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題名 台灣韓中空耳之音韻分析
Phonological Analysis of Korean Kong-er in Taiwan Mandarin作者 田多惠
Jeon, Da-Hye貢獻者 蕭宇超
Hsiao, Yuchau E.
田多惠
Jeon, Da-Hye關鍵詞 韓語借詞
空耳
優選理論
ROE模型
借詞語料庫
語言變異
Loanword adaptation
Kong-er
Taiwan Mandarin
Optimality theory
Rank-ordering model of EVAL
Loanword corpus
Variations日期 2018 上傳時間 2-Mar-2018 10:59:59 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究主要探討台灣的韓文歌曲中以空耳方式對譯成中文的音韻現象。藉由11首韓文歌中收錄955個音韻詞（2690個音節）作為分析之語料。本研究之語料顯示，韓語源詞會調整成中文之語音系統（Mandarin phonotactics），而其中8.07%使用注音符號或英文字且違反中文之語音系統。語音違規（phonotactic violation）還可分為兩類：一、按照韓語語法系統違反中文語音系統。二、按照中介語語法違反中文語音系統。而大部分音譯符合中文之語音系統，結果如下：緊張閉鎖音（tensed obstruent）做鬆弛化，並以中文的不送氣閉鎖音取而代之。韓語中的音節尾 /p、t、k、m、l/ 被刪除，或被中文之合法音節尾 /n、ŋ/ 所取代。滑音 /j/ 會插入清齦顎塞擦音（post alveolar affricates）/tɕ、tɕh、tɕ’/的後面。韓語元音 /ɯ/ 被降音到 /ɤ、ə/，而單元音 /o、ʌ/ 和 /e/ 被雙元音化為 [ou] 和 [ei]。除了按照中文語音系統音譯的現象之外，本文還觀察到隨著韓語語音系統音譯的 CV序列（sequencese），也觀察到隨著中文與韓文之間的中介語音譯的序列。隨著韓語（L2）語音系統的序列是：軟齶音（velars）/ k、kh、k’、h / 和 [+high, -back]元音 /i/，以及牙音/n/ 和 [-high, +back]元音 /ʌ、o/。這兩個序列會保留韓文語音系統的CV組合。另一方面，諸如軟齶音 /k、kh、k’、h/ 和唇音（labial）/p、ph、p’、m / 等非舌冠音（coronal）在母音/jʌ/前出現，會隨著中介語語音系統音譯。此外，齒齦音/s、s’/ 和 元音/e/ 會隨著中介語語音系統輸出。本研究基於優選理論（Optimality Theory）和Ranking Ordering Model of Eval 探討韓中空耳之音譯變體（variations）。結果顯示，在韓文文法中做top-ranked的制約會被降級，這支持了Miao（2005）和Broselow（2004）的中文語音系統比韓文語音系更重要的作用。然而，一些音譯違反中文之語音系統，以保持類似於源詞的音。因此，結果反映出韓文語音系統和中介語語音系統也影響韓中空耳音譯過程。
This thesis investigates the Korean-Mandarin Kong-er in Taiwan. 955 phonological words (2690 syllables) from 11 songs are collected. The major part of the corpus shows that Korean source words are adjusted to the Mandarin phonotactic system, while 8.07% of the whole show phonotactic violation by using either Zhuyin (the Chinese transliteration system for Taiwan Mandarin) or English. The phonotactic violations also can be divided into two groups: one for violations that follow Korean grammar and the other for violations that show the emergence of an interlanguage grammar. The majority of the patterns of the adaptations conform to Mandarin phonotactics. Tensed obstruents are de-tensed and replaced by unaspirated counterparts in Mandarin. Illicit codas such as /p, t, k, m, l/ in Korean are deleted or replaced by the Mandarin licit codas /n, ŋ/. The glide /j/ is prone to be inserted after the alveolar-palatal affricates /tɕ, tɕh, tɕ’/, which follows Mandarin phonotactics. The Korean /ɯ/ vowel is prone to being lowered to /ɤ, ə/, and the monophthongs /o, ʌ/ and /e/ are diphthongized as [ou] and [ei]. Apart from the adaptations that follow Mandarin phonotactics, this thesis also observes CV sequences that follow Korean phonotactics and also an interlanguage between Mandarin and Korean. The sequences that follow Korean (L2) are the velars /k, kh, k’, h/ and the [+high, -back] vowel /i/, and the dental /n/ and the [-high, +back] vowels /ʌ, o/. These two sequences are prone to preserving CV manners and features. On the other hand, non-coronal consonants such as the velars /k, kh, k’, h/ and the labials /p, ph, p’, m/ mostly induce phonotactic violation following interlanguage phonology before /jʌ/. Also, the alveolars /s, s’/ and /e/ induce interlanguage output, which is not allowed in either the L1 or the L2. The patterns and sequences are analyzed based on the Optimality Theory and Rank Ordering Model of EVAL to account for the variations. The results explain the fact that the Korean top-ranked constraints are demoted in the adaptation, supporting both Miao (2005) and Broselow (2004) that Mandarin phonology plays a more important role than Korean phonology does. However, some of the adaptations violate Mandarin phonology in order to preserve a sound similar to that of the source word. Thus, the results reflect that Korean phonology and the emergence of an interlanguage have a partial influence on KM Kong-er adaptation.參考文獻 Alderete, J. (1997). Dissimilation as Local Conjunction. In North East Linguistic Society. GLSA, University of Massachusetts. Anttila, A. (2002). Natural Language And Linguistic Theory, 20(1), 1-42. Bakovic, E. (1999). Assimilation to the Unmarked. In 23rd Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium. University of Pennsylvania.Boersma, P. (1997). The elements of functional phonology. ms. University of Amsterdam. [Rutgers Optimality Archive 173, http://ruccs. rutgers. edu/roa. html].Broselow, E. (2004). Unmarked structures and emergent rankings in second language phonology. International Journal of Bilingualism 8 (1), 51–65.Chuang, Y., & Fon, J. (2010). The Effect of Prosodic Prominence on the Realizations of Voiceless Dental and Retroflex Sibilants in Taiwan Mandarin Spontaneous Speech. In Speech Prosody 2010-Fifth International Conference. Doubletree Magnificent Mile, Chicago.Coetzee, A. W. (2006). Variation as accessing ‘nonoptimal’ candidates. Phonology, 23(3), 337-385.Eckman, F. (1977). Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning, 27(2), 315-330. Espinosa, J. A. C. (2009). Meaningful variability: A sociolinguistically-grounded approach to variation in Optimality Theory. International Journal of English Studies, 4(2), 165-184.Hall-Lew, L. (2002). English Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese (MA Thesis). University Of Arizona.Hsiao, Y. E. (2011). Universal marking in accent formation: Evidence from Taiwanese-Mandarin and Mandarin-Taiwanese. Lingua, 121(9), 1485-1517.Hsiao, Y. E. (2015). Tonal chain shifts in Taiwanese: a comparative markedness approach. Capturing Phonological Shades within and across Languages, 142-165.Hsiao, Y. E. (2015). Rethinking OCP effects on tone sandhi. Language and Linguistics, 16(6), 927-945.Inkelas, S., & Zoll, C. (2007). Is grammar dependence real? A comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology. Linguistics, 45(1). Itô, J., & Mester, A. (1998). Markedness and word structure: OCP effects in Japanese. Ms., University of California, Santa Cruz. [ROA-255-0498]Kingston, J., & Diehl, R. L. (1994). Phonetic knowledge. Language, 419-454.Kirchner, R. (1996). Synchronic chain shifts in Optimality Theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 27(2), 341-350.Lin, Y. (2007). The sounds of chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lin, Y. (2008). Variable vowel adaptation in Standard Mandarin loanwords. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 17(4), 363-380.Lin, Y. (2009). Loanword adaptation and phonological theory. In Proceedings of the 21 North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-21) (Vol. 1, pp. 1-12).Łubowicz, A. (2002). Derived environment effects in Optimality Theory. Lingua, 112(4), 243-280.Lü, M. (2013). Modeling Salience and Prosody in Loanword Adaptation: Cases of English [ɹ] in Mandarin. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(2), 1-32.McCarthy, J. J. (2003). Comparative markedness. Theoretical linguistics, 29(1-2), 1-51.McCarthy, J. J. (2008). Doing Optimality Theory: Applying theory to Data. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.Miao, R. (2005). Loanword Adaptation in Mandarin Chinese: Perceptual, Phonological and Sociolinguistic Factors (Ph.D). Stony Brook University. Moreton, E., & Smolensky, P. (2002). Typological Consequences of Local Constraint Conjunction. In the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 21. Cascadilla Press.Otake, T. (2007). Interlingual near homophonic words and phrases in L2 listening: Evidence from misheard song lyrics. In 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 777-780). Saarbrücken, Germany. Peng, S. (1993). Cross-language influence on the production of Mandarin /f/ and /x/ and Taiwanese /h/ by native speakers of Taiwanese Amoy. Phonetica, 50(4), 245-260.Prince, A., & Smolensky, P. (2004). Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.Selkirk, E. (1984). Language sound structure (pp. 107-136). Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.Shin, J., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2013). The sounds of Korean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Shinohara, S. (2004). Emergence of universal grammar in foreign word adaptations. Constraints in Phonological Acquisition, 292-320.Yavas, M. S., & Gogate, L. J. (1999). Phoneme awareness in children: A function of sonority. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28(3), 245-260.Yip, M. (1993). Cantonese loanword phonology and Optimality Theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2(3), 261-291.Yip, M. (2006). The symbiosis between perception and grammar in loanword phonology. Lingua, 116(7), 950-975. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
103555014資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1035550141 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Hsiao, Yuchau E. en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 田多惠 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jeon, Da-Hye en_US dc.creator (作者) 田多惠 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Jeon, Da-Hye en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2018 10:59:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Mar-2018 10:59:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2018 10:59:59 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1035550141 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/115992 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 103555014 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究主要探討台灣的韓文歌曲中以空耳方式對譯成中文的音韻現象。藉由11首韓文歌中收錄955個音韻詞（2690個音節）作為分析之語料。本研究之語料顯示，韓語源詞會調整成中文之語音系統（Mandarin phonotactics），而其中8.07%使用注音符號或英文字且違反中文之語音系統。語音違規（phonotactic violation）還可分為兩類：一、按照韓語語法系統違反中文語音系統。二、按照中介語語法違反中文語音系統。而大部分音譯符合中文之語音系統，結果如下：緊張閉鎖音（tensed obstruent）做鬆弛化，並以中文的不送氣閉鎖音取而代之。韓語中的音節尾 /p、t、k、m、l/ 被刪除，或被中文之合法音節尾 /n、ŋ/ 所取代。滑音 /j/ 會插入清齦顎塞擦音（post alveolar affricates）/tɕ、tɕh、tɕ’/的後面。韓語元音 /ɯ/ 被降音到 /ɤ、ə/，而單元音 /o、ʌ/ 和 /e/ 被雙元音化為 [ou] 和 [ei]。除了按照中文語音系統音譯的現象之外，本文還觀察到隨著韓語語音系統音譯的 CV序列（sequencese），也觀察到隨著中文與韓文之間的中介語音譯的序列。隨著韓語（L2）語音系統的序列是：軟齶音（velars）/ k、kh、k’、h / 和 [+high, -back]元音 /i/，以及牙音/n/ 和 [-high, +back]元音 /ʌ、o/。這兩個序列會保留韓文語音系統的CV組合。另一方面，諸如軟齶音 /k、kh、k’、h/ 和唇音（labial）/p、ph、p’、m / 等非舌冠音（coronal）在母音/jʌ/前出現，會隨著中介語語音系統音譯。此外，齒齦音/s、s’/ 和 元音/e/ 會隨著中介語語音系統輸出。本研究基於優選理論（Optimality Theory）和Ranking Ordering Model of Eval 探討韓中空耳之音譯變體（variations）。結果顯示，在韓文文法中做top-ranked的制約會被降級，這支持了Miao（2005）和Broselow（2004）的中文語音系統比韓文語音系更重要的作用。然而，一些音譯違反中文之語音系統，以保持類似於源詞的音。因此，結果反映出韓文語音系統和中介語語音系統也影響韓中空耳音譯過程。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis investigates the Korean-Mandarin Kong-er in Taiwan. 955 phonological words (2690 syllables) from 11 songs are collected. The major part of the corpus shows that Korean source words are adjusted to the Mandarin phonotactic system, while 8.07% of the whole show phonotactic violation by using either Zhuyin (the Chinese transliteration system for Taiwan Mandarin) or English. The phonotactic violations also can be divided into two groups: one for violations that follow Korean grammar and the other for violations that show the emergence of an interlanguage grammar. The majority of the patterns of the adaptations conform to Mandarin phonotactics. Tensed obstruents are de-tensed and replaced by unaspirated counterparts in Mandarin. Illicit codas such as /p, t, k, m, l/ in Korean are deleted or replaced by the Mandarin licit codas /n, ŋ/. The glide /j/ is prone to be inserted after the alveolar-palatal affricates /tɕ, tɕh, tɕ’/, which follows Mandarin phonotactics. The Korean /ɯ/ vowel is prone to being lowered to /ɤ, ə/, and the monophthongs /o, ʌ/ and /e/ are diphthongized as [ou] and [ei]. Apart from the adaptations that follow Mandarin phonotactics, this thesis also observes CV sequences that follow Korean phonotactics and also an interlanguage between Mandarin and Korean. The sequences that follow Korean (L2) are the velars /k, kh, k’, h/ and the [+high, -back] vowel /i/, and the dental /n/ and the [-high, +back] vowels /ʌ, o/. These two sequences are prone to preserving CV manners and features. On the other hand, non-coronal consonants such as the velars /k, kh, k’, h/ and the labials /p, ph, p’, m/ mostly induce phonotactic violation following interlanguage phonology before /jʌ/. Also, the alveolars /s, s’/ and /e/ induce interlanguage output, which is not allowed in either the L1 or the L2. The patterns and sequences are analyzed based on the Optimality Theory and Rank Ordering Model of EVAL to account for the variations. The results explain the fact that the Korean top-ranked constraints are demoted in the adaptation, supporting both Miao (2005) and Broselow (2004) that Mandarin phonology plays a more important role than Korean phonology does. However, some of the adaptations violate Mandarin phonology in order to preserve a sound similar to that of the source word. Thus, the results reflect that Korean phonology and the emergence of an interlanguage have a partial influence on KM Kong-er adaptation. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1 : Introduction 1 1.1 Research Issues 1 1.2 The Sound Systems of Korean and Mandarin 2CHAPTER 2 : Literature Review 12 2.1 Loanword Phonology 12 2.2 Optimality Theory 13 2.2.1 Local Conjunction of Constraints 15 2.2.2 Rank-ordering Model (ROE) 16 CHAPTER 3 : Corpus-based Analysis 19 3.1 Adaptations in Conformity to Mandarin 21 3.1.1 Consonant Adaptation 21 3.1.1.1 Obsturent De-tensing 21 3.1.1.2 Coda Deletion 24 3.1.1.3 Glide Insertion 28 3.1.2 Vowel Adaptation 31 3.1.2.1 Lowering 31 3.1.2.2 Diphthongization 33 3.2 Adaptations in Violation of Mandarin Phonotactics 34 3.2.1 Adaptations in Conformity to Korean Grammar 35 3.2.1.1 Velars /k, kh, k’, h/ + Vowel /i/ 35 3.2.1.2 Labials /p, ph, p’/ + Vowels /ʌ, o/ 36 3.2.1.3 Dental /n/ + Vowel /ʌ, o/ 37 3.2.2 Adaptations in Conformity to an Emergent Interlanguage Grammar 38 3.2.2.1 Non-coronal Consonants and Vowel /jʌ/ 39 3.2.2.2 Alveolars /s, s’/ + Vowel /e/ 41 3.3 Summary 43CHAPTER 4 : Optimality Theory Analysis 45 4.1 Adaptations in Conformity to Mandarin Phonotactics 46 4.1.1 Consonant Adaptation 47 4.1.1.1 Obstruent De-tensing 47 4.1.1.2 Coda Deletion 50 4.1.1.3 Glide Insertion 54 4.1.2 Vowel Adaptation 60 4.1.2.1 Vowel Lowering 60 4.1.2.2 Diphthongization 61 4.2 Adaptations in Violation of Mandarin Phonotactics 67 4.2.1 Phonotactic Violation: Following Korean Phonology 67 4.2.2 Phonotactic Violation: Following Interlanguage Phonology 72 4.3 Summary 75 4.3.1 Theoretical Implication 77CHAPTER 5 : Conclusion 81 5.1 Thesis Summary 81References 84 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1422633 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1035550141 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓語借詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 空耳 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優選理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) ROE模型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 借詞語料庫 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言變異 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Loanword adaptation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kong-er en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Mandarin en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Optimality theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Rank-ordering model of EVAL en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Loanword corpus en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Variations en_US dc.title (題名) 台灣韓中空耳之音韻分析 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Phonological Analysis of Korean Kong-er in Taiwan Mandarin en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alderete, J. (1997). Dissimilation as Local Conjunction. In North East Linguistic Society. GLSA, University of Massachusetts. Anttila, A. (2002). Natural Language And Linguistic Theory, 20(1), 1-42. Bakovic, E. (1999). Assimilation to the Unmarked. In 23rd Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium. University of Pennsylvania.Boersma, P. (1997). The elements of functional phonology. ms. University of Amsterdam. [Rutgers Optimality Archive 173, http://ruccs. rutgers. edu/roa. html].Broselow, E. (2004). Unmarked structures and emergent rankings in second language phonology. International Journal of Bilingualism 8 (1), 51–65.Chuang, Y., & Fon, J. (2010). The Effect of Prosodic Prominence on the Realizations of Voiceless Dental and Retroflex Sibilants in Taiwan Mandarin Spontaneous Speech. In Speech Prosody 2010-Fifth International Conference. Doubletree Magnificent Mile, Chicago.Coetzee, A. W. (2006). Variation as accessing ‘nonoptimal’ candidates. Phonology, 23(3), 337-385.Eckman, F. (1977). Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning, 27(2), 315-330. Espinosa, J. A. C. (2009). Meaningful variability: A sociolinguistically-grounded approach to variation in Optimality Theory. International Journal of English Studies, 4(2), 165-184.Hall-Lew, L. (2002). English Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese (MA Thesis). University Of Arizona.Hsiao, Y. E. (2011). Universal marking in accent formation: Evidence from Taiwanese-Mandarin and Mandarin-Taiwanese. Lingua, 121(9), 1485-1517.Hsiao, Y. E. (2015). Tonal chain shifts in Taiwanese: a comparative markedness approach. Capturing Phonological Shades within and across Languages, 142-165.Hsiao, Y. E. (2015). Rethinking OCP effects on tone sandhi. Language and Linguistics, 16(6), 927-945.Inkelas, S., & Zoll, C. (2007). Is grammar dependence real? A comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology. Linguistics, 45(1). Itô, J., & Mester, A. (1998). Markedness and word structure: OCP effects in Japanese. Ms., University of California, Santa Cruz. [ROA-255-0498]Kingston, J., & Diehl, R. L. (1994). Phonetic knowledge. Language, 419-454.Kirchner, R. (1996). Synchronic chain shifts in Optimality Theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 27(2), 341-350.Lin, Y. (2007). The sounds of chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lin, Y. (2008). Variable vowel adaptation in Standard Mandarin loanwords. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 17(4), 363-380.Lin, Y. (2009). Loanword adaptation and phonological theory. In Proceedings of the 21 North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-21) (Vol. 1, pp. 1-12).Łubowicz, A. (2002). Derived environment effects in Optimality Theory. Lingua, 112(4), 243-280.Lü, M. (2013). Modeling Salience and Prosody in Loanword Adaptation: Cases of English [ɹ] in Mandarin. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(2), 1-32.McCarthy, J. J. (2003). Comparative markedness. Theoretical linguistics, 29(1-2), 1-51.McCarthy, J. J. (2008). Doing Optimality Theory: Applying theory to Data. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.Miao, R. (2005). Loanword Adaptation in Mandarin Chinese: Perceptual, Phonological and Sociolinguistic Factors (Ph.D). Stony Brook University. Moreton, E., & Smolensky, P. (2002). Typological Consequences of Local Constraint Conjunction. In the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 21. Cascadilla Press.Otake, T. (2007). Interlingual near homophonic words and phrases in L2 listening: Evidence from misheard song lyrics. In 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 777-780). Saarbrücken, Germany. Peng, S. (1993). Cross-language influence on the production of Mandarin /f/ and /x/ and Taiwanese /h/ by native speakers of Taiwanese Amoy. Phonetica, 50(4), 245-260.Prince, A., & Smolensky, P. (2004). Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.Selkirk, E. (1984). Language sound structure (pp. 107-136). Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.Shin, J., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2013). The sounds of Korean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Shinohara, S. (2004). Emergence of universal grammar in foreign word adaptations. Constraints in Phonological Acquisition, 292-320.Yavas, M. S., & Gogate, L. J. (1999). Phoneme awareness in children: A function of sonority. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28(3), 245-260.Yip, M. (1993). Cantonese loanword phonology and Optimality Theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2(3), 261-291.Yip, M. (2006). The symbiosis between perception and grammar in loanword phonology. Lingua, 116(7), 950-975. zh_TW
