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題名 汝應識己而後愛人:論《瑪喬芮．坎普之書》中的自我形象
Know Thyself and Thou Shalt Love: Self-image in The Book of Margery Kempe作者 張景翔
Chang, Chin-Hsiang貢獻者 林質心
Lin, Chih-Hsin
張景翔
Chang, Chin-Hsiang關鍵詞 瑪喬芮坎普
自我認識
自我形象
分辨諸靈的恩賜
基督新婦
Margery Kempe
Self-knowledge
Self-image
Discretio spirituum
Bridal mysticism日期 2019 上傳時間 5-Sep-2019 15:35:56 (UTC+8) 摘要 評論家咸認為瑪喬芮的奇特行止係由於其不具有自我認識的能力又或者其自我形象並未忠實反映其自我認識。本論文意圖將《瑪喬芮．坎普之書》放在神祕主義傳統中解讀，並以齊克果的論述來檢視瑪喬芮如何檢視自我認識之來源是否妥適，並依據真實自我認識融合相關的自我形象來活出真實的自我。第二章將透過檢視瑪喬芮如何運用辯靈傳統來辨認所獲得的靈啟是否來自上帝以追溯坎普如何獲得自我認識。此外也將探討瑪喬芮的驕傲如何阻礙她獲得自我認識。最後本章將檢視瑪喬芮如何成為夠格的人來檢證自我知識的來源並在遭遇困惑時仍清楚思考。第三章將探討為何瑪喬芮知悉自我認識的來源為神之後，仍無法接受那個自己或成就那真實的自我形象，此章將分析坎普的朝聖旅程如何幫助坎普轉變罪人的自我形象，成為神的愛人，並確立自己的確是為神所愛。此外，這章會以辨靈與神祕新婦的傳統來檢視與神的婚禮前後瑪喬芮身體的感覺如何成為神愛的證據並成為瑪喬芮在各種困境中挺立的支柱。第四章將檢視瑪喬芮如何延伸神愛人的自我形象並透過母親的悲慟來建立屬靈社群。此章中將會運用齊克果的《愛之工》，此書指出由神點燃之愛不能沉潛而必得有外在表現以觸及人群。此一想法正可用以解釋瑪喬芮和神獨一的愛如何轉向成為包容兼緒的愛。結論將點出坎普如何階段性呈現瑪喬芮的靈性旅程來展現她如何獲取正確的自我認識並完整體現因此一認識，開展出的其生命潛力。
Margery’s peculiar life has been considered by critics as a sign of her madness with no solid self-knowledge or a performance/disguise. This thesis rereads The Book of Margery Kempe in the context of the mystical tradition and Kierkegaardian discourse to explore what effort Margery makes to verify the sources of her self-knowledge and live her true self by presenting various self-images built upon her verified self-knowledge. The second chapter aims to trace how Kempe acquires her self-knowledge. Her effort will be studied as an application of the tradition of discretio spirituum, which helps her to verify whether her spiritual visions are from God or the devil. Furthermore, Margery’s pride will be examined as an obstacle to her understanding of herself. Finally, the chapter will explore how Margery can even be qualified to verify the sources of her self-knowledge and still keep a clear head in face of confusing messages about her true self. The third chapter examines why even with the right kind of self-knowledge from God, she may still have difficulty in accepting this self or living out a self-image accordingly. This chapter analyzes how Kempe presents Margery’s pilgrimage and shows that her self-image transforms from a sinner to God’s lover after knowing that God indeed loves her. Margery’s bodily feelings as God’s token of love before and after her wedding with the Godhead (1.35) will again be examined in the traditions of discretio spirituum and bridal mysticism to understand how Margery decides to be God’s lover against adversity. The fourth chapter examines how Kempe extends her self-image as God’s lover and forms a spiritual community though her maternal sorrow. Here Kierkegaard’s Works of Love can help understand this expansion of love as he argues that one’s strong love ignited by God cannot remain dormant but needs to be expressed and reach others. The conclusion presents how Kempe stages Margery’s spiritual journey to show how to acquire self-knowledge and how to embody fully the potential of her self-knowledge.參考文獻 Works CitedAers, David. Community, Gender & Individual Identity: English Writing, 1360-1430. New York: Routledge, 1988.Augustine of Hippo. “On the Trinity (Book X).” Church Fathers: On the Trinity, Book X (St. Augustine). N.p., 2017. Web. 28 July 2019.Beckwith, Sarah. “A very material mysticism: The medieval mysticism of Margery Kempe.” in David Aers (ed.), Community, Gender and Identity: English Writing1360–1430 London: Routledge, 1988. 34-57.Bernard of Clairvaux, and Halcyon Backhouse. The Twelve Steps of Humility and Pride and On Loving God. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985.Bowers, Terence N. “Margery Kempe as Traveler.” Studies in Philology 97.1 (2000): 1-28.Christie, Sheila. “‘Thei Stodyn upon Stoyls for to Beheldyn Hir:’ Margery Kempe and the Power of Performance.” Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 38 (2002): 93-103.Colón, Susan E. ““Gostly labowrys”: Vocation and profession in The Book of Margery Kempe.” English Studies 86.4 (2005): 283-297.Cooper-Rompato, Christine. “The Sound of the Bellows in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Magistra 19.1 (2013): 3-17.Craun, Edwin D. “Fama and Pastoral Constraints on Rebuking Sinners Fraternal Correction.” Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe. Ed. Thelma S. Fenster. Ithaca: Cornell U, 2003. 187-209. Debuchy, Paul. “Discernment of Spirits.” Catholic Encyclopedia: Discernment of Spirits. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 July 2019.Dickman, Susan. “Margery Kempe and the Continental Tradition of the Pious Woman.” in Marion Glasscoe (ed.), The Medieval Mystical Tradition in England, Papers Read at Dartington Hall, July 1984: Exeter Symposium 3. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1984: 150-168.Dillon, Janette. “The Making of Desire in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Leeds Studies in English 26 (1995): 113-44.Drucker, Trudy. “Mailaise of Margery Kempe.” New York State Journal of Medicine 72 (1972): 2911-17.Ellis, Deborah. “The Merchant’s Wife’s Tale: Language, Sex, and Commerce in Margery Kempe and in Chaucer.” Exemplaria 2.2 (1990): 595-626.Farley, Mary Hardiman. “Her Own Creature: Religion, Feminist Criticism, and the Functional Eccentricity of Margery Kempe.” Exemplaria 11.1 (1999): 1-21.Flannery, Mary C. “The Concept of Shame in Late-Medieval English Literature.” Literature Compass 9.2 (2012): 166-82.Freeman, P. R., C. R. Bogarad, and D. E. Sholomskas. “Margery Kempe, a New Theory: The Inadequacy of Hysteria and Postpartum Psychosis as Diagnostic Categories.” History of Psychiatry 1.2 (1990): 169-90.Foucault, Michel. "Technologies of the Self." Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. Ed. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. London: Tavistock, 1988. 16-49.Fox, Rebecca. “Experience and Authority: Knowledge, Gender, and the Creation of the Self in the Book of Margery Kempe and Late Medieval Travel Literature.” The Hilltop Review 9.2 (2017): 47-60.Gardner, Edmund G. “The Cell of Self-knowledge.” The Cell of Self-knowledge: Seven Early English Mystical Treatises Printed in 1521. Ed. Edmund G. Gardner. New York: Duffield &, 1910. xi-xxvii.Gerson, Jean. Jean Gerson: Early Works. Trans. Brian Patrick. McGuire. New York: Paulist, 1998.Gertz, Genelle. “Confessing Margery Kempe, 1413-1438.” Heresy Trials and English Women Writers, 1400-1670. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015. 48-76. Goodich, Michael E. “The Vagaries of Family Life.” Violence and Miracle in the Fourteenth Century: Private Grief and Public Salvation. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1995. 58-85.Goodman, Anthony. “The Piety of John Burnham`s Daughter, of Lynn.” Medieval Women. Ed. Derek Baker and Rosalind M. T. Hill. Oxford: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by B. Blackwell, 1978. 347-58.Gross, Richard D. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 2nd ed. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1992.Gusdorf, Georges. “Conditions and Limits of Autobiography.” Autobiography: Essays Theoretical and Critical. By James Olney. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1980. 28-48.Helfers, James P. “The Mystic as Pilgrim: Margery Kempe and the Tradition of Nonfictional Travel Narrative.” Journal of the Rocky Mountain Medieval and Renaissance Association 13 (1992): 25-45.Hsy, Jonathan. “‘Be More Strange and Bold’: Kissing Lepers and Female Same-Sex Desire in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Early Modern Women, 5 (2010): 189-199. Huber, R. Emily. “‘For Y am sorwe, and sorwe ys Y:’ Melancholy, Despair, and Pathology in Middle English literature.” Diss. University of Rochester, 2008.Jefferies, Diana and Debbie Horsfall. “Forged by Fire: Margery Kempe’s Account of Postnatal Psychosis.” Literature and Medicine 32.2 (2014): 348-64.Kempe, Margery. The Book of Margery Kempe. Ed. Barry Windeatt. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2004.---. The Book of Margery Kempe: The Text from the Unique Ms. Owned by Colonel W. Butler-Bowdon. Ed. Sanford Brown Meech and Hope Emily Allen. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1940.Kierkegaard, Søren. Fear and Trembling, and the Sickness unto Death. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954.---. Works of Love. Trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1995Kilcrease, Jack. “The Bridal-Mystical Motif in Bernard of Clairvaux and Martin Luther.” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 65.2 (2014): 263-79.Knowles, David. The English Mystical Tradition. New York: Harper, 1965.Lawes, Richard. “Psychological Disorder and the Autobiographical Impulses in Julian of Norwich, Margery Kempe and Thomas Hoccleve.” Writing Religious Women: Female Spiritual and Textual Practices in Late Medieval England. Ed. Denis Renevey and Christiania Whitehead. Toronto: U of Toronto, 2000. 217-44.Larsen, Vickie, and Mary-Katherine Curnow. “Hagiographic Ambition, Fabliau Humor, and Creature Comforts in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Exemplaria 25.4 (2013): 284-302.Lewis, Clive S. The Four Loves. London: Collins, 1982.Lippitt, John. “Self- Knowledge in Kierkegaard.” Self-knowledge: A History. Ed. Ursula Renz. New York: Oxford UP, 2017. 205-22.Lipton, Emma. “The Marriage of Love and Sex: Margery Kempe and Bourgeois Lay Identity.” Affections of the Mind: The Politics of Sacramental Marriage in Late Medieval English Literature. Notre Dame: U, of Notre Dame P, 2007. 129-60.Lochrie, Karma. Margery Kempe and Translations of the Flesh. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 1994.Long, Julia. “Mysticism and Hysteria the Histories of Margery Kempe and Anna O.” Feminist Readings in Middle English Literature: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect. Ed. Ruth Evans and Lesley Johnson. London: Routledge, 1994. 87-111.Lucas, Elona K. “The Enigmatic, Threatening Margery Kempe.” Downside Review 105 (1987): 294-305.Luft, Joseph. Of Human Interaction. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield, 1969.Marmion, Columba. Christ, the Ideal of the Priest. San Francisco: Ignatius, 2005.Mason, Mary G. “The Other Voice: Autobiographies of Women Writers.” Autobiography: Essays Theoretical and Critical. Ed. James Olney. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2014. 207-35.McAvoy, Liz Herbert. Authority and the Female Body in the Writings of Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 2004.---. “‘An Awngel Al Clothyd in White:’ Rereading the Book of Life as The Book of Margery Kempe.” Women and Experience in Later Medieval Writing Reading the Book of Life. Ed. Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker and Liz Herbert McAvoy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 103-21.---. “Motherhood: The Book of Margery Kempe.” Medieval Feminist Newsletter 24 (1997): 23-26.McNamer, Sarah. Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion. Philadelphia (Pa.): U of Pennsylvania P, 2010.Miller, Jasmin. “‘Þe Speche of God:’ A Re-assessment of the Double-voicedness of Mystic Speech in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Magistra 23.2 (2017): 42-58.Myers, Michael D. “A Fictional-True Self: Margery Kempe and the Social Reality of the Merchant Elite of King’s Lynn.” Albion 31.3 (1999): 377-94.Pearman, Tory. “Embodied Transcendence Disability and the Procreative Body in the Book of Margery Kempe.” Women and Disability in Medieval Literature. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 113-49.Plato. Protagoras. Ed. Martin Ostwald and Gregory Vlastos. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956.Reinecke, Charlene Rene. “A Biblical and Psychological Comparative Study of Self-concept.” A Biblical and Psychological Comparative Study of Self-concept. N.p., 1993. Web. 28 July 2019.Riddy, Felicity. “Text and Self in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Voices in Dialogue: Reading Women in the Middle Ages. Ed. Linda Olson and Kathryn Kerby-Fulton. Notre Dame, IN: U of Notre Dame P, 2005. 435-53.Rolle, Richard. The Fire of Love and the Mending of Life. Trans. Richard Misyn. New York: Cosimo Classics, 2010. Roman, Christopher. Domestic Mysticism in Margery Kempe and Dame Julian of Norwich: The Transformation of Christian Spirituality in the Late Middle Ages. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen, 2005.Rosenfeld, Jessica. “Envy and Exemplarity in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Exemplaria 26.1 (2014): 105-21.Ross, Ellen. “She Wept and Cried Right Loud for Sorrow and for Pain: Suffering, the Spiritual Journey, and Women`s Experience in Late Medieval Mysticism.” Maps of Flesh and Light: The Religious Experience of Medieval Women Mystics. Ed. Ulrike Wiethaus. 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Margery`s Reading Communities: Literacy and Devotion in The Book of Margery Kempe. Diss. Wake Forest University, 2014.Varnam, Laura. “The Crucifix, the Pietà, and the Female Mystic: Devotional Objects and Performative Identity in the Book of Margery Kempe.” Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 41.2 (2015): 208-37.Watson, Nicholas. “The Making of The Book of Margery Kempe.” Voices in Dialogue: Reading Women in the Middle Ages. Ed. Linda Olson and Kathryn Kerby-Fulton. U of Notre Dame P, 2005. 395-434.Watt, Diane. Secretaries of God: Women Prophets in Late Medieval and Early Modern England, New York: D. S. Brewer, 1997.Weissman, Hope Phyllis. “Margery Kempe in Jerusalem: Hysterica Compassio in the Late Middle Ages.” Acts of Interpretation: The Text in Its Contexts, 700-1600: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature in Honor of E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Mary Carruthers and Ethelbert Talbot. Donaldson. Norman, OK: Pilgrim, 1982. 201-17.William of St. Thierry. Exposition on the Song of Songs. Trans. Columba Hart. Spencer, MA: Cistercian P, 1970.Williams, Tara. “Manipulating Mary: Maternal, Sexual, and Textual Authority in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Modern Philology 107.4 (2010): 528-55.---. “Vernacularity, Femininity, and Authority: Reinventing Motherhood in The Shewings of Julian of Norwich and The Book of Margery Kempe.” Inventing Womanhood Gender and Language in Later Middle English Writing. Columbus, OH: Ohio State UP, 2011. 114-48. Yoshikawa, Naoë Kukita. “Discretio spirituum in Time: the Impact of Julian of Norwich’s Counsel in the Book of Margery Kempe.” The Medieval Mystical Tradition in England: Papers Read at Charney Manor, July 2004 [Exeter Symposium VII], Ed. E. A. Jones. Cambridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2004. 119–132. ---. Margery Kempes Meditations: The Context of Medieval Devotional Literature, Liturgy and Iconography. Cardiff: U of Wales, 2007.Zimbalist, Barbara. "Christ, Creature, and Reader: Verbal Devotion in The Book of Margery Kempe." Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 41.1 (2015): 1-23. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
101551013資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1015510135 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林質心 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Chih-Hsin en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張景翔 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Chin-Hsiang en_US dc.creator (作者) 張景翔 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chang, Chin-Hsiang en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Sep-2019 15:35:56 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Sep-2019 15:35:56 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Sep-2019 15:35:56 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1015510135 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125483 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101551013 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 評論家咸認為瑪喬芮的奇特行止係由於其不具有自我認識的能力又或者其自我形象並未忠實反映其自我認識。本論文意圖將《瑪喬芮．坎普之書》放在神祕主義傳統中解讀，並以齊克果的論述來檢視瑪喬芮如何檢視自我認識之來源是否妥適，並依據真實自我認識融合相關的自我形象來活出真實的自我。第二章將透過檢視瑪喬芮如何運用辯靈傳統來辨認所獲得的靈啟是否來自上帝以追溯坎普如何獲得自我認識。此外也將探討瑪喬芮的驕傲如何阻礙她獲得自我認識。最後本章將檢視瑪喬芮如何成為夠格的人來檢證自我知識的來源並在遭遇困惑時仍清楚思考。第三章將探討為何瑪喬芮知悉自我認識的來源為神之後，仍無法接受那個自己或成就那真實的自我形象，此章將分析坎普的朝聖旅程如何幫助坎普轉變罪人的自我形象，成為神的愛人，並確立自己的確是為神所愛。此外，這章會以辨靈與神祕新婦的傳統來檢視與神的婚禮前後瑪喬芮身體的感覺如何成為神愛的證據並成為瑪喬芮在各種困境中挺立的支柱。第四章將檢視瑪喬芮如何延伸神愛人的自我形象並透過母親的悲慟來建立屬靈社群。此章中將會運用齊克果的《愛之工》，此書指出由神點燃之愛不能沉潛而必得有外在表現以觸及人群。此一想法正可用以解釋瑪喬芮和神獨一的愛如何轉向成為包容兼緒的愛。結論將點出坎普如何階段性呈現瑪喬芮的靈性旅程來展現她如何獲取正確的自我認識並完整體現因此一認識，開展出的其生命潛力。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Margery’s peculiar life has been considered by critics as a sign of her madness with no solid self-knowledge or a performance/disguise. This thesis rereads The Book of Margery Kempe in the context of the mystical tradition and Kierkegaardian discourse to explore what effort Margery makes to verify the sources of her self-knowledge and live her true self by presenting various self-images built upon her verified self-knowledge. The second chapter aims to trace how Kempe acquires her self-knowledge. Her effort will be studied as an application of the tradition of discretio spirituum, which helps her to verify whether her spiritual visions are from God or the devil. Furthermore, Margery’s pride will be examined as an obstacle to her understanding of herself. Finally, the chapter will explore how Margery can even be qualified to verify the sources of her self-knowledge and still keep a clear head in face of confusing messages about her true self. The third chapter examines why even with the right kind of self-knowledge from God, she may still have difficulty in accepting this self or living out a self-image accordingly. This chapter analyzes how Kempe presents Margery’s pilgrimage and shows that her self-image transforms from a sinner to God’s lover after knowing that God indeed loves her. Margery’s bodily feelings as God’s token of love before and after her wedding with the Godhead (1.35) will again be examined in the traditions of discretio spirituum and bridal mysticism to understand how Margery decides to be God’s lover against adversity. The fourth chapter examines how Kempe extends her self-image as God’s lover and forms a spiritual community though her maternal sorrow. Here Kierkegaard’s Works of Love can help understand this expansion of love as he argues that one’s strong love ignited by God cannot remain dormant but needs to be expressed and reach others. The conclusion presents how Kempe stages Margery’s spiritual journey to show how to acquire self-knowledge and how to embody fully the potential of her self-knowledge. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsDedication Page iiiAcknowledgment ivChinese Abstract viiEnglish Abstract ixChapter I: Introduction 1Chapter II: “For they do not know what they are doing:” Margery’s Self-knowledge as a Sinner 17Chapter III: “I am Black but Beautiful:” Margery’s Self-image as God’s Lover 39Chapter IV: “Because She was the Mother of All Living:” Loving as a Mother 59Chapter V: Conclusion 85Works Cited 88 zh_TW dc.format.extent 911427 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1015510135 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 瑪喬芮坎普 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我認識 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我形象 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分辨諸靈的恩賜 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 基督新婦 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Margery Kempe en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-knowledge en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-image en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Discretio spirituum en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bridal mysticism en_US dc.title (題名) 汝應識己而後愛人:論《瑪喬芮．坎普之書》中的自我形象 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Know Thyself and Thou Shalt Love: Self-image in The Book of Margery Kempe en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Works CitedAers, David. Community, Gender & Individual Identity: English Writing, 1360-1430. New York: Routledge, 1988.Augustine of Hippo. “On the Trinity (Book X).” Church Fathers: On the Trinity, Book X (St. Augustine). N.p., 2017. Web. 28 July 2019.Beckwith, Sarah. “A very material mysticism: The medieval mysticism of Margery Kempe.” in David Aers (ed.), Community, Gender and Identity: English Writing1360–1430 London: Routledge, 1988. 34-57.Bernard of Clairvaux, and Halcyon Backhouse. The Twelve Steps of Humility and Pride and On Loving God. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985.Bowers, Terence N. “Margery Kempe as Traveler.” Studies in Philology 97.1 (2000): 1-28.Christie, Sheila. “‘Thei Stodyn upon Stoyls for to Beheldyn Hir:’ Margery Kempe and the Power of Performance.” Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 38 (2002): 93-103.Colón, Susan E. ““Gostly labowrys”: Vocation and profession in The Book of Margery Kempe.” English Studies 86.4 (2005): 283-297.Cooper-Rompato, Christine. “The Sound of the Bellows in The Book of Margery Kempe.” Magistra 19.1 (2013): 3-17.Craun, Edwin D. “Fama and Pastoral Constraints on Rebuking Sinners Fraternal Correction.” Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe. Ed. Thelma S. Fenster. Ithaca: Cornell U, 2003. 187-209. Debuchy, Paul. “Discernment of Spirits.” Catholic Encyclopedia: Discernment of Spirits. N.p., 2017. 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