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題名 坐而言、起而行：論亨利．大衛．梭羅《公民不服從》中的超驗主義精神
Action from Principle: Transcendentalism in Henry David Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience”作者 賴盈穎
Lai, Yin-Yin貢獻者 柯瑞強
John Michael Corrigan
賴盈穎
Lai, Yin-Yin關鍵詞 公民不服從
梭羅
超驗主義
十九世紀美國文學
愛默生
Civil disobedience
Resistance to civil government
Henry David Thoreau
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Essays
the Over-Soul
Self-Reliance日期 2018 上傳時間 3-Jul-2018 17:21:36 (UTC+8) 摘要 學界研究梭羅之《公民不服從》常將其置於社會科學範疇內，探討其政治可行性、合法性、有效性等議題。雖成果豐碩，但僅從政治與法律觀點探討，卻忽略其文學本質與其時代脈絡，不免落於俗套、有狹隘與簡化之嫌。本文視《公民不服從》為文學作品，從文學觀點（Literary Perspective）出發、佐以超驗主義作為研究途徑（Transcendentalist Approach），探討19世紀新英格蘭超驗主義（New England Transcendentalism）如何影響、型塑與啟發梭羅《公民不服從》，並試圖證明《公民不服從》本質上為體現（embody）超驗主義精神的作品。本文分為六章。第一章為緒論，介紹研究背景與問題意識（超驗主義如何影響公民不服從？）。第二章為文獻回顧，爬梳政治與文學領域如何看待梭羅《公民不服從》。第三章為時代思潮背景，概述19世紀新英格蘭超驗主義。第四章為方法論，採用愛默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson）、從其代表性作品《隨筆全集》（Essays）萃取四個核心原則作為超驗主義基石，分別為：超靈（Over-Soul）、內在神性（Inner Divinity）、反權威（Anti-Authority）、自立（Self-Reliance）等。第五章為文本分析，以細讀（close reading）方式逐步檢視梭羅《公民不服從》如何體現超靈、內在神性、反權威、自立等原則。第六章為結論，提供研究發現與貢獻。本研究得出結論三點：1.《公民不服從》是梭羅貫徹超驗主義下的成果；2.《公民不服從》包含神秘（the mystical）、道德（the moral）、政治（the political）、實用（the practical）等多元面向，且皆具概念與實作；3.梭羅政治三元體（Thoreauvian political triad）是由行動秉持原則（action from principle）、公民不服從（civil disobedience）、和平革命（peaceable revolution）三者組成。
Academic researchers typically position Henry David Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” within a narrow political science framework, dismissing Thoreau as a second-rate political thinker and characterizing “Civil Disobedience” as a conceptually disorganized rather than academically significant theory. However, the political science lens provides only a partial view of “Civil Disobedience.” Placing Thoreau within the literary and philosophical milieu of his time, this study utilizes a Transcendentalist approach derived from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s First & Second Series of Essays to engage in a close reading of Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” from a literary perspective. It explores the connections between “Civil Disobedience” and the New England philosophy, Transcendentalism. To this end, I develop the following research question: to what extent and in what way does New England Transcendentalism inform Thoreauvian civil disobedience? I hypothesize that 1) Thoreauvian civil disobedience exemplifies the confluence of “action from principle” (Thoreau 154) and 2) “principle” refers to Transcendentalist Principles while “action” refers to the enactment of those principles.To answer the above research question, I use a Transcendentalist analytical framework that involves four principles, each representing a different dimension of Transcendentalist thought: the Over-Soul (the mystical), Inner Divinity (the moral), Anti-Authority (the political), and Self-Reliance (the practical). Through these lenses, I utilize textual evidence to demonstrate how Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” enacts Transcendentalist Principles. First, Thoreau enacts the mystical principle of the Over-Soul by connecting himself to the Universe, Nature, and others. Second, Thoreau exemplifies the moral principle of Inner Divinity by following his conscience and Higher Law. Third, Thoreau embodies the political principle of Anti-Authority by distrusting authorities like governments, institutions, and the various iterations of the mainstream. Finally, Thoreau asserts the practical principle of Self-Reliance that consists of self-sufficiency, self-motivation, and defiance.With the aid of a systematic categorical analysis and textual evidence, I decipher the covert Transcendentalism in “Civil Disobedience.” My analysis shows that 1) Transcendentalism fuels Thoreauvian civil disobedience, 2) Thoreauvian civil disobedience has mystical, moral, political, and practical dimensions and involves both theory and action, and 3) there exists a “Thoreauvian political triad” that encompasses principled action, civil disobedience, and peaceable revolution.Ultimately, I draw the following conclusions: 1) to understand fully “Civil Disobedience,” one must reread it from a literary Transcendentalist perspective rather than viewing it merely as a political tract; and 2) the phrase “action from principle” encapsulates the core of Thoreauvian civil disobedience––the combination of Transcendentalist Principles and the corresponding political actions.參考文獻 Abbott, Philip. “Henry David Thoreau, the State of Nature, and the Redemption of Liberalism.” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 47, No.1, February. 1985, pp. 182-208.Andrews, Joseph L. 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U of Oxford P, 2014.Von Frank, Albert J. The Trials of Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emerson’s Boston. U of Harvard P, 1998.Zashin, Elliott M. Civil Disobedience and Democracy. The Free Press, 1972.Ziff, Larzer. Literary Democracy: the Declaration of Cultural Independence in America. The Viking Press, 1981.Zinn, Howard. Disobedience and Democracy: Nine Fallacies on Law and Order. South End Press, 1968 and 2002. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
103551001資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103551001 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 柯瑞強 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor John Michael Corrigan en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 賴盈穎 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lai, Yin-Yin en_US dc.creator (作者) 賴盈穎 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lai, Yin-Yin en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-Jul-2018 17:21:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-Jul-2018 17:21:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Jul-2018 17:21:36 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103551001 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/118203 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 103551001 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 學界研究梭羅之《公民不服從》常將其置於社會科學範疇內，探討其政治可行性、合法性、有效性等議題。雖成果豐碩，但僅從政治與法律觀點探討，卻忽略其文學本質與其時代脈絡，不免落於俗套、有狹隘與簡化之嫌。本文視《公民不服從》為文學作品，從文學觀點（Literary Perspective）出發、佐以超驗主義作為研究途徑（Transcendentalist Approach），探討19世紀新英格蘭超驗主義（New England Transcendentalism）如何影響、型塑與啟發梭羅《公民不服從》，並試圖證明《公民不服從》本質上為體現（embody）超驗主義精神的作品。本文分為六章。第一章為緒論，介紹研究背景與問題意識（超驗主義如何影響公民不服從？）。第二章為文獻回顧，爬梳政治與文學領域如何看待梭羅《公民不服從》。第三章為時代思潮背景，概述19世紀新英格蘭超驗主義。第四章為方法論，採用愛默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson）、從其代表性作品《隨筆全集》（Essays）萃取四個核心原則作為超驗主義基石，分別為：超靈（Over-Soul）、內在神性（Inner Divinity）、反權威（Anti-Authority）、自立（Self-Reliance）等。第五章為文本分析，以細讀（close reading）方式逐步檢視梭羅《公民不服從》如何體現超靈、內在神性、反權威、自立等原則。第六章為結論，提供研究發現與貢獻。本研究得出結論三點：1.《公民不服從》是梭羅貫徹超驗主義下的成果；2.《公民不服從》包含神秘（the mystical）、道德（the moral）、政治（the political）、實用（the practical）等多元面向，且皆具概念與實作；3.梭羅政治三元體（Thoreauvian political triad）是由行動秉持原則（action from principle）、公民不服從（civil disobedience）、和平革命（peaceable revolution）三者組成。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Academic researchers typically position Henry David Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” within a narrow political science framework, dismissing Thoreau as a second-rate political thinker and characterizing “Civil Disobedience” as a conceptually disorganized rather than academically significant theory. However, the political science lens provides only a partial view of “Civil Disobedience.” Placing Thoreau within the literary and philosophical milieu of his time, this study utilizes a Transcendentalist approach derived from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s First & Second Series of Essays to engage in a close reading of Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” from a literary perspective. It explores the connections between “Civil Disobedience” and the New England philosophy, Transcendentalism. To this end, I develop the following research question: to what extent and in what way does New England Transcendentalism inform Thoreauvian civil disobedience? I hypothesize that 1) Thoreauvian civil disobedience exemplifies the confluence of “action from principle” (Thoreau 154) and 2) “principle” refers to Transcendentalist Principles while “action” refers to the enactment of those principles.To answer the above research question, I use a Transcendentalist analytical framework that involves four principles, each representing a different dimension of Transcendentalist thought: the Over-Soul (the mystical), Inner Divinity (the moral), Anti-Authority (the political), and Self-Reliance (the practical). Through these lenses, I utilize textual evidence to demonstrate how Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” enacts Transcendentalist Principles. First, Thoreau enacts the mystical principle of the Over-Soul by connecting himself to the Universe, Nature, and others. Second, Thoreau exemplifies the moral principle of Inner Divinity by following his conscience and Higher Law. Third, Thoreau embodies the political principle of Anti-Authority by distrusting authorities like governments, institutions, and the various iterations of the mainstream. Finally, Thoreau asserts the practical principle of Self-Reliance that consists of self-sufficiency, self-motivation, and defiance.With the aid of a systematic categorical analysis and textual evidence, I decipher the covert Transcendentalism in “Civil Disobedience.” My analysis shows that 1) Transcendentalism fuels Thoreauvian civil disobedience, 2) Thoreauvian civil disobedience has mystical, moral, political, and practical dimensions and involves both theory and action, and 3) there exists a “Thoreauvian political triad” that encompasses principled action, civil disobedience, and peaceable revolution.Ultimately, I draw the following conclusions: 1) to understand fully “Civil Disobedience,” one must reread it from a literary Transcendentalist perspective rather than viewing it merely as a political tract; and 2) the phrase “action from principle” encapsulates the core of Thoreauvian civil disobedience––the combination of Transcendentalist Principles and the corresponding political actions. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsAcknowledgement iiiChinese Abstract ixEnglish Abstract xiChapter 1 Introduction 131.1 General Background and Information 131.2 Defining Concept 141.3 Literature Review 141.4 Research Niche 151.5 Research Purpose 161.6 Research Questions 161.7 Research Value 171.8 Overview of the Study 17Chapter 2 Split Images of Thoreau: Literature Review 192.1 Discussion of Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience in General 192.1.1 Outside Academic Circles: Thoreau, a Giant in Civil Rights Campaigns 202.1.2 Inside Academic Circles: Thoreau, an Unqualified Political Thinker 202.1.3 Split Images of Thoreau: Political Thinker or Nature Writer? 212.1.4 Double Marginalization: Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” 222.2 Discussion of Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience in the Political Field 232.2.1 The 1960s: Is It Legal to Engage in Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience? 232.2.2 The 1970s: Is It Practical to Execute Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience? 242.2.3 The 1980s-1990s: Is Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience Important? 252.2.4 The 2000s-2010s: Political and Unpolitical Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience 262.2.5 Review of Political Discussions of Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience 272.3 Discussion of Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience in the Literary Field 272.3.1 Emersonian Interconnectedness 272.3.2 Enacting the Transcendentalist Doctrines 292.3.3 A Higher Law That Matters 302.4 Review of the Literary Discussion of Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience 31Chapter 3 The New England Philosophy: Transcendentalism 333.1 The Transcendental Club and the Transcendentalists 343.1.1 The Transcendentalists 343.1.2 The Transcendental Club 353.2 New England Transcendentalism 363.2.1 Transcendentalism in Religion 373.2.2 Transcendentalism in Philosophy 403.2.3 Transcendentalism in Literature 423.2.4 Transcendentalism in Politics 453.2.5 Transcendentalism: a Four-Faceted Intellectual Movement 47Chapter 4 Transcendentalist Principles: Analytical Framework 494.1 The Importance of Emerson 494.2 The Importance of Essays 504.3 The Four Transcendentalist Principles 524.3.1 Three Disclaimers 524.3.2 The First Principle/ the Mystical Principle: the Over-Soul 534.3.3 The Second Principle/ the Moral Principle: Inner-Divinity 564.3.4 The Third Principle/ the Political Principle: Anti-Authority 574.3.5 The Fourth Principle/ the Practical Principle: Self-Reliance 594.4 Transcendentalist Analytical Framework: Transcendentalist Principles 63Chapter 5 Transcendentalism in Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” 655.1 Historical Background 655.1.1 The Thrice-Changed Title 665.1.2 Three Events That Provoked Thoreau 665.1.3 Three Contemporary Models That Impressed Thoreau 665.1.4 Four Principles That Motivated Thoreau 675.2 “I Did Not Feel Confined”: the Over-Soul in “Civil Disobedience” 685.2.1 Prison as an “Honorable Ground”: Access to the Universe 685.2.2 “In the Midst of a Huckleberry Field”: Access to Nature 715.2.3 “I Must Get off Him First”: Access to Others 725.2.4 The Over-Soul: Access to the Universe, Nature, and Others 725.3 “A Higher Law Than I”: Inner Divinity in “Civil Disobedience” 735.3.1 “Why Has Every Man a Conscience?”: Thoreauvian Conscience 735.3.2 “A Higher Law Than I”: Thoreauvian Higher Law 775.3.3 Inner Divinity: Conscience and Higher Law 795.4 “War with the State: Anti-Authority in “Civil Disobedience” 805.4.1 “Resistance to Civil Government”: Anti-Government 805.4.2 “Standing So Completely within the Institution”: Anti-Institution 835.4.3 “Mercy of Chance”: Anti-Mainstream 855.4.4 Anti-Authority: Governments, Institutions, and the Mainstream 875.5 “It Must Help Itself”: Self-Reliance in “Civil Disobedience” 875.5.1 “They Do Nothing in Earnest”: People without Self-Reliance 875.5.2 Self-Reliance in Three Levels 915.5.3 Self-Reliance: Self-Sufficiency, Self-Motivation, and Civil Disobedience 965.6 The Thoreauvian Political Triad 975.6.1 “Action from Principle” and Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience 975.6.2 Revolution and Thoreauvian Civil Disobedience 995.6.3 The Thoreauvian Political Triad 100Chapter 6 Conclusion 1036.1 What Is New? – Findings and Discoveries 1036.1.1 Transcendentalism and Civil Disobedience: Principle and Action 1046.1.2 The Mystical, the Moral, the Political, the Practical: Concept and Practice 1046.1.3 The Thoreauvian Political Triad 1046.2 Contribution to Research 1056.2.1 The Link between Transcendentalism and Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” 1056.2.2 The Four Transcendentalist Principles 1056.2.3 The Thoreauvian Political Triad 1056.3 Who Should Read This Research 1066.3.1 Those Curious about the Concept of Civil Disobedience 1066.3.2 Those Interested in Political Perspectives on Civil Disobedience 1066.3.3 Those Interested in Literary Perspectives on Civil Disobedience 1066.4 Defending the Question, Methodology, Evidence, and Inferences 1076.4.1 A Justifiable Question 1076.4.2 A Reasonable Methodology 1086.4.3 Persuasive Evidence 1086.4.4 Credible Inferences 1096.5 Why Does It Matter? – Its Academic and Practical Significance 109Works Cited 111 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1413270 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103551001 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公民不服從 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 梭羅 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 超驗主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 十九世紀美國文學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 愛默生 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Civil disobedience en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Resistance to civil government en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Henry David Thoreau en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Transcendentalism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ralph Waldo Emerson en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Essays en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) the Over-Soul en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-Reliance en_US dc.title (題名) 坐而言、起而行：論亨利．大衛．梭羅《公民不服從》中的超驗主義精神 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Action from Principle: Transcendentalism in Henry David Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abbott, Philip. “Henry David Thoreau, the State of Nature, and the Redemption of Liberalism.” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 47, No.1, February. 1985, pp. 182-208.Andrews, Joseph L. 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