1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 臺灣華語詞彙結構：詞彙聯想的實證
Lexical organization in Taiwan Mandarin: Evidence from word association tasks
作者 曾子伊
Tseng, Tzu-Yi
貢獻者 萬依萍
Wan, I-Ping
曾子伊
Tseng, Tzu-Yi
關鍵詞 詞彙結構
詞彙聯想
心理詞彙
臺灣華語
語意與音韻關聯
Lexical networks
Word associations
Semantic-phonological organization
Mental lexicon
Taiwan Mandarin
日期 2020
上傳時間 2-Mar-2020 10:57:08 (UTC+8)
摘要 至今心理詞彙結構的相關理論和模型多數支持概念間的觸發連結是透過激發作用(activation)傳遞的。而影響該連結與激發的因素又涵蓋詞頻、具體抽象度、真詞作用(lexical effect)、詞性與音韻關聯。詞彙聯想測試被廣泛應用於心裡詞彙與記憶的研究，透過反應詞與刺激詞之間的關係，來追究詞彙聯想與擷取過程中各階段間的作用。然而目前多數與臺灣華語心理詞彙相關的研究並未以重要的語言學影響因素為實驗設計基礎，因此本研究目標以涵蓋上述影響特徵的自由雙字詞彙聯想測試，為臺灣華語心理詞彙結構提出一個概括性的探討。主要的研究問題分為兩大方向：（一）語意與音韻何者對臺灣華語詞彙結構的影響較大？（二）各種語言學特徵對臺灣華語詞彙結構的影響為何？

本研究提出的新興實驗方法，以平衡臺灣華語所有21個音節子音首，在雙字刺激詞的兩個子音音節首的分布，自10位（5男5女；平均年齡23.8歲，標準差1.9歲）臺灣華語母語語者收集共406個華語雙字詞彙。詞彙聯想結果顯示：（一）臺灣華語詞彙偏向以語意組構；（二）語意關聯以聚合關係(paradigmatic relation)為主；語意、韻尾、名詞刺激詞與反應詞間的一致性等在臺灣華語詞彙結構中有較強的連結。鑒於本研究尚有幾許研究限制，建議後續較大規模的跨聲調語言研究；而本研究探討人類大腦詞彙的組構能對於未來在人類與人工智慧的神經網路聯結上提供概括性參考與貢獻。
Current theories and models of lexical organization assume that the stimulation of an association results in an activation spreading to the related concepts within mental networks. Several factors have also been suggested to affect those connections to meet different purposes of lexical access such as frequency, imageability, lexical effect, lexical categories, and phonological similarity. Word association tasks have been widely implemented to psychological research of mental lexicon and memory; through the relations between stimuli and responses, different levels of processing are able to be traced. However, most research related to Mandarin lexicon investigated the associated responses without concerning linguistic features in Mandarin as the basis. The present study therefore aims to provide an outline of the lexical organization in Taiwan Mandarin by free word associations. Topics to be explored involve 1) the tendency of lexical organization, and 2) the influences of linguistic features in Taiwan Mandarin lexicon.

With the new methodology conducted, in which the 21 possible onsets for disyllabic words and linguistic influences in Taiwan Mandarin are considered, total of 406 responses are collected from ten Taiwan Mandarin native speakers (age mean= 23.8 years old; SD= 1.9; 5 males and 5 females). The results of free word associations in the present study suggest the following: 1) a semantic tendency of lexical organization in Taiwan Mandarin; 2) the tendency of paradigmatic relation, semantic instead of phonological relation, rhyming relation, and the consistency of syntactic categories in nouns are presented during associations in Taiwan Mandarin lexicon. However, regarding limited literature and the small scale of the present study, further research on phonological organization in mental lexicon across languages is suggested. The understanding of lexical organization in human brains may contribute to the further research on the functions of associations and networks between human and artificial intelligence.
參考文獻 Aitchison, J. 2012. Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. John Wiley
& Sons.
Aldridge, M., Fontaine, L., Bowen, N., & Smith, T. 2018. A new perspective on word
association: how keystroke logging informs strength of word association. WORD, 64(4), 218-234.
Beckage, N. M., & Colunga, E. 2016. Language networks as models of cognition:
Understanding cognition through language. In Towards a Theoretical Framework for Analyzing Complex Linguistic Networks, 3-28. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Bock, K., & Levelt, W. J. 1994. Language production: Grammatical encoding (pp.
945-984). Academic Press.
Caplan, J. B., & Madan, C. R. 2016. Word imageability enhances association-memory
by increasing hippocampal engagement. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(10), 1522-1538.
Chan, S. W. (Ed.). 2016. The Routledge encyclopedia of the Chinese language. Routledge.
Chang, Y. L., Wu, J. Y., Chen, H. C., & Wu, C. L. 2016. The Development of Chinese
Radical Remote Associates Test. Psychological Testing (63), 1, 59-81.
Chen, J. Y., Chen, T. M., & Dell, G. S. 2002. Word-form encoding in Mandarin
Chinese as assessed by the implicit priming task. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(4), 751-781.
Chen, J. Y., & Li, C. Y. 2011. Word form encoding in Chinese word naming and word
typing. Cognition, 121(1), 140-146.
Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group (CKIP). Technical Report no.93- 05,
Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group (CKIP). Extended-HowNet (E-
HowNet) 2.0. Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. 1975. A spreading-activation theory of semantic
processing. Psychological review, 82(6), 407.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. 1969. Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal
of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 8(2), 240-247.
De Deyne, S., & Storms, G. 2008. Word associations: Network and semantic
properties. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 213-231.
De Deyne, S., Navarro, D. J., & Storms, G. 2013. Better explanations of lexical and
semantic cognition using networks derived from continued rather than single-word associations. Behavior research methods, 45(2), 480-498.
De Deyne, S., Verheyen, S., & Storms, G. 2016. Structure and organization of the
mental lexicon: A network approach derived from syntactic dependency relations and word associations. In Towards a theoretical framework for analyzing complex linguistic networks (pp. 47-79). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
De Groot, A. M. 1989. Representational aspects of word imageability and word
frequency as assessed through word association. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(5), 824.
De Simone, F., & Collina, S. 2016. The Picture–Word Interference Paradigm:
Grammatical Class Effects in Lexical Production. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 45(5), 1003-1019.
De Young, K. P., Lavender, J. M., Washington, L. A., Looby, A., & Anderson, D. A.
2010. A controlled comparison of the word repeating technique with a word association task. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 41(4), 426-432.
Dell, G. S. 1985. Positive Feedback in Hierarchical Connectionist Models: Applications
to Language Production 1. Cognitive Science, 9(1), 3-23.
Dell, G. S. 1986. A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence
production. Psychological review, 93(3), 283.
Dell, G. S. 1988. The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions
from a connectionist model. Journal of memory and language, 27(2), 124-142.
Dell, G. S. 1990. Effects of frequency and vocabulary type on phonological speech
errors. Language and cognitive processes, 5(4), 313-349.
Dell, G. S., Chang, F., & Griffin, Z. M. 1999. Connectionist models of language production:
Lexical access and grammatical encoding. Cognitive Science, 23(4), 517-542.
Dell, G. S., Oppenheim, G. M., & Kittredge, A. K. 2008. Saying the right word at the
right time: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic interference in sentence
production. Language and cognitive processes, 23(4), 583-608.
Dell, G. S., & O`Seaghdha, P. G. 1991. Mediated and convergent lexical priming in
language production: A comment on Levelt et al (1991).
Dell, G. S., & O`Seaghdha, P. G. 1992. Stages of lexical access in language
production. Cognition, 42(1-3), 287-314.
Dell, G. S., Reed, K. D., Adams, D. R., & Meyer, A. S. 2000. Speech errors,
phonotactic constraints, and implicit learning: a study of the role of experience in
language production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 26(6), 1355.
Duanmu, S. 1990. A formal study of syllable, tone, stress and domain in Chinese
Languages, Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Duanmu, S. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Entwisle, D.R. 1966. Word associations of young children. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Press. Greidanus, T. and L. Nienhuis. 2001. Testing the quality of word knowledge in a second language by means of word associations: types of distractors and types of associations. The Modern Language Journal 85.4: 567–77.
Forster, K. I. 1976. Accessing the mental lexicon. In R. Wales & E. Walker (Eds.), New
approaches to language mechanisms. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Fromkin, V. A. 1971. The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Language, 27-
52.
Garrett, M.F. 1975. Syntactic process in sentence production In G. Bower (Ed.).
Psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. 9:133-177.
Hsieh, S. K. 2006. Hanzi, concept and computation: A preliminary survey of Chinese
characters as a knowledge resource in NLP (doctoral dissertation). Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen.
Hsieh, S. K. 2016. Chinese Semantics. In: Sin-Wai Chan (ed). The Routledge Encyclopedia
of the Chinese Language.
Hu, J. F., Chen, Y.C., Zhuo, S.L., Chen, H. C., Chang, Y. L., & Sung, Y. T. 2017. Word
Association Norms and Associated Responses: Reference Index for 1200 Two-
Character Chinese Words. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 49(1), 137-160.
Huang, C. R., Lee, L. H., Qu, W., Hong, J. F., & Yu, S. 2008. Quality Assurance of
Automatic Annotation of Very Large Corpora: A Study based on Heterogeneous Tagging Systems. LREC 2008. 2725-2729.
Huang, C. R. & Hsieh, S. K. 2015. Chinese Lexical Semantics. In: William S-Y Wang and
Chaofen Sun (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. ISBN: 978-0-19-985633-6. Oxford University Press.
Huang, C. R., Chen K. J., Chang, L. P. & Hsu, H. L. 1995. An introduction to
Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus. [In Chinese]. Proceedings of ROCLING VIII
81-99.
Huang, P.S., Chen, H. C., Huang, H. C., & Liu, C. H. 2009. The Development of
Divergent Thinking Test of Word Associative Strategy (DTTWAS). Psychological Testing, 56(2), 153-177.
Huang, P. S., Chen, H. C., & Liu, C. H. 2012. The development of Chinese word
remote associates test for college students. Psychological Testing, 59(4), 581-607.
Jarema, G., & Libben, G. 2007. The mental lexicon: core perspectives. BRILL.
Kittredge, A. K., Dell, G. S., Verkuilen, J., & Schwartz, M. F. 2008. Where is the effect
of frequency in word production? Insights from aphasic picture-naming errors. Cognitive neuropsychology, 25(4), 463-492.
Lee, H. Y. (李孝儀). 2014. The Analysis of Chinese Word Remote Associates Test
Among High School Students in Taiwan, Master Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Lee, J. (李杰). 2012. 英—漢雙語心理詞典詞彙聯想測試研究, Master Thesis, Xihua
University, China.
Lee, H. M., & Lee, Y. S. 2011. Emotionality ratings and free-association norms of 267
common two-character chinese words. Formosa Journal of Mental Health, 24(4), 495-524.
Levelt, W. J. 1983. Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition, 14(1), 41-104.
Levelt. W. J. 1989. Speaking: From informtion to arriculation Cambridge. MA: MlT Press.
Levelt, W. J. 1993. Speaking: From intention to articulation (Vol. 1). MIT press.
Ma, W. Y., & Huang, C. R. 2006. Uniform and Effective Tagging of a Heterogeneous
Giga-word Corpus. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-5).
Ma, W. Y., & Shih, Y. Y. 2018. Extended HowNet 2.0–An Entity-Relation Common-
Sense Representation Model. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2018).
Malhi, S. K. 2018. Processing Concrete and Abstract Relationships in Word Pairs.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. 1981. An interactive activation model of context
effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological review, 88(5), 375.
Mednick, S. 1962. The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological
review, 69(3), 220.
Meyer, AS. 1991. The time course of phonological encoding in language production:
Phonological encoding inside a syllable. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 69-89.
Meyer, A.S., & Dell, G.S. 1993. An experimental analysis of positional and phonotactic
Morton, J. 1969. Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological
review, 76(2), 165.
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. 2004. The University of South
Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. Behavior Research
Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402-407.
Nissen, H. B., & Henriksen, B. 2006. Word class influence on word association test
results 1. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(3), 389-408.
Nozari, N., Kittredge, A. K., Dell, G. S., & Schwartz, M. F. 2010. Naming and
repetition in aphasia: Steps, routes, and frequency effects. Journal of memory and
language, 63(4), 541-559.
Oppenheim, G. M., & Dell, G. S. 2008. Inner speech slips exhibit lexical bias, but not
the phonemic similarity effect. Cognition, 106(1), 528-537.
Rebei, A., Anderson, N. D., & Dell, G. S. 2019. Learning the phonotactics of button
pushing: Consolidation, retention, and syllable structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
Reeves, L. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. 1998. Words and meaning: From
primitives to complex organization. Psycholinguistics, 2, 157-226.
Sailor, K., Brooks, P. J., Bruening, P. R., Seiger-Gardner, L., & Guterman, M. 2009.
Exploring the time course of semantic interference and associative priming in the picture–word interference task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(4), 789-801.
Sheng, L., McGregor, K. K., & Marian, V. 2006. Lexical–semantic organization in
bilingual children: Evidence from a repeated word association task. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 572-587.
Smith, E. E., Shoben, E. J., & Rips, L. J. 1974. Structure and process in semantic
memory: A featural model for semantic decisions. Psychological review, 81(3), 214.
Tang, Marc & Wan, I-Ping. 2019. Predicting Speech Errors in Mandarin Based on
Word Frequency. In Su, Qu and Zhan, Weidong (Eds.), From Minimal Contrast to Meaning Construct, Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics 9. 289-304. Springer, Peking University Press.
Team, R. C. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing; 2015.
Taiwan Ministry of Education. 1994. The Ministry of Education Recompiled Mandarin
Dictionary. (http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/)
Vitevitch, M. S. 2008. What can graph theory tell us about word learning and lexical
retrieval?. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Vitevitch, M. S., & Goldstein, R. 2014. Keywords in the mental lexicon. Journal of
memory and language, 73, 131-147.
Wan, I. P. 2007. Mandarin speech errors into phonological patterns. Journal of Chinese
Linguistics, 35(1), 185-220.
Wan, I. P. & Tang, M. A corpus study of lexical speech errors in Mandarin. Manuscript.
Wan, I. P. & Ting, J. 2019. Semantic relationships in Mandarin speech errors. Taiwan
Journal of Linguistics (17), 2, 33-66.
Wang, W. S., & Sun, C. 2015. The Oxford handbook of Chinese linguistics. Oxford
University Press.
Warren, R. E. 1974. Association, directionality, and stimulus encoding. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 102(1), 151.
Yip, M. 1980. The Tonal Phonology of Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation. MIT.
Yu, P. (余萍). 2014. 淺析心理詞彙與學習詞典中觀結構的構建. The Guide of Science
& Education (8), 145-146.
Zhang, J. & Chen, D. 2018. An Empirical Study on Chinese College Students’ Associative
Reaction to Chinese Mental Lexicon. Applied Linguistics (4), 75-84.
Zhang, P. 2010. Choice of Prompt Words and Classification of Responses in Word
Association Tests: A Reexamination. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages (1), 41-45.
Zhao, C. 2012. A Review of Lexical Representation Research. Contemporary Foreign
Languages Studies (7), 38-44.
Zhao, Y. 2013. liu xue sheng yu mu yu zhe xin li ci hui de bi jiao yan jiu (留學生與母語
者心理詞彙的比較研究). Science & Technology Information (18), 62-63.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
106555004
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1065550042
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wan, I-Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 曾子伊zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tseng, Tzu-Yien_US
dc.creator (作者) 曾子伊zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tseng, Tzu-Yien_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2020 10:57:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Mar-2020 10:57:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2020 10:57:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1065550042en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/128767-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106555004zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 至今心理詞彙結構的相關理論和模型多數支持概念間的觸發連結是透過激發作用(activation)傳遞的。而影響該連結與激發的因素又涵蓋詞頻、具體抽象度、真詞作用(lexical effect)、詞性與音韻關聯。詞彙聯想測試被廣泛應用於心裡詞彙與記憶的研究，透過反應詞與刺激詞之間的關係，來追究詞彙聯想與擷取過程中各階段間的作用。然而目前多數與臺灣華語心理詞彙相關的研究並未以重要的語言學影響因素為實驗設計基礎，因此本研究目標以涵蓋上述影響特徵的自由雙字詞彙聯想測試，為臺灣華語心理詞彙結構提出一個概括性的探討。主要的研究問題分為兩大方向：（一）語意與音韻何者對臺灣華語詞彙結構的影響較大？（二）各種語言學特徵對臺灣華語詞彙結構的影響為何？

本研究提出的新興實驗方法，以平衡臺灣華語所有21個音節子音首，在雙字刺激詞的兩個子音音節首的分布，自10位（5男5女；平均年齡23.8歲，標準差1.9歲）臺灣華語母語語者收集共406個華語雙字詞彙。詞彙聯想結果顯示：（一）臺灣華語詞彙偏向以語意組構；（二）語意關聯以聚合關係(paradigmatic relation)為主；語意、韻尾、名詞刺激詞與反應詞間的一致性等在臺灣華語詞彙結構中有較強的連結。鑒於本研究尚有幾許研究限制，建議後續較大規模的跨聲調語言研究；而本研究探討人類大腦詞彙的組構能對於未來在人類與人工智慧的神經網路聯結上提供概括性參考與貢獻。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Current theories and models of lexical organization assume that the stimulation of an association results in an activation spreading to the related concepts within mental networks. Several factors have also been suggested to affect those connections to meet different purposes of lexical access such as frequency, imageability, lexical effect, lexical categories, and phonological similarity. Word association tasks have been widely implemented to psychological research of mental lexicon and memory; through the relations between stimuli and responses, different levels of processing are able to be traced. However, most research related to Mandarin lexicon investigated the associated responses without concerning linguistic features in Mandarin as the basis. The present study therefore aims to provide an outline of the lexical organization in Taiwan Mandarin by free word associations. Topics to be explored involve 1) the tendency of lexical organization, and 2) the influences of linguistic features in Taiwan Mandarin lexicon.

With the new methodology conducted, in which the 21 possible onsets for disyllabic words and linguistic influences in Taiwan Mandarin are considered, total of 406 responses are collected from ten Taiwan Mandarin native speakers (age mean= 23.8 years old; SD= 1.9; 5 males and 5 females). The results of free word associations in the present study suggest the following: 1) a semantic tendency of lexical organization in Taiwan Mandarin; 2) the tendency of paradigmatic relation, semantic instead of phonological relation, rhyming relation, and the consistency of syntactic categories in nouns are presented during associations in Taiwan Mandarin lexicon. However, regarding limited literature and the small scale of the present study, further research on phonological organization in mental lexicon across languages is suggested. The understanding of lexical organization in human brains may contribute to the further research on the functions of associations and networks between human and artificial intelligence.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I
CONTENT III
INDEX OF FIGURES VI
INDEX OF TABLES VII
ABSTRACT VIII
CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER TWO. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 MENTAL LEXICON 6
2.1.1 Models of Meaning: Semantic Representation 8
2.1.2 Models of Speech Production Planning 11
2.1.3 Organization between Semantics and Phonology: Connectionism 14
2.2 INFLUENCES OF WORD ACCESS AND ORGANIZATION 17
2.2.1 Frequency 18
2.2.2 Imageability 19
2.2.3 Lexical Bias 20
2.2.4 Syntactic Category 20
2.2.5 Phonological Similarity 21
2.3 WORD ASSOCIATION TASK 23
2.3.1 Free versus Controlled Association 24
2.3.2 Continued versus Single Response 25
2.3.3 Semantic vs. Phonological Relation 25
2.4 MANDARIN MENTAL LEXICON AND WORD ASSOCIATION 27
2.4.1 Mandarin Mental Lexicon 28
2.4.2 Mandarin Word Association 31
2.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS 35
CHAPTER THREE. METHODOLOGY 40
3.1 DATA COLLECTION AND ELICITATION 40
3.1.1 Participants 40
3.1.2 Materials 41
3.1.3 Procedures 48
3.1.4 Instruments 50
3.2 DATA ANALYSIS 50
3.2.1 Frequency 50
3.2.2 Syntactic Category 52
3.2.3 Semantic Relations 52
3.2.4 Syllable Structure and Tone Structure 53
3.2.5 Interaction between Semantics and Phonology 54
CHAPTER FOUR. RESULTS AND FINDINGS 56
4.1 FREQUENCY 57
4.2 SYNTACTIC CATEGORY 59
4.3 SEMANTIC RELATION 61
4.4 PHONOLOGICAL RELATION 64
4.4.1 Phonological Similarity 65
4.4.2 Syllable Structure and Tone Structure 67
4.4.3 Syllable Type 69
4.5 INTERACTION BETWEEN SEMANTICS AND PHONOLOGY 70
CHAPTER FIVE. DISCUSSION 74
5.1 TENDENCY OF LEXICAL ORGANIZATION IN TAIWAN MANDARIN 74
5.2 LINGUISTIC INFLUENCES IN LEXICAL ORGANIZATION 76
5.2.1 Frequency Effect & Mental Networks 76
5.2.2 Semantic Networks & Syntactic Networks 77
5.2.3 Phonological Networks 78
5.2.4 Networks between Linguistic Influences 80
CHAPTER SIX. CONCLUSION 82
REFERENCES 85
APPENDIX I. EXPERIMENT MATERIALS 92
APPENDIX II. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES 93
APPENDIX III. DATA ANALYSES 96
APPENDIX IV. PROGRAMMING CODES IN R 111		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 4326240 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1065550042en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙結構zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙聯想zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 心理詞彙zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臺灣華語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語意與音韻關聯zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lexical networksen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Word associationsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Semantic-phonological organizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mental lexiconen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.title (題名) 臺灣華語詞彙結構：詞彙聯想的實證zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Lexical organization in Taiwan Mandarin: Evidence from word association tasksen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aitchison, J. 2012. Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. John Wiley
& Sons.
Aldridge, M., Fontaine, L., Bowen, N., & Smith, T. 2018. A new perspective on word
association: how keystroke logging informs strength of word association. WORD, 64(4), 218-234.
Beckage, N. M., & Colunga, E. 2016. Language networks as models of cognition:
Understanding cognition through language. In Towards a Theoretical Framework for Analyzing Complex Linguistic Networks, 3-28. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Bock, K., & Levelt, W. J. 1994. Language production: Grammatical encoding (pp.
945-984). Academic Press.
Caplan, J. B., & Madan, C. R. 2016. Word imageability enhances association-memory
by increasing hippocampal engagement. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(10), 1522-1538.
Chan, S. W. (Ed.). 2016. The Routledge encyclopedia of the Chinese language. Routledge.
Chang, Y. L., Wu, J. Y., Chen, H. C., & Wu, C. L. 2016. The Development of Chinese
Radical Remote Associates Test. Psychological Testing (63), 1, 59-81.
Chen, J. Y., Chen, T. M., & Dell, G. S. 2002. Word-form encoding in Mandarin
Chinese as assessed by the implicit priming task. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(4), 751-781.
Chen, J. Y., & Li, C. Y. 2011. Word form encoding in Chinese word naming and word
typing. Cognition, 121(1), 140-146.
Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group (CKIP). Technical Report no.93- 05,
Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group (CKIP). Extended-HowNet (E-
HowNet) 2.0. Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. 1975. A spreading-activation theory of semantic
processing. Psychological review, 82(6), 407.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. 1969. Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal
of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 8(2), 240-247.
De Deyne, S., & Storms, G. 2008. Word associations: Network and semantic
properties. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 213-231.
De Deyne, S., Navarro, D. J., & Storms, G. 2013. Better explanations of lexical and
semantic cognition using networks derived from continued rather than single-word associations. Behavior research methods, 45(2), 480-498.
De Deyne, S., Verheyen, S., & Storms, G. 2016. Structure and organization of the
mental lexicon: A network approach derived from syntactic dependency relations and word associations. In Towards a theoretical framework for analyzing complex linguistic networks (pp. 47-79). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
De Groot, A. M. 1989. Representational aspects of word imageability and word
frequency as assessed through word association. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(5), 824.
De Simone, F., & Collina, S. 2016. The Picture–Word Interference Paradigm:
Grammatical Class Effects in Lexical Production. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 45(5), 1003-1019.
De Young, K. P., Lavender, J. M., Washington, L. A., Looby, A., & Anderson, D. A.
2010. A controlled comparison of the word repeating technique with a word association task. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 41(4), 426-432.
Dell, G. S. 1985. Positive Feedback in Hierarchical Connectionist Models: Applications
to Language Production 1. Cognitive Science, 9(1), 3-23.
Dell, G. S. 1986. A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence
production. Psychological review, 93(3), 283.
Dell, G. S. 1988. The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions
from a connectionist model. Journal of memory and language, 27(2), 124-142.
Dell, G. S. 1990. Effects of frequency and vocabulary type on phonological speech
errors. Language and cognitive processes, 5(4), 313-349.
Dell, G. S., Chang, F., & Griffin, Z. M. 1999. Connectionist models of language production:
Lexical access and grammatical encoding. Cognitive Science, 23(4), 517-542.
Dell, G. S., Oppenheim, G. M., & Kittredge, A. K. 2008. Saying the right word at the
right time: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic interference in sentence
production. Language and cognitive processes, 23(4), 583-608.
Dell, G. S., & O`Seaghdha, P. G. 1991. Mediated and convergent lexical priming in
language production: A comment on Levelt et al (1991).
Dell, G. S., & O`Seaghdha, P. G. 1992. Stages of lexical access in language
production. Cognition, 42(1-3), 287-314.
Dell, G. S., Reed, K. D., Adams, D. R., & Meyer, A. S. 2000. Speech errors,
phonotactic constraints, and implicit learning: a study of the role of experience in
language production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 26(6), 1355.
Duanmu, S. 1990. A formal study of syllable, tone, stress and domain in Chinese
Languages, Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Duanmu, S. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Entwisle, D.R. 1966. Word associations of young children. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Press. Greidanus, T. and L. Nienhuis. 2001. Testing the quality of word knowledge in a second language by means of word associations: types of distractors and types of associations. The Modern Language Journal 85.4: 567–77.
Forster, K. I. 1976. Accessing the mental lexicon. In R. Wales & E. Walker (Eds.), New
approaches to language mechanisms. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Fromkin, V. A. 1971. The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Language, 27-
52.
Garrett, M.F. 1975. Syntactic process in sentence production In G. Bower (Ed.).
Psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. 9:133-177.
Hsieh, S. K. 2006. Hanzi, concept and computation: A preliminary survey of Chinese
characters as a knowledge resource in NLP (doctoral dissertation). Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen.
Hsieh, S. K. 2016. Chinese Semantics. In: Sin-Wai Chan (ed). The Routledge Encyclopedia
of the Chinese Language.
Hu, J. F., Chen, Y.C., Zhuo, S.L., Chen, H. C., Chang, Y. L., & Sung, Y. T. 2017. Word
Association Norms and Associated Responses: Reference Index for 1200 Two-
Character Chinese Words. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 49(1), 137-160.
Huang, C. R., Lee, L. H., Qu, W., Hong, J. F., & Yu, S. 2008. Quality Assurance of
Automatic Annotation of Very Large Corpora: A Study based on Heterogeneous Tagging Systems. LREC 2008. 2725-2729.
Huang, C. R. & Hsieh, S. K. 2015. Chinese Lexical Semantics. In: William S-Y Wang and
Chaofen Sun (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. ISBN: 978-0-19-985633-6. Oxford University Press.
Huang, C. R., Chen K. J., Chang, L. P. & Hsu, H. L. 1995. An introduction to
Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus. [In Chinese]. Proceedings of ROCLING VIII
81-99.
Huang, P.S., Chen, H. C., Huang, H. C., & Liu, C. H. 2009. The Development of
Divergent Thinking Test of Word Associative Strategy (DTTWAS). Psychological Testing, 56(2), 153-177.
Huang, P. S., Chen, H. C., & Liu, C. H. 2012. The development of Chinese word
remote associates test for college students. Psychological Testing, 59(4), 581-607.
Jarema, G., & Libben, G. 2007. The mental lexicon: core perspectives. BRILL.
Kittredge, A. K., Dell, G. S., Verkuilen, J., & Schwartz, M. F. 2008. Where is the effect
of frequency in word production? Insights from aphasic picture-naming errors. Cognitive neuropsychology, 25(4), 463-492.
Lee, H. Y. (李孝儀). 2014. The Analysis of Chinese Word Remote Associates Test
Among High School Students in Taiwan, Master Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Lee, J. (李杰). 2012. 英—漢雙語心理詞典詞彙聯想測試研究, Master Thesis, Xihua
University, China.
Lee, H. M., & Lee, Y. S. 2011. Emotionality ratings and free-association norms of 267
common two-character chinese words. Formosa Journal of Mental Health, 24(4), 495-524.
Levelt, W. J. 1983. Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition, 14(1), 41-104.
Levelt. W. J. 1989. Speaking: From informtion to arriculation Cambridge. MA: MlT Press.
Levelt, W. J. 1993. Speaking: From intention to articulation (Vol. 1). MIT press.
Ma, W. Y., & Huang, C. R. 2006. Uniform and Effective Tagging of a Heterogeneous
Giga-word Corpus. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-5).
Ma, W. Y., & Shih, Y. Y. 2018. Extended HowNet 2.0–An Entity-Relation Common-
Sense Representation Model. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2018).
Malhi, S. K. 2018. Processing Concrete and Abstract Relationships in Word Pairs.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. 1981. An interactive activation model of context
effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological review, 88(5), 375.
Mednick, S. 1962. The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological
review, 69(3), 220.
Meyer, AS. 1991. The time course of phonological encoding in language production:
Phonological encoding inside a syllable. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 69-89.
Meyer, A.S., & Dell, G.S. 1993. An experimental analysis of positional and phonotactic
Morton, J. 1969. Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological
review, 76(2), 165.
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. 2004. The University of South
Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. Behavior Research
Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402-407.
Nissen, H. B., & Henriksen, B. 2006. Word class influence on word association test
results 1. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(3), 389-408.
Nozari, N., Kittredge, A. K., Dell, G. S., & Schwartz, M. F. 2010. Naming and
repetition in aphasia: Steps, routes, and frequency effects. Journal of memory and
language, 63(4), 541-559.
Oppenheim, G. M., & Dell, G. S. 2008. Inner speech slips exhibit lexical bias, but not
the phonemic similarity effect. Cognition, 106(1), 528-537.
Rebei, A., Anderson, N. D., & Dell, G. S. 2019. Learning the phonotactics of button
pushing: Consolidation, retention, and syllable structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
Reeves, L. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. 1998. Words and meaning: From
primitives to complex organization. Psycholinguistics, 2, 157-226.
Sailor, K., Brooks, P. J., Bruening, P. R., Seiger-Gardner, L., & Guterman, M. 2009.
Exploring the time course of semantic interference and associative priming in the picture–word interference task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(4), 789-801.
Sheng, L., McGregor, K. K., & Marian, V. 2006. Lexical–semantic organization in
bilingual children: Evidence from a repeated word association task. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 572-587.
Smith, E. E., Shoben, E. J., & Rips, L. J. 1974. Structure and process in semantic
memory: A featural model for semantic decisions. Psychological review, 81(3), 214.
Tang, Marc & Wan, I-Ping. 2019. Predicting Speech Errors in Mandarin Based on
Word Frequency. In Su, Qu and Zhan, Weidong (Eds.), From Minimal Contrast to Meaning Construct, Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics 9. 289-304. Springer, Peking University Press.
Team, R. C. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing; 2015.
Taiwan Ministry of Education. 1994. The Ministry of Education Recompiled Mandarin
Dictionary. (http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/)
Vitevitch, M. S. 2008. What can graph theory tell us about word learning and lexical
retrieval?. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Vitevitch, M. S., & Goldstein, R. 2014. Keywords in the mental lexicon. Journal of
memory and language, 73, 131-147.
Wan, I. P. 2007. Mandarin speech errors into phonological patterns. Journal of Chinese
Linguistics, 35(1), 185-220.
Wan, I. P. & Tang, M. A corpus study of lexical speech errors in Mandarin. Manuscript.
Wan, I. P. & Ting, J. 2019. Semantic relationships in Mandarin speech errors. Taiwan
Journal of Linguistics (17), 2, 33-66.
Wang, W. S., & Sun, C. 2015. The Oxford handbook of Chinese linguistics. Oxford
University Press.
Warren, R. E. 1974. Association, directionality, and stimulus encoding. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 102(1), 151.
Yip, M. 1980. The Tonal Phonology of Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation. MIT.
Yu, P. (余萍). 2014. 淺析心理詞彙與學習詞典中觀結構的構建. The Guide of Science
& Education (8), 145-146.
Zhang, J. & Chen, D. 2018. An Empirical Study on Chinese College Students’ Associative
Reaction to Chinese Mental Lexicon. Applied Linguistics (4), 75-84.
Zhang, P. 2010. Choice of Prompt Words and Classification of Responses in Word
Association Tests: A Reexamination. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages (1), 41-45.
Zhao, C. 2012. A Review of Lexical Representation Research. Contemporary Foreign
Languages Studies (7), 38-44.
Zhao, Y. 2013. liu xue sheng yu mu yu zhe xin li ci hui de bi jiao yan jiu (留學生與母語
者心理詞彙的比較研究). Science & Technology Information (18), 62-63.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202000123en_US