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題名 「真正的智慧」：夏綠蒂·勃朗特《簡愛》中花園的作用
“True Wisdom”: Functions of the Gardens in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre作者 胡家瑋
Hu, Chia-Wei貢獻者 陳音頤
Chen, Eva Yin-I
胡家瑋
Hu, Chia-Wei關鍵詞 《簡愛》
夏綠蒂·勃朗特
空間
花園
女性成長
殖民理論
Jane Eyre
Charlotte Brontë
Space
Garden
The Development of Women
Colonization日期 2020 上傳時間 2-Mar-2020 10:56:54 (UTC+8) 摘要 物質文化理論啟發了這篇探討《簡愛》花園的論文。十八世紀起，迅速的工業化進程和科技創新潮流催生了興盛的物質文化，其對人類的影響已經引起相關領域學者的探究，花園這個介於自然與文明、裡與外、自由與限制的物質空間也不例外。有一派學者認為女性和花園空間的互動對女性自我成長有所助益，另一派學者側重於花園空間蘊含的殖民意涵。這兩派學者的理論是這篇關於《簡愛》花園論文的切入點──該主題尚未在學界獲得應有的重視。在第二章探討完英國花園從十七到十九世紀的轉變後，我將關注重點放在《簡愛》中座落於蓋茨黑德、羅伍德、棘園和荒涼屋的四個花園以了解簡愛與花園的互動如何促進她的身心成長。接著，我注意到一個位處英國殖民地牙買加的花園，這發現讓我想進一步了解伯莎在英國那奴隸般的生活經驗與維多利亞時期奴隸所遭受的苦難之關聯。故事中兩位女主角不羈的天性受壓抑的維多利亞社會限制、約束。被視為「家中天使」的簡不被允許創立自己的學校，也不被准許與地位比她高的男子來往。伯莎這被比擬為異國花朵的女孩在英國的經歷使她枯萎失色，她的人生被她大男人且不體貼的丈夫羅切斯特摧毀。根據我對故事情節與角色發展的觀察，那如避風港的花園給予女性成長、勃發的自由。然而，如果女性本身無法適應其所處社會時代之物質文化或生活條件，那花園這象徵維多利亞時期物質文化縮影的空間於她而言便是地獄──伯莎在英國的經驗便是一顯著之例。總體而言，這篇論文試圖深究簡、伯莎與花園的關係與連結，期許本論文對勃朗特學派研究有所貢獻，特別是關於女性自我成長與社會偏見衝突的部分。
The concept of material culture inspires me to work on this thesis focusing on the gardens in Charlotte Brontë`s Jane Eyre. Since the eighteenth century, accelerated industrialization and technological innovation have led to a flourish of material objects, whose influences on human beings have been acknowledged by scholars in relevant fields. Garden, a material space striding across nature and civilization, exterior and interior, as well as freedom and restraints, are of no exception. One group of critics agrees that the relations between women and the garden space contribute to women`s gradual development into maturity; on the other hand, another circle of scholars values the colonial connotations of the garden space. These two schools of theories are the entry points of my readings on the gardens in Jane Eyre—that is, the topic of the garden space has generally not received sufficient attention among the scholars. After analyzing transformations of the English garden from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries in the second chapter, I focus on investigating the four gardens located in Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Moor House in order to delve deeper into how Jane`s relationships with the gardens contribute to her growth. Furthermore, a garden in Jamaica arouses my interest in how Bertha`s slave-like experience in England illustrates the slaves` general sufferings at that period. Both women`s untamed nature are restrained by the stifling Victorian society. Jane, a deemed angel in the house, is forbidden from establishing her own school and having a relationship with a man of superior rank. Bertha, a woman personifying exotic flower, withers in England—her life is destroyed by Rochester, who is more of a patriarchal owner than a caring partner. From my observation of the overall plot-character development, Brontë may suggest that the haven-like gardens give women the freedom to prosper. However, if the female subject—Bertha, a prominent instance—is unable to adapt and adjust herself to the material culture of a particular period, then the gardens, epitomizing the materialism of the Victorian society, could also be hell-like and destructive to her. All in all, with my investigation of Jane`s and Bertha`s relationships with the garden space, this paper intends to shed some new light on Brontëan scholarship, especially in terms of the conflicts between women`s sense of self-progression and the societal prejudice against their self-assertion at the time.參考文獻 Alexander, Christine, and Margaret Smith. “Books Owned by the Brontës.” The Oxford Companion to the Brontës, Oxford UP, 2018, pp. 52-53.Altick, Richard D. The Shows of London. Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1978.Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Beacon Press, 1994.Barker, Juliet. The Brontës: A Life in Letters. Viking, 1997.Beaglehole, J. C. The Life of Captain James Cook. Stanford UP, 1992.Brandt, Anthony, and David Eagleman. The Runaway Species: How Human Creativity Remakes the World. Canongate, 2017.Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 2008.---. Villette. Edited by Margaret Smith and Herbert Rosengarten, Oxford UP, 2008.Brontë, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Edited by Lucasta Miller, Penguin Random House, 2003.“Capability Brown at Blenheim Palace.” Historic Houses Association, www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/capability_brown_at_blenheim_palace.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2019.Carter, Tom. The Victorian Garden. Bell & Hyman, 1984.Casid, Jill H. Sowing Empire: Landscape and Colonization. U of Minnesota P, 2005.Darby, Margaret Flanders. “Unnatural History: Ward`s Glass Cases.” Victorian Literature and Culture, vol. 35, Cambridge UP, 2007, pp. 635-49. JSTOR, doi:10.1017/S1060150307051686. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.Delbourgo, James. “Slavery in the Cabinet of Curiosities: Hans Sloane`s Atlantic World.” The British Museum, Jan. 2007, research.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Delbourgo%20essay.pdf. Accessed 25 Oct. 2019.Dietz, Bettina, and Thomas Nutz. “Collections Curieuses: The Aesthetics of Curiosity and Elite Lifestyle in Eighteenth-Century Paris.” Eighteenth-Century Life, vol. 29, no. 3, Duke UP, 2005, pp. 44-75. ResearchGate, doi:10.1215/00982601-29-3-44. Accessed 26 Oct. 2019.Domosh, Mona, and Joni Seager. Putting Women in Place: Feminist Geographers Make Sense of the World. The Guilford Press, 2001.Elliott, Brent. Victorian Gardens. B. T. Batsford, 1986.Endersby, Jim. Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science. U of Chicago P, 2008.Finney, Gail. The Counterfeit Idyll: The Garden Ideal and Social Reality in Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Niemeyer, 1984.Finlay, Ian H. “Unconnected Sentences on Gardening.” Ian Hamilton Finlay: A Visual Primer, by Yves Abrioux, Reaktion Books, 1992, p. 40.Ford, Susan. “Landscape Revisited: A Feminist Reappraisal.” New Words, New Worlds: Reconceptualising Social and Cultural Geography, edited by Chris Philo, Social and Cultural Geography Study Group of the Institute of British Geographers, 1991, pp. 151-55.Fraser, Rebecca. Charlotte Brontë: A Writer`s Life. 1st ed, Pegasus Books, 2008.Fryer, Peter. Black People in the British Empire: an Introduction. Pluto Press, 1988.Gaskell, Elizabeth C. The Life of Charlotte Brontë, E. P. Dutton, 1852.George, Sam. Botany, Sexuality and Women`s Writing 1760-1830: From Modest Shoot to Forward Plant. Manchester UP, 2007.Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. Yale UP, 2000.Harrison, David W. The Brontës of Haworth: Yorkshire`s Literary Giants. Trafford Publishing, 2002.Hooker, William Jackson. “Botany.” A Manual of Scientific Enquiry: Prepared for the Use of Officers in Her Majesty`s Nay and Travellers in General, edited by John F. W. Herschel, John Murray, 1984, pp. 400-22.---. My Dear Hector: Letters from Joseph Dalton Hooker to James Hector 1862–1893. Edited by Ian Jackson, Juliet Hobbs, and John Cameron Yaldwyn, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1998.Howard, Ebenezer. Garden Cities of To-morrow. S. Sonnenschein, 1902.Hunt, John Dixon. “The Garden as Cultural Object.” Denatured Visions: Landscape and Culture in the Twentieth Century, edited by Stuart Wrede and William Howard Adams, The Museum of Modern Art, 1991, pp. 19-32.---. Gardens and the Picturesque: Studies in the History of Landscape Architecture. The MIT Press, 1992.---. Greater Perfections: The Practice of Garden Theory. Thames & Hudson, 2000.Ikin, Caroline. The Victorian Garden. Shire Library, 2012.Jevons, William Stanley. The Coal Question. The Macmillan Company, 1906.Johnson, Louisa. Every Lady Her Own Flower Gardener: Addressed to the Industrious and Economical. C. M. Saxton Publisher, 1863.Knight, Richard Payne. An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste. 1850, archive.org/details/ananalyticalinq01kniggoog/page/n171. Accessed 1 Apr. 2019.Lee Julia Sun-Joo. “The (Slave) Narrative of Jane Eyre.” Victorian Literature and Culture, vol. 36, Cambridge UP, 2008, pp. 785-96. Cambridge Core, doi:10.1017/S1060150308080194. Accessed 22 Nov. 2019.Liu Han-ying. From Cabinets of Curiosities to Exhibitions: Victorian Curiosity and Object Relations, Curiousness, and Curious Things in Charlotte Brontë. 2012. U of London, Royal Holloway, PhD dissertation. pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/4643234/Microsoft_Word_thesis_postviva.pdf. Accessed 29 Jul. 2019.Loudon, Jane. My Own Garden; or the Young Gardener`s Year Book. Kerby and Son, 1855.---. Instructions in Gardening for Ladies. Cambridge UP, 2013.Loudon, John. The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion. Garland Publishing, 1982.---. The Gardener`s Magazine, and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement. Vol. 8, Longman, 1832.---. The Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton. Longman, 1840.McIntosh, Charles. The Practical Gardener, and Modern Horticulturist. Thomas Kelly, 1828.Meyer, Susan. Imperialism at Home: Race and Victorian Women’s Fiction. Edward Arnold, 1960.Mueller, William. “Mathematical Wunderkammern.” The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 108, no. 9, Taylor & Francis, 2001, pp. 785-96. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/2695552. Accessed 26 Oct. 2019.Newman, Judie. The Ballistic Bard: Postcolonial Fictions. Hodder Arnold Publication, 1995.Obeyesekere, Gananath. The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific. Princeton UP, 1855.Orel, Harold. The Brontës: Interviews and Recollections. Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.Page, Judith W., and Elise L. Smith. Women, Literature, and the Domesticated Landscape. Cambridge UP, 2011.Peacham, Henry. Peacham`s Compleat Gentleman, Clarendon Press, 1634.Price, Uvedale. On the Picturesque: with an Essay on the Origin of Taste, and Much Original Matter. 1842, archive.org/details/siruvedalepriceo00pric_0. Accessed 1 Apr. 2019.Repton, Humphry. Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening. 1805, archive.org/details/observationsonth00rept. Accessed 4 Apr. 2019.Robinson, A. Mary F. Emily Brontë. Frankfurt am Main, 2018.Rose, Gillian. Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Polity Press, 1993.Ross, Stephanie. What Gardens Mean. U of Chicago P, 1998.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Letters on the Elements of Botany, Addressed to a Lady. Translated by Thomas Martyn, B. and J. White, 1796.Rutherford, Sarah. Capability Brown: and His Landscape Gardens. National Trust, 2016.Schulz, Max F. Paradise Preserved: Recreations of Eden in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England. Cambridge UP, 1985.Shteir, Ann B. Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora`s Daughters and Botany in England 1760-1860. Johns Hopkins UP, 1996.Smith, Albert. Gavarni in London: Sketches of Life and Character, with Illustrative Essays by Popular Writers. Edited by Albert Smith, David Bogue, 1849.Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. “Three Women`s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 12, 1985, pp. 243-61. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1343469. Accessed 15 May 2019.Thistleton-Dyer, William. The Botanical Enterprise of the Empire. Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection, 1880.Thomas, Sue. Imperialism, Reform, and the Making of Englishness in Jane Eyre. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.Tillotson, Kathleen. “A Day with Charlotte Brontë in 1850.” Brontë Society Transactions, vol. 16, Routledge, 1971, pp. 22-30. Taylor & Francis Online, doi:10.1179/030977671796481447. Accessed 12 Dec. 2018.Tobin, Beth Fowkes. Colonizing Nature: The Tropics in British Arts and Letters 1860-1820. U of Pennsylvania P, 2005.Tuan Yi-fu. Space and Place: the Perspective of Experience. U of Minnesota P, 1997.Walpole, Horace. “The History of the Modern Taste in Gardening.” Horace Walpole: Gardenist, edited by Isabel Wakelin Urban Chase, Princeton UP, 1943, pp. 1-40.Ward, Nathaniel Bagshaw. On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases. John Van Voorst, 1842.Waters, Michael. The Garden in Victorian Literature. Scholar Press, 1988.Whately, Thomas. Observations on Modern Gardening: an Eighteenth-Century Study of the English Landscape Garden. Edited by Tom Williamson, Boydell Press, 2016.Woolf, Virginia. “A Room of One`s Own,” The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Edited by Stephen Greenblatt et al., 8th ed., W.W. Norton & Company, 2006, pp. 2435-94. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
105551006資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1055510061 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳音頤 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Eva Yin-I en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 胡家瑋 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hu, Chia-Wei en_US dc.creator (作者) 胡家瑋 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hu, Chia-Wei en_US dc.date (日期) 2020 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2020 10:56:54 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Mar-2020 10:56:54 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2020 10:56:54 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1055510061 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/128766 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 105551006 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 物質文化理論啟發了這篇探討《簡愛》花園的論文。十八世紀起，迅速的工業化進程和科技創新潮流催生了興盛的物質文化，其對人類的影響已經引起相關領域學者的探究，花園這個介於自然與文明、裡與外、自由與限制的物質空間也不例外。有一派學者認為女性和花園空間的互動對女性自我成長有所助益，另一派學者側重於花園空間蘊含的殖民意涵。這兩派學者的理論是這篇關於《簡愛》花園論文的切入點──該主題尚未在學界獲得應有的重視。在第二章探討完英國花園從十七到十九世紀的轉變後，我將關注重點放在《簡愛》中座落於蓋茨黑德、羅伍德、棘園和荒涼屋的四個花園以了解簡愛與花園的互動如何促進她的身心成長。接著，我注意到一個位處英國殖民地牙買加的花園，這發現讓我想進一步了解伯莎在英國那奴隸般的生活經驗與維多利亞時期奴隸所遭受的苦難之關聯。故事中兩位女主角不羈的天性受壓抑的維多利亞社會限制、約束。被視為「家中天使」的簡不被允許創立自己的學校，也不被准許與地位比她高的男子來往。伯莎這被比擬為異國花朵的女孩在英國的經歷使她枯萎失色，她的人生被她大男人且不體貼的丈夫羅切斯特摧毀。根據我對故事情節與角色發展的觀察，那如避風港的花園給予女性成長、勃發的自由。然而，如果女性本身無法適應其所處社會時代之物質文化或生活條件，那花園這象徵維多利亞時期物質文化縮影的空間於她而言便是地獄──伯莎在英國的經驗便是一顯著之例。總體而言，這篇論文試圖深究簡、伯莎與花園的關係與連結，期許本論文對勃朗特學派研究有所貢獻，特別是關於女性自我成長與社會偏見衝突的部分。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The concept of material culture inspires me to work on this thesis focusing on the gardens in Charlotte Brontë`s Jane Eyre. Since the eighteenth century, accelerated industrialization and technological innovation have led to a flourish of material objects, whose influences on human beings have been acknowledged by scholars in relevant fields. Garden, a material space striding across nature and civilization, exterior and interior, as well as freedom and restraints, are of no exception. One group of critics agrees that the relations between women and the garden space contribute to women`s gradual development into maturity; on the other hand, another circle of scholars values the colonial connotations of the garden space. These two schools of theories are the entry points of my readings on the gardens in Jane Eyre—that is, the topic of the garden space has generally not received sufficient attention among the scholars. After analyzing transformations of the English garden from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries in the second chapter, I focus on investigating the four gardens located in Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Moor House in order to delve deeper into how Jane`s relationships with the gardens contribute to her growth. Furthermore, a garden in Jamaica arouses my interest in how Bertha`s slave-like experience in England illustrates the slaves` general sufferings at that period. Both women`s untamed nature are restrained by the stifling Victorian society. Jane, a deemed angel in the house, is forbidden from establishing her own school and having a relationship with a man of superior rank. Bertha, a woman personifying exotic flower, withers in England—her life is destroyed by Rochester, who is more of a patriarchal owner than a caring partner. From my observation of the overall plot-character development, Brontë may suggest that the haven-like gardens give women the freedom to prosper. However, if the female subject—Bertha, a prominent instance—is unable to adapt and adjust herself to the material culture of a particular period, then the gardens, epitomizing the materialism of the Victorian society, could also be hell-like and destructive to her. All in all, with my investigation of Jane`s and Bertha`s relationships with the garden space, this paper intends to shed some new light on Brontëan scholarship, especially in terms of the conflicts between women`s sense of self-progression and the societal prejudice against their self-assertion at the time. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements ivChinese Abstract vEnglish Abstract viChapterI. Introduction 1II. The English Garden from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries 15III. “Here, Jane, is an Arbour”: Gardens and Jane`s Development 28IV. “You are like a Slave-driver”: Gardens and Colonial Roots 43V. Conclusion 62Works Cited 65 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1291220 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1055510061 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 《簡愛》 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 夏綠蒂·勃朗特 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 空間 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 花園 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 女性成長 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 殖民理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Jane Eyre en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Charlotte Brontë en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Space en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Garden en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) The Development of Women en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Colonization en_US dc.title (題名) 「真正的智慧」：夏綠蒂·勃朗特《簡愛》中花園的作用 zh_TW dc.title (題名) “True Wisdom”: Functions of the Gardens in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexander, Christine, and Margaret Smith. “Books Owned by the Brontës.” The Oxford Companion to the Brontës, Oxford UP, 2018, pp. 52-53.Altick, Richard D. The Shows of London. Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1978.Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Beacon Press, 1994.Barker, Juliet. The Brontës: A Life in Letters. Viking, 1997.Beaglehole, J. C. The Life of Captain James Cook. Stanford UP, 1992.Brandt, Anthony, and David Eagleman. The Runaway Species: How Human Creativity Remakes the World. Canongate, 2017.Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 2008.---. Villette. Edited by Margaret Smith and Herbert Rosengarten, Oxford UP, 2008.Brontë, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Edited by Lucasta Miller, Penguin Random House, 2003.“Capability Brown at Blenheim Palace.” Historic Houses Association, www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/capability_brown_at_blenheim_palace.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2019.Carter, Tom. The Victorian Garden. Bell & Hyman, 1984.Casid, Jill H. Sowing Empire: Landscape and Colonization. U of Minnesota P, 2005.Darby, Margaret Flanders. “Unnatural History: Ward`s Glass Cases.” Victorian Literature and Culture, vol. 35, Cambridge UP, 2007, pp. 635-49. JSTOR, doi:10.1017/S1060150307051686. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.Delbourgo, James. “Slavery in the Cabinet of Curiosities: Hans Sloane`s Atlantic World.” The British Museum, Jan. 2007, research.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Delbourgo%20essay.pdf. Accessed 25 Oct. 2019.Dietz, Bettina, and Thomas Nutz. “Collections Curieuses: The Aesthetics of Curiosity and Elite Lifestyle in Eighteenth-Century Paris.” Eighteenth-Century Life, vol. 29, no. 3, Duke UP, 2005, pp. 44-75. ResearchGate, doi:10.1215/00982601-29-3-44. Accessed 26 Oct. 2019.Domosh, Mona, and Joni Seager. Putting Women in Place: Feminist Geographers Make Sense of the World. The Guilford Press, 2001.Elliott, Brent. Victorian Gardens. B. T. Batsford, 1986.Endersby, Jim. Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science. U of Chicago P, 2008.Finney, Gail. The Counterfeit Idyll: The Garden Ideal and Social Reality in Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Niemeyer, 1984.Finlay, Ian H. “Unconnected Sentences on Gardening.” Ian Hamilton Finlay: A Visual Primer, by Yves Abrioux, Reaktion Books, 1992, p. 40.Ford, Susan. “Landscape Revisited: A Feminist Reappraisal.” New Words, New Worlds: Reconceptualising Social and Cultural Geography, edited by Chris Philo, Social and Cultural Geography Study Group of the Institute of British Geographers, 1991, pp. 151-55.Fraser, Rebecca. Charlotte Brontë: A Writer`s Life. 1st ed, Pegasus Books, 2008.Fryer, Peter. Black People in the British Empire: an Introduction. Pluto Press, 1988.Gaskell, Elizabeth C. The Life of Charlotte Brontë, E. P. Dutton, 1852.George, Sam. Botany, Sexuality and Women`s Writing 1760-1830: From Modest Shoot to Forward Plant. Manchester UP, 2007.Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. Yale UP, 2000.Harrison, David W. The Brontës of Haworth: Yorkshire`s Literary Giants. Trafford Publishing, 2002.Hooker, William Jackson. “Botany.” A Manual of Scientific Enquiry: Prepared for the Use of Officers in Her Majesty`s Nay and Travellers in General, edited by John F. W. Herschel, John Murray, 1984, pp. 400-22.---. My Dear Hector: Letters from Joseph Dalton Hooker to James Hector 1862–1893. Edited by Ian Jackson, Juliet Hobbs, and John Cameron Yaldwyn, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1998.Howard, Ebenezer. Garden Cities of To-morrow. S. Sonnenschein, 1902.Hunt, John Dixon. “The Garden as Cultural Object.” Denatured Visions: Landscape and Culture in the Twentieth Century, edited by Stuart Wrede and William Howard Adams, The Museum of Modern Art, 1991, pp. 19-32.---. Gardens and the Picturesque: Studies in the History of Landscape Architecture. The MIT Press, 1992.---. Greater Perfections: The Practice of Garden Theory. Thames & Hudson, 2000.Ikin, Caroline. The Victorian Garden. Shire Library, 2012.Jevons, William Stanley. The Coal Question. 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