y. 2001. Feminism, Nationalism, and the Japanese Textbook Controversy
over “Comfort Women” In K.M. Blee and F.W. Twine (Ed.), Feminism and
Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice (170-192). New York, NY:
New York University Press.
Oh, B.B.C., & Stetz, M. 2001. The Japanese Imperial System and the Korean
“Comfort Women” of World War II. In B.B.C. Oh and M.D. Stetz (Ed.),
Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II (3-25). New York, NY:
Routledge. 153 Congressional Record., 4579-6130 (2007) Washington: United
States Government Printing Office.
Park, A. 1996. Racial Conflict and Healing: An Asian-American Theological
Perspective. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Park, C. H. 2015. Korea-Japan Relations under Deep Stress. In G. Rozman (Ed.),
Asia’s Alliance Triangle:US-Japan-South Korea Relations at a Tumultuous
Time (pp. 87-104). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Park, K. Who Controls the Korean Policy Making?: Digital Broadcasting Policy.
Morrisville, NC: LuLu Press.
Park, S. W. 1999. Colonial Industrialization and Labor in Korea: The Onoda Cement
Factory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Qiu, P., Su, Z., & Chen, L. 2014. Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from
Imperial Japan’s Sex Slaves. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Seth, M. J. 2016. A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present.
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Shao, M. 2007. Taiwan in Wartime. In S. R. MacKinnon, D. Lary, and E.F. Vogel
(Ed.), China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945 (91-109). Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press.
Soh, C. S. 2007. The Korean “Comfort Women” Tragedy as Structural Violence. In
G. Shin, S. Park, and D. Yang (Ed.), Rethinking Historical Injustice and
Reconciliation in Northeast Asia (pp. 18-35). New York, NY: Routledge.
Soh, C. S. 2008. Sexual Violence in Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan.
Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Soh, C. S. 2011. The Korean “Comfort Women”: Movement for Redress. In
E. Beauchamp (Ed.), Japan’s Role in International Politics Since World War
II. New York: NY: Routledge.
Stetz, M.D. 2008. Representing “Comfort Women”: Activism Through Law and Art.
In T.D. Dickison and R. K. Schaeffer (Ed), Transformations: Feminist
Pathways to Global Change. New York, NY: Routledge.
Tadashi, K. 2008. The Cold War and Relations between Japan and Korea. In D. Hyun
(Ed.), The Historical Perceptions of Korea and Japan (pp. 279-303). Paju,Kyeonggi: Nanam Publishing House.
Tanaka, Y. 2002. Japan’s Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During
World War II and the U.S. Occupation. New York, NY: Routledge.
Totsuka, E. 2006. Could Systematic Sexual Violence against Women during War
Time Have Been Prevented? - Lessons from the Japanese Case of “Comfort
Women” In U. Dolgopol, J. Gardam (Ed.), The Challenge of Conflict:
International Law Responds (499-514). Netherlands: Martinus Nihoff
Publishers.
Tsai, H.C. 2006. Korean Forced Labor in Japan’s Wartime Empire. In P. H. Kratoska
(Ed.), Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire (95-128). Arts Link,
Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Tsukamoto, S. 2017. Beyond the Dichotomy of Prostitutes versus Sex Slaves:
Transnational Feminist Activism of Comfort Women in South Korea and
Japan. In C. Peniston-Bird, E. Vickers (Ed.), Gender and the Second World
War: The Lessons of War (185-199). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
United Nations Human Rights, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in the Context of
Transitional Justice (Geneva: United Nations Office of the High Commissioner
for Human Rights, 2014).
Yoichi, F. 2015. Something has been ‘lost’ from our Future. In F. Yoichi, and B.
Kushner (Ed.), Examining Japan’s Lost Decades (314-330). New York, NY:
Routledge.
Youn, M. S. 2008. Controversies Surrounding the Question of the Japanese Army’s
Comfort Stations and ‘Comfort Women.’ In D. Hyun (Ed.), The Historical
Perceptions of Korea and Japan (pp. 213-228). Paju, Kyeonggi: Nanam
Publishing House.
Yun, D. D. 2004. Dear Humanism. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.
Journal Articles
Akaha, T. 2008. The Nationalist Discourse in Contemporary Japan: The Role of
China and Korea in the Last Decade. Pacific Focus, vol.23, no.2: pp.156-188.
doi: 10.1111/j.1976-5118.2008.00009.x
Arakawa, M. 2013. A New Forum for Comfort Women: Fighting Japan in United States Federal Court. Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, vol.16,
no.1: pp.174-200. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/
viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=bglj
Argibay, C. M. 2003. Sexual Slavery and the Comfort Women of World War II.
Berkeley Journal of International Law, vol.21, no.2: pp.375-389. Retrieved
from http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1242&context=bjil
Beal, T., Nozaki, Y., & Yang, J. 2001. Ghosts of the Past: The Japanese History
Textbook Controversy. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, vol.3, no.2:
pp.177-188.
Card, J. 2006. A Chronicle of Korea-Japan ‘Friendship.’ The Asia Pacific Journal,
vol.4, no.1: pp.1-9. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-James-
Card/1778/article.pdf
Dolgopol, U. 1995. Women’s Voices, Women’s Pain. Human Rights Quarterly,
vol.17, no.1: pp.127-154. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/762350
Dudden, A., & Mizoguchi, K. 2007. Abe’s Violent Denial: Japan’s Prime Minister
and the ‘Comfort Women.’ The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol.5, no.3: pp.1-5.
Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-K-MIZOGUCHI—Alexis-
Dudden/2368/article.pdf
Gardner-Feldman, L. 2010. German-Polish Reconciliation in Comparative
Perspective: Lessons for Japan? The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol.8, no.16: pp.1-
19. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-Lily-Gardner-Feldman/3344/article.pdf
Hayashi, H. 2013. Review of United Nations’ Policy for War Crimes Trials. Jairo,
no.55: pp.1-28. Retrieved from http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0008/00003633
Hein, P. 2010. Patterns of War Reconciliation in Japan and Germany. A Comparison.
East Asia, no.27: pp.145-164. DOI 10.1007/s12140-010-9106-z
Hein, P. 2016. Unresolved Comfort Women Issue: How Pragmatism Precludes
Reconciliation. The Korean Journal of International Studies, vol.14, no.3:
pp.447-460. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.14731/kjis.2016.12.14.3.447
Hsu, Y. P. 1993. “Comfort Women” From Korea: Japan’s World War II Sex Slaves
and the Legitimacy of Their Claims for Reparations. Pacific Rim Law &
Policy Journal, vol.2, no.1: pp.97-129. Retrieved from
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/
1773.1/646/2PacRimLPolyJ097.pdf;sequence=1
Jang, S. H. 2012. The Korean Wave and Its Implications for the Korea-China
Relationship. Journal of International and Area Studies. vol.19, no.2: pp.97-
113.
Janowitz, M. 1946. German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities. American Journal of
Sociology, vol.52, no.2: pp.141-146. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
stable/2770938
Jonsson, G. 2015. Can the Japan-Korea Dispute on “Comfort Women” be Resolved?
Korea Observer, vol.46, no.3: pp.489-515. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286626428
Koo, M.G. 2011. Partisanship and South Korea’s Trade Policy: New Soul Searching
Between Neo-Developmentalism and Neo-Liberalism. 社會科學研究 : 東京
大学社会科学研究所紀要, vol.63, no.34: pp.39-53.
Lai, G. 2002. Comfort Women in Japan and Korea. Dalhousie Journal of Legal
Studies, no.11: pp.32-64. Retrieved from https://ojs.library.dal.ca/djls/arti
cle/view/5626
Lee, S. 2002. The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan and the Territorial
Disputes in East Asia. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, vol.11, no.1: pp.63-
146. Retrieved from http://pds25.egloos.com/pds/201208/
12/82/11PacRimLPolyJ063.pdf
Lee, S. J. 2011. The Korean Wave: The Seoul of Asia. The Elon Journal of
Undergraduate Research in Communications vol.2, no.1: pp.85-93.
Lee, S. R. 2014. Comforting the Comfort Women: Who can Make Japan Pay?
University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, vol.24, no.1:
pp.509-547. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?article=1256&context=jil
Lee, N. Y. 2014. The Korean Women’s Movement of Japanese Military “Comfort
Women”: Navigating between Nationalism and Feminism. The Review of
Korean Studies, vol.17, no.1: pp.71-92. Retrieved from
http://www.aks.ac.kr:8080/common/download.do?file_no=52651.
Lin, S. G. 2016. Herstory: A Case for Using Japan’s Restitution Agreement with
Korea as a Model for Easing the Discomfort of Other Comfort Women. N.C.J.
Int’l L, no.42: pp.1-25. Retrieved from http://ncilj.org/wpcontent/
uploads/2017/01/Lin.pdf
Lind, J. 2009. The Perils of Apology: What Japan Shouldn’t Learn from Germany.
Foreign Affairs, vol.88, no.3: pp.132-146. Retrieved from http://sites.dart
mouth.edu/jlind/files/2013/09/Lind_Perils-Copy.pdf
Lupig, D. 2009. Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual and Gender Based Crimes
before the International Criminal Court. Journal of Gender, Social Policy &
the Law, vol.17, no.2: pp.431-496.
Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1030&context=jgspl
Min, P. G. 2003. Korean “Comfort Women”: The Intersection of Colonial Power,
Gender, and Class. Gender and Society, vol.17, no.6: pp.938-957. Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594678
Nozaki, Y., & Selden, M. 2009. Japanese Textbook Controversies, Nationalism, and
Historical Memory: Intra- and International Conflicts. The Asia-Pacific
Journal, vol.7, no.24: pp.1-33. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-Yoshiko-
Nozaki--Mark-Selden/3173/article.pdf
Orreill, K. 2008. Who are the Ianfu (Comfort Women)? New Voices, no.2: pp.128-
152. Retrieved from http://newvoices.org.au/volume-2/who-are-the-ianfucomfort-
women/
Park, S. 2002. Broken Silence: Redressing the Mass Rape and Sexual Enslavement of
Asian Women by the Japanese Government in an Appropriate Forum. Asian-
Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol.3, no.1: pp.23-55. Retrieved from
http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_03.1_park.pdf
Pollmann, M. E. 2016a. The Politics of Visiting the Yasukuni Shrine: Explaining
Japanese Politicians’ Behaviors. Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs, vol.2,
no.2: pp.123-152. Retrieved from https://asianstudies.georgetown.edu/sites/
asianstudies/files/files/upload/gjaa._2.2_pollmann.pdf
Pollmann, M. E. 2015a. The Politicization of the Liancourt Rocks Dispute and its
Effect on the Japan-South Korea Relationship. Pacific Forum CSIS,
vol.15, no.10: pp.1-21.
Postel-Vinay, K. 2017. The Global Rightist Turn, Nationalism and Japan. The Asia
Pacific Journal, vol.15, no.1: pp.1-18. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/-
Karoline-Postel-Vinay/5035/article.pdf
Ryu, Y. 2007. The Yasukuni Controversy: Divergent Perspectives from the Japanese
Political Elite. Asian Survey, vol.47, no.5: pp.705-726. Retrieved from
https://theholeinfaraswall-2.nethouse.ru/static/
doc/0000/0000/0232/232493.dmow4o1qua.pdf
Sakamoto, R. 2001. The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s
Military Sexual Slavery: A Legal and Feminist Approach to the ‘Comfort
Women’ Issue. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, vol.3, no.1: pp.49-58.
Retrieved from http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJASJune01/
Comfortwomen.pdf
Saunders, P.C. 2014. China’s Rising Power, the U.S. Rebalance to Asia, and
Implications for U.S.-China Relations. Issues & Studies, vol.50, no.3: pp.19-
55. Retrieved from http://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/82/Documents/chinas-risingpower.
pdf
Schott, J. J. 2015. An Assessment of the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement. Peterson
Institute for International Economics vol.15, no.24: pp.1-15.
Sellars, K. 2011. Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo. The European Journal
of International Law, vol.21, no.4: pp.1085-1102. Retrieved from
http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/21/4/2106.pdf
Selden, M. 2011. Small Islets, Enduring Conflict: Dokdo, Korea-Japan Colonial
Legacy and the United States. The Asia Pacific Studies, vol.9, no.17: pp.1-20.
Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/2011/9/17/Mark-Selden/3520/article.html
Sellers, P. V. 2011. Wartime Female Slavery: Enslavement? Cornell International
Law Journal, no.44. Retrieved from http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/re
search/ILJ/upload/Sellers-final-version.pdf
Sneider, D. C., Sohn, Y., & Soeya, Y. 2016. U.S.-ROK-Japan Trilateralism: Building
Bridges and Strengthening Cooperation. The National Bureau of Asian
Research, no.59. Seattle, Washington: The National Bureau of Asian
Research.
Takashi, U. 2015. Labeled the Reporter who “Fabricated” the Comfort Woman Issue:
A Rebuttal 反論慰安婦問題「捏造記者」と呼ばれて. The Asia-Pacific
Journal. vol.13, no.2. Retrieved from http://apjjf.org/2015/13/1/Tomomi-
Yamaguchi/4249.html
Tongsuthi, J. L. 1994. Comfort Women of World War II. UCLA Women’s Law
Journal, vol.4, no.2: pp.413-419.
Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/80f938hm
U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations, 2007.
Protecting the Human Rights of Comfort Women. Human Trafficking: Data
and Documents, no.27. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/
viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=humtraffdata
Yamashita, Y. 2009. Nationalism and Gender in the Comfort Women Issue. Kyoto
Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, vol.3, no.1: pp.208-219. Retrieved from
http://www.asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kias/
1st_period/contents/pdf/kb3_1/14yamashita.pdf
Yan, F. 2013. Nationalist Movements in Korea and Taiwan Under Japanese
Colonialism: Homogeneity and Diversity. Stanford Journal of East Asian
Affairs, vol.13, no.1: pp.100-107. Retrieved from https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/
access/content/user/92187/public/Nationalist%20Movement_Fei%20Yan.pdf
Yee, A. 2011. Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis of
the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Journal of Current Chinese
Affairs, vol.40, no.2: pp.165-193. Retrieved from https://journals.sub.uni-ham
burg.de/giga/jcca/article/download/421/419
Yoon, B. S. L. 2010. Imperial Japan’s Comfort Women from Korea: History &
Politics of Silence-Breaking. The Journal of Northeast Asian History, vol.7,
no.1: pp.5-39. Retrieved from
http://contents.nahf.or.kr/chinese/item/downloadItemFile.process?
fileName=jn_011_0010.pdf&levelId=jn_011e_0010
Yoon, T.R. 2011. Historical Animosity is What States Make of It: The Role of
Morality and Realism in Korea-Japan Relations. The Korean Journal of
International Studies, vol.9, no.1: pp.1-37.
Retrieved from http://kaisnet.or.kr/resource/down/9_1_01.pdf
Zhang, W. 2006. From Nuremberg to Tokyo: Some Reflections on the Tokyo Trial
(On the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Nuremberg Trials). Cardozo Law Review,
vol.27, no.4: pp.1673-1682. Retrieved from http://cardozolawre
view.com/Joomla1.5/content/27-4/ZHANG.WEBSITE.pdf
Dissertations (Thesis)
Koh, J. 2007. Comfort Women: Human Rights of Women from Then to Present.
(Master dissertation). Retrieved from LLM Thesis and Essays. (Paper 79).
Nakayama, 2013. Japanese Activists who Support Redress for “Comfort Women”:
Why and How Do They Address the “Comfort Women” Issue? (Master
dissertation). Retrieved from https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/
handle/1993/22101/nakayama_hayato.pdf?sequence=3
Park, E. 2011. The Trials of a Comfort Women. (Master dissertation). Retrieved from
http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/113
Renner, L. 2006. The Growing Relationship Between South Korea and China:
Consequences for North Korea. (Master dissertation).
Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a445560.pdf
Sedgwick, J. B. 2012. The Trial Within: Negotiating Justice at the International
Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1946-1948. (Master dissertation).
Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/
collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0072876
Sikka, N. 2009. The Official Marginalization of Comfort Women.
(Master dissertation). Retrieved from
http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/15225/The%20Official
%20Marginalization%20of%20Comfort%20Women.pdf
Online Sources
Bader, J.A., & Dollar. D. 2015. Why the TPP is the Linchpin of the Asia Rebalance.
Brookings. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-fromchaos/
2015/07/28/why-the-tpp-is-the-linchpin-of-the-asia-rebalance/
Carpenter, T. G. 2015. The Island Dispute No One is Talking About. The National\\
Interest. Retrieved from http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-island-disputeno-
one-talking-about-12297
Choe S. H. 2015. Japan and South Korea Agree WWII ‘Comfort Women’ Deal. BBC.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35188135
Choe, S. H. 2016. ‘Comfort Woman’ Statue Reinstated Near Japan Consulate in
South Korea. The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/30/world/asia/south-korea-comfort-women-wwii-japan.html?_r=0
Choe, S. H., & Motoko, R. 2017. Japan Recalls Ambassador to South Korea to Protest
‘Comfort Woman’ Statue. The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/world/asia/japan-south-korea-ambassa
dor-comfort-woman-statue.html?_r=0
Comfort Women Statue in Busan, South Korea. 2017. Foreign Press Center Japan.
Retrieved from http://fpcj.jp/en/j_views-en/recent_editorials-en/p=51094/
Cortazzi, H. 2014. Does Right-Wing Extremism Threaten Japan’s Democracy? The
Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/
opinion/2014/10/31/commentary/japan-commentary/does-right-wingextremism-
threaten-japans-democracy/#.WTVa5VKB1E5
Desai, A. N. 2015. Japan, South Korea Settle ‘Comfort Women’ Issue with ‘Heartfelt
Apology’ and 1 Billion Yen Compensation. Inquisitr. Retrieved from http://
www.inquisitr.com/2663097/japan-south-korea-settle-comfort-women-issuewith-
heartfelt- apology-and-1-billion-yen-compensation/
Eddy, M. 2012. For 60th Year, Germany Honors Duty to Pay Holocaust Victims.
The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/world/europe/for-60th-yeargermany-
honors-duty-to-pay-holocaust-victims.html
Fackler, M. 2014. Conservative Group Urges Changes at Japanese War Shrine. The
New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/world/asia/japan-yasukuni-shrineizokukai.
html_r=0&mtrref=undefined&gwh=01F2B85B34FD956D2EEDB8D
8E8E4C1D2&gwt=pay
Fifield, A. 2015a. Japanese Historians Contest Textbook’s Description of ‘Comfort
Women’ The Washington Post. Retrieved from
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/japanese-historians-contest-text
books-description-of-comfort-women/2015/03/17/6e5422e3-09a3-4d96-a520-
8a5767ab93e4_story.html?utm_term=.e0b1360db2b0
Fifield, A. 2015b. North Korea Threatens Action in South Korea over
Anti-Pyongyang Broadcasts. The Washington Post.
Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/north-andsouth-
korea-exchange-artillery-fire-across-tense-border/2015/08/20/f26b6fa5-
d5e1-45dd-8831-ce7b128e651c_story.html?utm_term=.87144c3103ca
Gattig, N. 2015. Forget Germany- Japan must deal with WWII its own way. The
Japan Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/
2015/09/09/voices/forget-germany-japan-must-deal-wwiiway/#.
WVOfX1KB1E4
Graham- Harrison, E. 2017. Island on the Frontline of a New Global Flashpoint:
China v Japan. The Guardian. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/05/china-v-japan-new-globalflashpoint-
senkaku-islands-ishigaki
Griffiths, J. 2017. South Korea’s New President Questions Japan ‘Comfort Women’
Deal. CNN. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/11/asia/south-ko
rea-japan-comfort-women/
Growth rate of Japanese Tourists Visiting S. Korea Rebounds in 2016. 2017. Yonhap
News. Retrieved from http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2017/
02/13/0301000000AEN20170213010100315.html
Hallyu. 2017. Korea.net. Retrieved from http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Cultureand-
the-Arts/Hallyu
Halpin, D. 2016. Opening of Taipei Comfort Women Museum Reunites Korean
Victim with Former Taiwan President. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from
http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_editorial/775242.html
Hanna, J., Hume, T., & Griffiths., J. 2015. North Korea Claims it has H-Bomb as
U.N. Discusses Human Rights Abuses. CNN. Retrieved from
http://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/10/asia/north-korea-thermonuclear-claim/
Han, S., & Griffiths J. 2017. Why this Statue of a Young Girl Caused a Diplomatic
Incident. CNN. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/05/asia/southkorea-
comfort-women-statue/
Hatoyama Mourns Korean Independence Activists in Seoul. 2015. The Japan Times.
Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/12/national/history/hatoyamamourns-
korean-independence-activists-in-seoul/#.WSwLaFKB1E5
Hwang, J. 2014. The ROK’s China Policy Under Park Geun Hye:
A New Model of ROK-PRC Relations. The Brookings. Retrieved from
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-roks-china-policy-under-park-geunhye-
a-new-model-of-rok-prc-relations/
Hyun, P. 2015. In Washington, Views on East Asia Tilting in Japan’s Favor. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_
edition/e_editorial/689409.html
Johnson J., & Osumi, M. 2015. Fifty Japanese Scholars Attack McGraw-Hill, U.S.
Academics on ‘Comfort Women’ Issue. The Japan Times. Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/11/national/history/fifty-japanesescholars-
attack-mcgraw-hill-u-s-academics-oncomfort-
women-issue/#.WSxFsFKB1E5
Kim, B. K. 2017. Despite Official Document of ‘Japanese Military’s Forced
Recruitment of Comfort Women,’ Japan’s Denial “No Direct Evidence”
YonHap News. Retrieved from http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/
2017/04/19/0200000000AKR20170419096800073.HTML?input=1195m
Kim, H. J. 2017. Definitions of ‘Comfort Women’ Reveal Japan-S. Korea Divide. AP
News. Retrieved from http://bigstory.ap.org/arti
cle/5c8d6ca2a9004f379d4c8a24146e6f44
Kim, J. C. 2016. Park’s Claims Defending Comfort Women Settlement Fail to
Convince. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from
http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/726390.html
Kim, K. 2015. Cold, Hunger, Discrimination: Remembering the Korean Laborers
Conscripted by Japan. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from
http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/722801.html
Kim, M. 2016. The U.S. the Big Winner in ‘Comfort Women’ Agreement.
EastAsiaForum. Retrieved from
http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/01/07/the-us-is-the-big-winner-incomfort-
women-agreement/
Kim, S. 2015. 50 Years After Korea-Japan pact, Some Issues Won’t go away. Korea
JoongAng Daily.
Retrieved from http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aId=3005725
KMT rule over Taiwan 100 Times Worse than Japan’s: DPP’s Hsieh. 2007.
China Post. Retrieved from http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/
detail.asp?id=132412&grp=`B`
Kwon, Y. 2014. Korea and China’s Clashing Histories. The Diplomat.
Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2014/07/
korea-and-chinas-clashing-histories/
Liu, Charles 2015. Chinese Tourists Are Loving South Korea. The NanFang.Retrieved from https://thenanfang.com/chinese-touristsspent-
us-24-billion-south-korea-last-year/
Mathews, J. T. 2017. Washington Already Knows How to Deal with North Korea.
The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/ar
chive/2017/04/washington-north-korea-nuclear-trump-kim-jong-un-icbmchina-
xi-jinping/523815/
Many Praise Germany, Scorn Japan 70 Years After WWII. 2015. The Japan Times.
Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/13/national/his
tory/70-years-wwii-neighbor- states-hold-germany-high-heap-scorn-axis-allyjapan/#.
WSwivlKB1E4
Minegishi, H. 2015. Park Seeks to Resolve Thorny Issue with soft Touch.
Nikkei: Asian Review. Retrieved from http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-
Economy/International-Relations/Park-seeksto-
resolve-thorny-issue-with-soft-touch
Mitter, R. 2017. Can Japan Lay its ‘Comfort Women’ Ghosts to Rest? South China
Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/weekasia/
society/article/2062027/can-japan-lay-its-comfort-women-ghosts-rest
Mody, S. 2017. China Lashes out as South Korea puts an American Anti-Missile
System in Place. CNBC. Retrieved from
http://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/17/thaad-anti-missile-system-makeschina-
lash-out-at-south-korea.html
Morris-Suzuki, T. 2014. Japan and the Art of Un-Apologising. East Asia Forum.
Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/07/16/japan-and-the-artof-
un-apologising/
Noh, K. J. 2015. South Korea’s Betrayal of the “Comfort Women” Counter Punch.
Retrieved from http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/12/31/south-koreasbetrayal-
of-the-comfort-women/
Nuclear Threat Initiative. 2017. North Korea. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved
from http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/
Panda, A. 2014. Survey: South Koreans Prefer Kim Jong-Un to Shinzo Abe.
The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/survey-southkoreans-
prefer-kim-jong-un-to-shinzo-abe/
Panda, A. 2017a. South Koreans Continue to Distrust Japan. How will the Upcoming Presidential Election Change That? The Diplomat. Retrieved from
http://thediplomat.com/2017/04/south-koreans-continue-to-distrust-japanhow-
will-the-upcoming-presidential-electionchange-
that/
Panda, A. 2017b. The ‘Final and Irreversible’ 2015 Japan-South Korea Comfort
Women Deal Unravels. The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplo
mat.com/2017/01/the-final-and-irreversible-2015-japan-south-korea-comfortwomen-
deal-unravels/
Park, C. H. 2009. The Future of the Korea-Japan Strategic Relationship: A Case for
Cautious Optimism. Korea Economic Institute of America. Retrieved from
http://www.keia.org/publication/future-korea-japan-strategic-relationshipcase-
cautious-optimism
Park, S.H. 2017. Comfort Women Agreement Needs to be Disclosed …Japan’s
Apology is the Key to Resolve Issue. Yonhap News. Retrieved from
http://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=00
1&aid=0009267138
Pollack, J.D. 2016. Changes and Prospects for the Structure of Regional Stability in
East Asia: A U.S. Perspective. Brookings. Retrieved from
https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/changes-and-prospects-for-thestructure-
of-regional-stability-in-east-asia-a-u-s-perspective/
Pollmann, M. 2015b. Why Japan’s Textbook Controversy is Getting Worse.
The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/why-japanstextbook-
controversy-is-getting-worse/
Pollmann, M. 2016b. Will Taiwan’s ‘Comfort Women’ Get an Apology from Japan?
The Diplomat. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/will-taiwanscomfort-
women-get-an-apology-from-japan/
Real Meter. 2007. Japan’s Abe, Lower Public Rating than Koizumi. Real Meter.
Retrieved from http://www.realmeter.net/2007/03/日아베-고이즈미보다-더-
비호감/
Real Meter. 2015. Japanese Military Sexual Slavery Agreement, Good 43.2% vs Bad
50.7%. Real Meter. Retrieved from
http://www.realmeter.net/2015/12/일본군-위안부-합의-잘했다-43-2-vs-
잘못했다-50-7/
Real Meter. 2016. South Korea-Japan Agreement, must be Denunciated. Real Meter.
Retrieved from http://www.realmeter.net/2016/12/한일-위안부-합의-
파기해야-한다-59/
Rozman, G. 2016. Chinese Views of South Korean History. The Asan Forum.
Retrieved from http://www.theasanforum.org/chinese-views-of-south-koreanhistory/
Scholars urge Abe to Renew ‘Comfort Women’ Apology. 2015. The Japan Times.
Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/09/national/his
tory/japanese-academics-urge-abe-renew-comfort-women-apol
ogy/#.WSwQXVKB1E5
Sevastopulo D., & Mundy, S. 2014. Park Under Pressure to Talk to Abe.
The Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/0e6bb598-
6a1a-11e4-8f4f-00144feabdc0
76% of People Polled in South Korea Oppose Removal of ‘Comfort Women’ Statue
in Seoul. 2016. The Japan Times. Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/03/national/76-people-polledsouth-
korea-oppose-removal-comfort-women-statue-seoul/#.WS5POFKB1E5
S. Korea’s Trade with Japan down for 3 Straight Years in 2014. 2015. Yonhap News.
Retrieved from http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/
2015/03/18/95/0502000000AEN20150318001500320F.html
Soble J., & Choe, S.H. 2015. South Korean and Japanese Leaders Feel Backlash from
‘Comfort Women’ Deal. The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/30/world/asia/south-korea-japan-comfortwomen.
html
Song, S.D. n.d. Lawsuits Brought Against Japan by Former Korean “Comfort
Women” The Columbia Law School. Retrieved from
http://www.law.columbia.edu/korean-legal-studies/sexual-slavery-duringwwi-
comfort-women-issue/legal-documents-and-lawsuits/lawsuits- broughtformer-
korean-comfort-women
South Korean Court Orders Gov’t to Disclose Documents on Sexual Slavery
Agreement with Japan. 2017. Global Times. Retrieved from
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1027482.shtml
Stanton, J. 2015. Is Kim Jong Un Preparing New Nuclear Tests? Satellite Images
Reveal Construction Work and New Tunnel at Site of North Korea’s Power
Programme. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
3344021/Is-Kim-Jong-preparing-new-nuclear-tests-Satellite-images-revealconstruction-
work-new-tunnel-site-North-Korea-s-power-programme.html
Strategic Ambiguity Highlights Divergence on Japan-S. Korea ‘Comfort Women’
Deal. 2015. Global Times. Retrieved from http://www.globaltimes.cn/
content/961286.shtml
Statues Honoring Korean, Chinese ‘Comfort Women’ Erected in Seoul. 2015. Japan
Times. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/10/29/na
tional/politics-diplomacy/statues-honoring-korean-chinese-comfort-womenerected-
in-seoul/#.WSvRIlKB1E5
Tabuchi, H. Japan’s Abe: No Proof of WWII Sex Slaves. 2007. Washington Post.
Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/
content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030100578.html
Tiezzi, S. North Korea Nuclear Test Reveals the Limits of China-South Korea
Cooperation. 2016. The Diplomat. Retrieved from
http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/northkorea-
nuclear-test-reveals-the-limits-of-china-south-korea-cooperation/
UN Chief Praises S Korea, Japan for Settling ‘Comfort Women’ Row. 2015. AFP.
Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-3376717/UNchief-
praises-SKorea-Japan-settling-comfort-women-row.html
UN Panel Calls on Japan and South Korea to Revise ‘Comfort Women’ Deal. 2017.
South China Morning Post. Retrieved from
http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2094212/un-panel-callsjapan-
and-south-korea-revise-comfort-women-deal
U.S. Praises Korea, Japan for Reaching Breakthrough Deal on Wartime Sexual
Slavery. 2015. The Korea Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.koreaherald.com/common_prog/newsprint.php?ud=20151229000
236&dt=2
Wi, T.W., & Chang, L.C. 2016. 1965 Korea-Japan Agreement Should be
Re-Estimated. Korea.net. Retrieved from
http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/History/view?articleId=134245
Wong, C. H. 2015. China Shows Skepticism on Japan’s ‘Comfort Women’ Apology.
The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-shows-skepticism-on-japans-comfort-women-apology-1451386918
WSJ Archive: 50th Anniversary of Normalization of Japan- South Korea Ties. The Wall
Street Journal. Retrieved from https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/
2015/06/18/wsj-archive-50th-anniversary-of-normalization-of-japan-southkorea-
ties/?mg=prod/accounts-wsj
Wu, Yu-Shan. 2012. Hallyu: An Unstoppable Influence in Asia? Waltham Economy of
Asia Review.
Retrieved from https://brandeisear.wordpress.com/2012/11/27/hallyu-an-un
stoppable-influence-in-asia/
Yao, Yao. 2015. Last Chinese ‘Comfort Woman’ who Filed Suit Against Japan Dies.
China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-
11/13/content_22452220.htm
Yoo, J. H. 2017. The ‘Irreversible’ Condition Inscribed by South Korea to Avoid
Reversing Japan’s Apology is the Fetters. JungAng Ilbo. Retrieved from http://
m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=025&aid
=0002675363
Yoshida, R., & Mie, A. 2017. Japan Recalls Envoys over New ‘Comfort Women’
Statue in Busan. The Japan Times. Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/06/national/politicsdiplomacy/
japan-pulls-envoy-south-korea-comfort-womendispute/#.
WL5RTGOkxE5
Zhu, L. 2017. Japan Condemned for Interference’ with ‘Comfort Women’ Memorial
Lawsuit. China Daily. Retrieved from
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-03/02/content_28404395.htm		zh_TW