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題名 臺灣客語強化程度副詞之分析：以口語語料庫為本
Degree Intensifiers in Taiwan Hakka: a study based on a Spoken Corpus
作者 胡雪瀅
Hu, Hsueh-Ying
貢獻者 賴惠玲
Lai, Huei-Ling
胡雪瀅
Hu, Hsueh-Ying
關鍵詞 強化程度副詞
等級性
有界性
語法化與詞彙化
主觀性
臺灣客語
Degree intensifiers
Gradability
Boundedness
Subjectivity
Grammaticalization and lexicalization
Taiwan Hakka
日期 2017
上傳時間 24-Jul-2017 11:55:23 (UTC+8)
摘要 日常生活中，由於表達的需要，說話者常會使用強化程度副詞，作為增強或強調其所欲言的一種手段。本論文旨在藉由觀察口語語料庫中的對話，將臺灣客語六個常見強化程度副詞「恁、當、蓋、盡、異、還」視作強化程度副詞詞群，進一步以[DI. + X] 結構討論以下面向：(一) 探討其後接修飾之成分在句法、語意層面之表現。本文發現其後接成分可分為典型成分類與非典型成分類，以形容詞一類為大宗，其後接成分會受到等級性（gradability）、有界與無界性（boundedness）等參數影響語意的解讀。(二) 探討強化程度副詞[DI. + X]結構於句法所扮演的角色。本文發現此結構多半出現在謂語之位置，除了強化語意外，同時也展現說話者之態度或對某主題之評價。(三) 探討強化程度副詞[DI. + X] 結構於口語使用中的語法化與詞彙化現象，本文認為這些現象由於溝通需要，亦會伴隨提升主觀性（subjectivity），尤其是強化程度副詞「恁」的主觀性為詞群中最高。藉由上述不同面向探討與分析臺灣客語六個強化程度副詞「恁」、「當」、「蓋」、「盡」、「異」、「還」之表現，以期能更系統性解釋強化程度副詞是如何在口語使用中展現與運作。
The aim of the present study is to examine the [DI. + X] construction manifested by the six degree intensifiers 恁an2, 當dong1, 蓋goi3 , 盡qin3 ,異i3 , and還han5 in Taiwan Hakka based on their authentic usages in a spoken corpus. Three findings can be reported as follows. First, by exploring the modified elements from the aspect of their structure and meaning, the study classifies the modified elements into canonical and non-canonical usages. X as AP takes up the majority of the occurrences of the syntactic categories. Such manifestation can be accounted for various linguistic behaviors of gradability and boundedness. Second, the [DI. + X] construction usually serves as a predicate, the prominent grammatical function, in a clause. This implies that the [DI. + X] construction is generally adopted by different speakers to not only add intensity but also make judgements or comments. Third, the [DI. + X] construction displays grammaticalization and lexicalization. Due to communication needs, these linguistic phenomena can also motivate the subjectivity. It is found that the [恁an2 + X] construction can display the highest subjectivity among the six. To sum up, this study, with its analysis of different syntactic and semantic aspects of the six degree intensifiers in Taiwan Hakka, offers useful insights into explaining the manifestation of degree intensifiers during speech.
參考文獻 Athanasiadou, Angeliki. 2007. On the subjectivity of intensifiers. Language Sciences, 29.4, 554-65.
Beltrama, Andrea. 2015. From Totally Dark to Totally Old. The Formal Semantics of Subjectification. To appear.
Beltrama, Andrea. 2016. Bridging the gap: Intensifiers between semantic and social meaning. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
Biq, Yung-O. and Huang, Chu-Ren (畢永峨、黃居仁). 2016. In Huang, Chu-Ren. and Shi, Dingxu (黃居仁、石定栩). (eds.), A Reference Grammar of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bolinger, Dwight. 1972. Degree words. Paris: Mouton.
Brinton, Laurel. J. and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2005. Lexicalization and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burnett, Heather. 2012. The puzzle (s) of absolute adjectives. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics, Papers in Semantics, 16, 1-50.
Bylinina, Lisa. 2012. Functional standards and the absolute/relative distinction. Sinn und Bedeutung (SuB), 16. 141-157.
Chang, Ching-hsiu (張清秀). 2001. Semantic Analysis on the Modal Verb HUI in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished MA thesis. National Chengchi University.
Chang, Chun (張群). 2004. Constructional Coercions in Semantic Representation. Unpublished MA thesis. National Chiao Tung University.
Chen, Yenju (陳妍儒). 2014. The Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Hěn X Constructions in Spoken Corpora. Unpublished MA thesis. National Chengchi University.
Cheng, Ying (鄭縈). 2003. A Study on the Diachronic Development of Chinese Modals from the Perspective of the Dialectal Comparison. Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literatures. 1. 107-143.
Chui, Kawai, and Lai, Huei-Ling. 2008. The NCCU corpus of spoken Chinese: Mandarin, Hakka, and Southern Min. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 6.2. 119-144.
Esther L. Brown and Mayra Cortés-Torres. 2013. Puerto Rican Intensifiers: Bien/Muy Variables. Selected Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, eds. Ana M. Carvalho and Sara Beaudrie, 11-19. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Goldshtein, Maria. 2015. A discourse-based typology of intensifiers. Tel Aviv, IS: Tel Aviv University.
Hoye, Leo. 1997. Adverbs and modality in English. London: Longman.
Huang, Han-Chun. 2012. Psych predicates and causation in Hakka: A constructional approach. Chinese Studies, 30.1. 309-340.
Ito, Rika, and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2003. Well weird, right dodgy, very strange, really cool: Layering and recycling in English intensifiers. Language in Society, 32.2. 257-279.
Kennedy, Christopher and McNally, Louise. 2005. Scale structure, degree modification, and the semantics of gradable predicates. Language, 345-81.
Kennedy, Christopher, and McNally, Louise. 1999. From event structure to scale structure: Degree modification in deverbal adjectives. Semantics and linguistic theory. 9.163-80.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2007. Vagueness and grammar: The semantics of relative and absolute gradable adjectives. Linguistics and philosophy, 30.1. 1-45.
Lai, Huei-ling (賴惠玲). 2016. Hakka stories: Narrative schemata, form-content and holistic-categorical integrated analyses and cultural filters. (MOST 105-2410-H-004-179-MY3). Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C.
Lasersohn, Peter. 1999. Pragmatic Halos. Language, 75.3. 522-551.
Li, Hui-wen (黎惠文). 2008. The Research of Hakka Degree Adverb：Lexicon and Syntax Features. Unpublished MA thesis. National Central University.
Li, Xiu-zhu (李秀珠). 2010. The study of adverb of degree “hen” in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished MA thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.
Lim, Ni-Eng, and Hong, Huaqing. 2012. Intensifiers as stance markers: A corpus study on genre variations in Mandarin Chinese. Chinese Language & Discourse, 3.2. 129-166. doi:10.1075/cld.3.2.01lim.
Lin, Jingxia, and Peck, Jeeyoung. 2016. Classification of Mandarin Chinese Simple Adjectives: A Scale-Based Analysis of Their Quantitative Denotations. Language and Linguistics, 17.6. 827-855.
Liu, Chao-Lin, Jin, Guantao, Liu, Qingfeng, Chiu, Wei-Yun, and Yu, Yih-Soong. 2011. Some chances and challenges in applying language technologies to historical studies in Chinese. International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing, 16.1-2. 27‒46.
Liu, Yuehua, Pan, Wenyu and Gu, Wei (劉月華、潘文娛、故韡). 1996. Shiyong Xiandai Hanyu Yufa實用現代漢語語法 [Practical Modern Chinese Grammar]. Taipei: Shida Shuyuan (師大書苑).
Lo, Seo-gim (羅肇錦). 2006. Origin of the Hakka Language. Language and Linguistics, 7.2. 545-568.
Löbner, Sebastian. 2012. Sub-compositionality. In Markus Werning, Wolfram
Hinzen & Edouard Machery (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality,
220–241. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matsubara, Misako. 2008. The New Usage of Japanese Regional Dialect: Emergence and Motivations, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Núñez Pertejo, Paloma, and Palacios Martínez, Ignacio M. 2014. That’s absolutely crap, totally rubbish: The use of the intensifiers absolutely and totally in the spoken language of British adults and teenagers. Functions of Language, 21.2.210-37.
Paradis, Carita. 1997. Degree modifiers of adjectives in spoken British English.
(Lund Studies in English; Vol. 92). Scania, SW: Lund University Press.
Paradis, Carita. 2001. Adjectives and boundedness. Cognitive Linguistics, 12.47-64.
Paradis, Carita. 2008. Configurations, construals and change: expressions of DEGREE. English Language and Linguistics, 12.2.317-43.
Partington, Alan. 1993. Corpus evidence of language change: The case of the intensifier. In Mona Baker, Gill Francis, and Elena Tognini-Bonelli. (eds.), Text and technology in honour of John Sinclair, 177–92. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Peng, Shiou Yuan (彭秀媛). 2006. A Study of Adverb in Taiwan Hakka. Unpublished MA thesis. National Hsiunchu University of Education.
Pustejovsky, James. 1991. The generative lexicon. Computational linguistics, 17.4. 409-441.
Qi, Qiu-lan (亓秋蘭). 2007. A comparative study of degree adverbs in Taiwan Hakka, Mandarin Chinese, and Taiwan Southern Min. Unpublished MA thesis. National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Sartvik. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.
Rotstein, Carmen and Winter, Yoad. 2004. Total adjectives vs. partial adjectives: Scale structure and higher-order modifiers. Natural language semantics, 12.3. 259-288.
Shang, Guo-wen (尚國文). 2010. The deviation and limits of subjective quantity: a semantic analysis of tai. Journal of Applied Chinese, 7. 255-287.
Stoffel, Cornelis. 1901. Intensives and down-toners; a study in English adverbs. Heidelberg, GM: Carl Winter`s universitätsbuchhandlung.
Tagliamonte, Sali. 2016. Teen Talk: The Language of Adolescents. Toronto, CA: University of Toronto.
Toledo, Assaf and Sassoon, Galit. Weidman. 2011. Absolute vs. relative adjectives-variance within vs. between individuals. Semantics and linguistic theory, 21. 135-154.
Traugott, Elizabeth. 1995. Subjectification in communication. In Stein, Dieter, and Wright, Susan. (eds). Subjectivity and subjectivisation: Linguistic perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tsujimura, Natsuko. 2001. Degree words and scalar structure in Japanese. Lingua, 111.1. 29-52.
Waksler, Rachelle. 2012. Super, uber, so, and totally: Over-the-top intensification to mark subjectivity in colloquial discourse. In Nicole Baumgarten, Inke Du Bois, and Juliane House. (eds). Subjectivity in Language and Discourse, 15-32. Leiden, AM: Brill.
Wang, Li (王力). 2012. Gudai Hanyu Zidian 古代漢語字典 [Ancient Chinese Dictionary]. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Corporation.
Wittouck, Hermien. 2011. A corpus-based study on the rise and grammaticalisation of intensifiers in British and American English. Gent, BE: Universiteit Gent.
Xu, Zhao-quan (徐兆泉). 1996. Taiwan Kejiahua Cidian 臺灣客家話辭典 [Hakka Dictionary of Taiwan]. Taipei, Taiwan: SMC Books.
Yeh, Jui-chuan (葉瑞娟). 2012. On the Grammaticalization and Subjectification of the HO+X’ (好 X) Construction in Hakka. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 42.3. 531-567.
Zhang, Yisheng (張誼生). 2000. Xiandai Hanyu Fuci Yanjiu 現代漢語副詞研究 [Studies in Adverbs in Mandarin Chinese]. Shanghai: Xuelin Press.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
104555001
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104555001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賴惠玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lai, Huei-Lingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 胡雪瀅zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hu, Hsueh-Yingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 胡雪瀅zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hu, Hsueh-Yingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 24-Jul-2017 11:55:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 24-Jul-2017 11:55:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 24-Jul-2017 11:55:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104555001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111281-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104555001zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 日常生活中，由於表達的需要，說話者常會使用強化程度副詞，作為增強或強調其所欲言的一種手段。本論文旨在藉由觀察口語語料庫中的對話，將臺灣客語六個常見強化程度副詞「恁、當、蓋、盡、異、還」視作強化程度副詞詞群，進一步以[DI. + X] 結構討論以下面向：(一) 探討其後接修飾之成分在句法、語意層面之表現。本文發現其後接成分可分為典型成分類與非典型成分類，以形容詞一類為大宗，其後接成分會受到等級性（gradability）、有界與無界性（boundedness）等參數影響語意的解讀。(二) 探討強化程度副詞[DI. + X]結構於句法所扮演的角色。本文發現此結構多半出現在謂語之位置，除了強化語意外，同時也展現說話者之態度或對某主題之評價。(三) 探討強化程度副詞[DI. + X] 結構於口語使用中的語法化與詞彙化現象，本文認為這些現象由於溝通需要，亦會伴隨提升主觀性（subjectivity），尤其是強化程度副詞「恁」的主觀性為詞群中最高。藉由上述不同面向探討與分析臺灣客語六個強化程度副詞「恁」、「當」、「蓋」、「盡」、「異」、「還」之表現，以期能更系統性解釋強化程度副詞是如何在口語使用中展現與運作。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The aim of the present study is to examine the [DI. + X] construction manifested by the six degree intensifiers 恁an2, 當dong1, 蓋goi3 , 盡qin3 ,異i3 , and還han5 in Taiwan Hakka based on their authentic usages in a spoken corpus. Three findings can be reported as follows. First, by exploring the modified elements from the aspect of their structure and meaning, the study classifies the modified elements into canonical and non-canonical usages. X as AP takes up the majority of the occurrences of the syntactic categories. Such manifestation can be accounted for various linguistic behaviors of gradability and boundedness. Second, the [DI. + X] construction usually serves as a predicate, the prominent grammatical function, in a clause. This implies that the [DI. + X] construction is generally adopted by different speakers to not only add intensity but also make judgements or comments. Third, the [DI. + X] construction displays grammaticalization and lexicalization. Due to communication needs, these linguistic phenomena can also motivate the subjectivity. It is found that the [恁an2 + X] construction can display the highest subjectivity among the six. To sum up, this study, with its analysis of different syntactic and semantic aspects of the six degree intensifiers in Taiwan Hakka, offers useful insights into explaining the manifestation of degree intensifiers during speech.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter Ⅰ Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation and purpose 1
1.2 Conventions of the data 7
1.3 Organization of the thesis 8
Chapter Ⅱ Literature review 9
2.1 Defining degree modifiers and degree intensifiers 9
2.2 The degree intensifiers, gradability and boundedness 11
2.3 The degree intensifier and subjectivity 16
2.4 Cross-linguistic studies of degree intensifiers 20
2.4.1 Studies of degree intensifiers in English and other languages 20
2.4.2 Studies of degree intensifiers in Mandarin Chinese and Taiwan Hakka 23
2.5 Remarks 25
Chapter Ⅲ Data and methods 27
3.1 Data collection 27
3.1.1 Materials 27
3.1.2 Procedures 27
3.2 Coding scheme 31
3.2.1 The syntactic structure of X 31
3.2.2 Syntactic subcategories of X 32
3.2.3 Grammatical functions of the [DI. + X] construction 42
Chapter Ⅳ Analysis and discussion 45
4.1 Data distribution 45
4.1.1 Corpus distribution of the six degree intensifiers across dialects 45
4.1.2 Distribution of the syntactic categories of X among the six degree intensifiers 47
4.1.3 Distribution of the grammatical functions of the [DI. + X] construction 53
4.2. Analysis of modified elements of the six degree intensifiers 58
4.2.1 Canonical modified elements with the six degree intensifiers 58
4.2.2 Non-canonical modified elements with the six degree intensifiers 87
4.3 Grammaticalization and lexicalization in [DI. + X] construction 92
Chapter V Conclusion 104
5.1 Summary of the thesis 104
5.2 Directions for future studies 106
References 108
Appendix 113		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1871130 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104555001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 強化程度副詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 等級性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 有界性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語法化與詞彙化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主觀性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臺灣客語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Degree intensifiersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gradabilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Boundednessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subjectivityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Grammaticalization and lexicalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Hakkaen_US
dc.title (題名) 臺灣客語強化程度副詞之分析：以口語語料庫為本zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Degree Intensifiers in Taiwan Hakka: a study based on a Spoken Corpusen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Athanasiadou, Angeliki. 2007. On the subjectivity of intensifiers. Language Sciences, 29.4, 554-65.
Beltrama, Andrea. 2015. From Totally Dark to Totally Old. The Formal Semantics of Subjectification. To appear.
Beltrama, Andrea. 2016. Bridging the gap: Intensifiers between semantic and social meaning. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
Biq, Yung-O. and Huang, Chu-Ren (畢永峨、黃居仁). 2016. In Huang, Chu-Ren. and Shi, Dingxu (黃居仁、石定栩). (eds.), A Reference Grammar of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bolinger, Dwight. 1972. Degree words. Paris: Mouton.
Brinton, Laurel. J. and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2005. Lexicalization and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burnett, Heather. 2012. The puzzle (s) of absolute adjectives. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics, Papers in Semantics, 16, 1-50.
Bylinina, Lisa. 2012. Functional standards and the absolute/relative distinction. Sinn und Bedeutung (SuB), 16. 141-157.
Chang, Ching-hsiu (張清秀). 2001. Semantic Analysis on the Modal Verb HUI in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished MA thesis. National Chengchi University.
Chang, Chun (張群). 2004. Constructional Coercions in Semantic Representation. Unpublished MA thesis. National Chiao Tung University.
Chen, Yenju (陳妍儒). 2014. The Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Hěn X Constructions in Spoken Corpora. Unpublished MA thesis. National Chengchi University.
Cheng, Ying (鄭縈). 2003. A Study on the Diachronic Development of Chinese Modals from the Perspective of the Dialectal Comparison. Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literatures. 1. 107-143.
Chui, Kawai, and Lai, Huei-Ling. 2008. The NCCU corpus of spoken Chinese: Mandarin, Hakka, and Southern Min. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 6.2. 119-144.
Esther L. Brown and Mayra Cortés-Torres. 2013. Puerto Rican Intensifiers: Bien/Muy Variables. Selected Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, eds. Ana M. Carvalho and Sara Beaudrie, 11-19. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Goldshtein, Maria. 2015. A discourse-based typology of intensifiers. Tel Aviv, IS: Tel Aviv University.
Hoye, Leo. 1997. Adverbs and modality in English. London: Longman.
Huang, Han-Chun. 2012. Psych predicates and causation in Hakka: A constructional approach. Chinese Studies, 30.1. 309-340.
Ito, Rika, and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2003. Well weird, right dodgy, very strange, really cool: Layering and recycling in English intensifiers. Language in Society, 32.2. 257-279.
Kennedy, Christopher and McNally, Louise. 2005. Scale structure, degree modification, and the semantics of gradable predicates. Language, 345-81.
Kennedy, Christopher, and McNally, Louise. 1999. From event structure to scale structure: Degree modification in deverbal adjectives. Semantics and linguistic theory. 9.163-80.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2007. Vagueness and grammar: The semantics of relative and absolute gradable adjectives. Linguistics and philosophy, 30.1. 1-45.
Lai, Huei-ling (賴惠玲). 2016. Hakka stories: Narrative schemata, form-content and holistic-categorical integrated analyses and cultural filters. (MOST 105-2410-H-004-179-MY3). Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C.
Lasersohn, Peter. 1999. Pragmatic Halos. Language, 75.3. 522-551.
Li, Hui-wen (黎惠文). 2008. The Research of Hakka Degree Adverb：Lexicon and Syntax Features. Unpublished MA thesis. National Central University.
Li, Xiu-zhu (李秀珠). 2010. The study of adverb of degree “hen” in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished MA thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.
Lim, Ni-Eng, and Hong, Huaqing. 2012. Intensifiers as stance markers: A corpus study on genre variations in Mandarin Chinese. Chinese Language & Discourse, 3.2. 129-166. doi:10.1075/cld.3.2.01lim.
Lin, Jingxia, and Peck, Jeeyoung. 2016. Classification of Mandarin Chinese Simple Adjectives: A Scale-Based Analysis of Their Quantitative Denotations. Language and Linguistics, 17.6. 827-855.
Liu, Chao-Lin, Jin, Guantao, Liu, Qingfeng, Chiu, Wei-Yun, and Yu, Yih-Soong. 2011. Some chances and challenges in applying language technologies to historical studies in Chinese. International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing, 16.1-2. 27‒46.
Liu, Yuehua, Pan, Wenyu and Gu, Wei (劉月華、潘文娛、故韡). 1996. Shiyong Xiandai Hanyu Yufa實用現代漢語語法 [Practical Modern Chinese Grammar]. Taipei: Shida Shuyuan (師大書苑).
Lo, Seo-gim (羅肇錦). 2006. Origin of the Hakka Language. Language and Linguistics, 7.2. 545-568.
Löbner, Sebastian. 2012. Sub-compositionality. In Markus Werning, Wolfram
Hinzen & Edouard Machery (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality,
220–241. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matsubara, Misako. 2008. The New Usage of Japanese Regional Dialect: Emergence and Motivations, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Núñez Pertejo, Paloma, and Palacios Martínez, Ignacio M. 2014. That’s absolutely crap, totally rubbish: The use of the intensifiers absolutely and totally in the spoken language of British adults and teenagers. Functions of Language, 21.2.210-37.
Paradis, Carita. 1997. Degree modifiers of adjectives in spoken British English.
(Lund Studies in English; Vol. 92). Scania, SW: Lund University Press.
Paradis, Carita. 2001. Adjectives and boundedness. Cognitive Linguistics, 12.47-64.
Paradis, Carita. 2008. Configurations, construals and change: expressions of DEGREE. English Language and Linguistics, 12.2.317-43.
Partington, Alan. 1993. Corpus evidence of language change: The case of the intensifier. In Mona Baker, Gill Francis, and Elena Tognini-Bonelli. (eds.), Text and technology in honour of John Sinclair, 177–92. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Peng, Shiou Yuan (彭秀媛). 2006. A Study of Adverb in Taiwan Hakka. Unpublished MA thesis. National Hsiunchu University of Education.
Pustejovsky, James. 1991. The generative lexicon. Computational linguistics, 17.4. 409-441.
Qi, Qiu-lan (亓秋蘭). 2007. A comparative study of degree adverbs in Taiwan Hakka, Mandarin Chinese, and Taiwan Southern Min. Unpublished MA thesis. National Kaohsiung Normal University.
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