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題名 阿爾泰語系中分類詞的起源與分布
On the Distribution and Origin of Sortal Classifiers in Altaic Languages作者 陳甚安
Chen, Shen-An貢獻者 何萬順
Her, One-Soon
陳甚安
Chen, Shen-An關鍵詞 分類詞
量詞
阿爾泰語系
語言接觸
分類詞單一起源假設
sortal classifier
mensural classifier
Altaic languages
language contact
Single Origin Hypothesis日期 2020 上傳時間 5-May-2020 11:56:30 (UTC+8) 摘要 分類詞 (又稱個體量詞)，在東亞與東南亞的語言中極為常見，而在亞洲北方至東歐地區的阿爾泰語系的66種語言中也存在14種分類詞語言，這些分類詞語言多半不發達且是選擇性使用，分類詞的豐富度也不及東亞與東南亞各地之語言，推測這些語言當中的分類詞並非是其語言的原生系統，為了找出阿爾泰語系的分類詞語言之來源，本文依據 Her & Li (to appear) 所提及之「分類詞單一起源假設」之概念，推測阿爾泰語系中的分類詞是由周邊分類詞相對強勢的漢語或是波斯語接觸過後所產生的。這14種語言當中的分類詞將會透過 Greenberg (1972) 和 Her (2012) 的分類詞所具有之被數學定義，檢測阿爾泰語系的分類詞是否為真正的分類詞，再進一步觀察文獻中分類詞的語意或是語音特性，判斷這些語言中的分類詞是否具有漢語或是波斯語的特徵，最後綜合每種語言的發展歷史、地理特徵，歸納出阿爾泰語系分類詞最有可能的起源，並驗證「分類詞單一起源假設」的適用範圍是否可以擴大至阿爾泰語系。在本文的研究結果中，也應證了阿爾泰語系語言的分類詞來源的確與地理分布符合，以地理位置位處漢語和波斯語中間的維吾爾語為界，維吾爾語以東的分類詞語言即為受漢語影響，以西則為受到波斯語影響，維吾爾語為同時受兩者影響的語言。
The grammatical feature of sortal classifiers is common in East and Southeast Asian languages, but in the Altaic language family spread from northern Asia to eastern Europe, 14 languages out of 66 are found to employ sortal classifiers. However, these languages use classifiers optionally and have fewer classifiers than East and Southeast Asian languages. We thus suspect that the classifier systems in Altaic are not indigenous. Following the Single Origin Hypothesis proposed by Her & Li (to appear), we speculate that the rise of classifiers in Altaic is due to influence by their neighbors, either Chinese or Persian, both with a relatively stronger classifier system.In this study, we first examine the putative classifiers in these 14 Altaic languages to ensure that they are genuine numeral classifiers, especially in the mathematical sense as defined by Greenberg (1972) and Her (2012). Furthermore, we examine the phonological and semantic features of the classifiers identified. Finally, we take into account of historical and geographical factors and determine the most likely source of influence for each of the 14 Altaic classifier languages. In doing so, we also hope to expand the scope of the Single Origin Hypothesis to the Altaic language family.The results of this study indicate that the origin of classifiers in Altaic languages largely depends on their geographical location and thus language contact. Having the location of Uyghur as the dividing line, which is between the Chinese territory and the Persian area, we see that the classifier languages located on the east side were influenced by Chinese, while those located on the west side were influenced by Persian, and Uyghur were thus influenced by both.參考文獻 Atknine, Victor 1997. The Evenki Language from the Yenisei to Sakhalin. In Shoji,Hiroshi & Janhunen, Juha (eds.). Northern Minority Languages: Problems of Survival, 109-121. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology.Batu, Ali & Batu, Heysem. 2018. Historical Background of Turkish Gastronomy from ancient times to day. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 5(2), 76-82.Brunn, Stanley D & Toops, Stanley & Gilbreath, Richard. 2012. The Routledge Atlas of Central Eurasian Affairs. New York: Routledge.Cornell, Svante E. 2011. Azerbaijan Since Independence. London: Routledge.Engesæth, Tarjei & Yakup, Mahire & Arienne, Dwyer. 2009. Greetings from the Teklimakan: a handbook of Modern Uyghur: Volume 1. Lawrence: University of Kansas Scholarworks.Gil, David. 2013. Numeral Classifiers. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online ed. by Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, Chapter 55. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online athttp://wals.info/chapter/55, Accessed on 2019-11-20.)Göksel, Aslı & Kerslake, Celia. 2000. Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Her One-Soon 2012. Distinguishing classifiers and measure words: A mathematical perspective and implications. Lingua 122.14: 1668-1691.Her, One-Soon and Bing-Tsiong Li. To appear. A Single origin of numeral classifiers in Asia and Pacific: A hypothesis. To appear in Marc Tang & Marcin Kilarski(eds.), Nominal Classification in Asia: Functional and Diachronic Perspectives. John Benjamins.Janhunen, Juha. 2000. Grammatical gender from east to west. Gender in Grammar and Cognition, part II: Manifestations of Gender ed. by Barbara Unterbeck, Matti Rissanen, Terttu Nevalainen & Mirja Saari, 689-797. Berlin & New York:Mouton de Gruyter.Janhunen, Juha. 2003. The Mongolic Languages. London: Routledge.Johanson, Lars & CsatÓ, Éva Á. 1998. The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge.Kavitskaya, Darya. 2010. Crimean Tatar. Languages of the world: Materials 477. Muenchen:Lincom Europa.Kornfilt, Jaklin & Heusinger, Klaus von. 2009. Specificity and Partitivity in some Altaic Languages. In Shibagaki, R and Vermeulen, R (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Workshopon Formal Altaic Linguistics, MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 19-40 MIT Press.Lee, S. N. 2008. A grammar of Iranian Azerbaijani. Seoul: Thaehaksa.Lehmann, Christian. 2015. Thoughts on grammaticalization. Berlin: Language Science Press.Mahootian, Shahrzad. 1997. Persian Descriptive Grammars. London: Routledge.Mansur, Salih. 2018. Crimean Tatar Language; Past, Present, and Future Unpublished manuscriptLaGuardia Community College.Sağ, Yağmur. 2018. The semantics of Turkish numeral constructions. Proceedings of Sinn Und Bedeutung, 22(2), 307-324. Retrieved from https://ojs.ub.unikonstanz.de/sub/index.php/sub/article/view/108Schaaik, Gerjan van. 1996. Studies in Turkish Grammar Turcologica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Schwarz, Henry G. 1984. The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey. Bellingham: Western Washington University Press.Slater, Keith W. 2003. A Grammar of Mangghuer. London: Routledge.Stilo, Don. 2018. Numeral classifier systems in the Araxes-Iran linguistic area. In McGregor, William B & Wichmann, Søren (Eds.), The Diachrony of Classification Systems, 135-164. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Underhill, Robert. 1980. Turkish grammar. Cambridge, Mass. u.a: MIT Pr.步連增. 2011.〈漢語名量詞起源再探〉，《濟南學報哲學社會科學版》 2011.1:89-96。馬偉. 2009.〈語言接觸與撒拉語的變化〉，《青海民族學院學報社會科學版》 3.35: 29-35。李樹蘭、仲謙. 1986. 《錫伯語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。林連雲. 1985. 《撒拉語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。劉景憲、趙阿平、趙金純. 1997.《滿語研究通論》。 黑龍江省 : 黑龍江朝鮮民族出版社。耿世民、李增樣. 1985. 《哈薩克語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。韓啟昆. 1994. 〈錫伯族西遷戍邊路線圖 解〉，《滿族研究》1994.2 : 90-94。胡增益. 1986.《鄂溫克語簡志》。北京 : 民族出版社。胡增益. 1994.《新滿漢大詞典》。新疆維吾爾自治區 : 新疆人民出版社。何萬順、林昆翰. 2015.〈分類詞與量詞的區分–以台灣地區華語為例〉，《漢語學報》2015.4 : 56-96。照那斯圖. 1981. 《土族語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。仲素纯. 1982.《達斡爾語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。趙相如. 1985.《維吾爾語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。陳振宗、雷遠春. 1985. 《西部裕固語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。陳振宗. 1986.《塔塔爾語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。陳新義. 2015. 《中國北方阿爾泰語言語序類型研究》。北京:中國社會科學出版社。程適良、阿不都熱合曼. 1987. 《烏孜別克語簡志》。 北京 : 民族出版社。孫明. 2010. 〈關於漢語滿語量詞的比較研究〉，《民族翻譯》3.1 : 72-75。王慶鋒.2005. 《滿語研究》。 北京 : 民族出版社。歐南．烏珠爾. 2004.《達斡爾語概論》。黑龍江省。哈爾濱出版社。網路資源Gippert, Jost. 2010.《TITUS印歐語系研究計劃網頁》。檢自http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/texte/texte2.htm (Apr, 1, 2020) 。Fobos92. 2013. 《阿爾泰語系分布圖》。檢自 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lenguas_altaicas.png (Feb. 2, 2020) 。Dörrbecker, Maximilian. 2011. 《蒙古語族分布圖》。檢自https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_the_Mongolic_languages.png (Apr, 1, 2020) 。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
106555013資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106555013 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 何萬順 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Her, One-Soon en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳甚安 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Shen-An en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳甚安 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Shen-An en_US dc.date (日期) 2020 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-May-2020 11:56:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-May-2020 11:56:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-May-2020 11:56:30 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106555013 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/129646 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106555013 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 分類詞 (又稱個體量詞)，在東亞與東南亞的語言中極為常見，而在亞洲北方至東歐地區的阿爾泰語系的66種語言中也存在14種分類詞語言，這些分類詞語言多半不發達且是選擇性使用，分類詞的豐富度也不及東亞與東南亞各地之語言，推測這些語言當中的分類詞並非是其語言的原生系統，為了找出阿爾泰語系的分類詞語言之來源，本文依據 Her & Li (to appear) 所提及之「分類詞單一起源假設」之概念，推測阿爾泰語系中的分類詞是由周邊分類詞相對強勢的漢語或是波斯語接觸過後所產生的。這14種語言當中的分類詞將會透過 Greenberg (1972) 和 Her (2012) 的分類詞所具有之被數學定義，檢測阿爾泰語系的分類詞是否為真正的分類詞，再進一步觀察文獻中分類詞的語意或是語音特性，判斷這些語言中的分類詞是否具有漢語或是波斯語的特徵，最後綜合每種語言的發展歷史、地理特徵，歸納出阿爾泰語系分類詞最有可能的起源，並驗證「分類詞單一起源假設」的適用範圍是否可以擴大至阿爾泰語系。在本文的研究結果中，也應證了阿爾泰語系語言的分類詞來源的確與地理分布符合，以地理位置位處漢語和波斯語中間的維吾爾語為界，維吾爾語以東的分類詞語言即為受漢語影響，以西則為受到波斯語影響，維吾爾語為同時受兩者影響的語言。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The grammatical feature of sortal classifiers is common in East and Southeast Asian languages, but in the Altaic language family spread from northern Asia to eastern Europe, 14 languages out of 66 are found to employ sortal classifiers. However, these languages use classifiers optionally and have fewer classifiers than East and Southeast Asian languages. We thus suspect that the classifier systems in Altaic are not indigenous. Following the Single Origin Hypothesis proposed by Her & Li (to appear), we speculate that the rise of classifiers in Altaic is due to influence by their neighbors, either Chinese or Persian, both with a relatively stronger classifier system.In this study, we first examine the putative classifiers in these 14 Altaic languages to ensure that they are genuine numeral classifiers, especially in the mathematical sense as defined by Greenberg (1972) and Her (2012). Furthermore, we examine the phonological and semantic features of the classifiers identified. Finally, we take into account of historical and geographical factors and determine the most likely source of influence for each of the 14 Altaic classifier languages. In doing so, we also hope to expand the scope of the Single Origin Hypothesis to the Altaic language family.The results of this study indicate that the origin of classifiers in Altaic languages largely depends on their geographical location and thus language contact. Having the location of Uyghur as the dividing line, which is between the Chinese territory and the Persian area, we see that the classifier languages located on the east side were influenced by Chinese, while those located on the west side were influenced by Persian, and Uyghur were thus influenced by both. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 VAbstract VI阿爾泰語系分類詞語言中英對照表 VII第一章 緒論 11.1 分類詞和單一起源假設 11.2 定義分類詞 41.3 研究動機與目的 71.4 論文架構 8第二章 阿爾泰語系分類詞語言之分布 92.1 阿爾泰語系 92.2 突厥語族之分類詞分布 122.2.1 韃靼語Tatar 122.2.2 土耳其語Turkish 132.2.3 克里米亞韃靼語Crimean Tatar 142.2.4 亞塞拜然語Azerbaijani 152.2.5 撒拉語Salar 162.2.6 西部裕固語West Yugur 172.2.7 維吾爾語Uyghur 182.2.8 哈薩克語Kazakh 192.2.9 烏茲別克語Uzbek 202.3 蒙古語族之分類詞分布 212.3.1 達斡爾語 Daur 212.3.2 土族語 Monguor 222.4 滿-通古斯語系之分類詞分布 232.4.1 滿語 Manchu 232.4.2 鄂溫克語 Evenki 242.4.3 錫伯語 Xibe 25第三章 阿爾泰語系分類詞語言之起源 273.1 突厥語族分類詞起源 283.1.1 韃靼語Tatar 283.1.2 土耳其語Turkish 293.1.3 克里米亞韃靼語Crimean Tatar 313.1.4 亞塞拜然語Azerbaijani 333.1.5 撒拉語Salar 353.1.6 西部裕固語West Yugur 373.1.7 維吾爾語Uyghur 393.1.8 哈薩克語Kazakh 423.1.9 烏茲別克語Uzbek 433.2 蒙古語族分類詞起源 443.2.1 達斡爾語 Daur 443.2.2 土族語 Monguor 463.3 滿-通古斯語系分類詞起源 483.3.1 滿語 Manchu 483.3.2 鄂溫克語 Evenki 513.3.3 錫伯語 Xibe 53第四章 討論 554.1受漢語影響的分類詞語言 554.1.1 突厥語族中受漢語影響的分類詞語言 554.1.2 蒙古語族中受漢語影響的分類詞語言 564.1.3 滿-通古斯語系系中受漢語影響的分類詞語言 564.2受波斯語影響的分類詞語言 574.3 同時受到波斯語以及漢語影響之分類詞語言 584.4 突厥語族分類詞之可能來源 594.5 波斯語分類詞之可能來源 62第五章 結論及未來研究 645.1 研究成果 645.2 研究限制和未來研究 65參考文獻 66 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3132799 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106555013 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分類詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 量詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 阿爾泰語系 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言接觸 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分類詞單一起源假設 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) sortal classifier en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) mensural classifier en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Altaic languages en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) language contact en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Single Origin Hypothesis en_US dc.title (題名) 阿爾泰語系中分類詞的起源與分布 zh_TW dc.title (題名) On the Distribution and Origin of Sortal Classifiers in Altaic Languages en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atknine, Victor 1997. The Evenki Language from the Yenisei to Sakhalin. In Shoji,Hiroshi & Janhunen, Juha (eds.). Northern Minority Languages: Problems of Survival, 109-121. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology.Batu, Ali & Batu, Heysem. 2018. Historical Background of Turkish Gastronomy from ancient times to day. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 5(2), 76-82.Brunn, Stanley D & Toops, Stanley & Gilbreath, Richard. 2012. The Routledge Atlas of Central Eurasian Affairs. New York: Routledge.Cornell, Svante E. 2011. Azerbaijan Since Independence. London: Routledge.Engesæth, Tarjei & Yakup, Mahire & Arienne, Dwyer. 2009. Greetings from the Teklimakan: a handbook of Modern Uyghur: Volume 1. Lawrence: University of Kansas Scholarworks.Gil, David. 2013. Numeral Classifiers. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online ed. by Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath, Chapter 55. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online athttp://wals.info/chapter/55, Accessed on 2019-11-20.)Göksel, Aslı & Kerslake, Celia. 2000. Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Her One-Soon 2012. Distinguishing classifiers and measure words: A mathematical perspective and implications. Lingua 122.14: 1668-1691.Her, One-Soon and Bing-Tsiong Li. To appear. A Single origin of numeral classifiers in Asia and Pacific: A hypothesis. To appear in Marc Tang & Marcin Kilarski(eds.), Nominal Classification in Asia: Functional and Diachronic Perspectives. John Benjamins.Janhunen, Juha. 2000. Grammatical gender from east to west. Gender in Grammar and Cognition, part II: Manifestations of Gender ed. by Barbara Unterbeck, Matti Rissanen, Terttu Nevalainen & Mirja Saari, 689-797. Berlin & New York:Mouton de Gruyter.Janhunen, Juha. 2003. The Mongolic Languages. London: Routledge.Johanson, Lars & CsatÓ, Éva Á. 1998. The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge.Kavitskaya, Darya. 2010. Crimean Tatar. Languages of the world: Materials 477. Muenchen:Lincom Europa.Kornfilt, Jaklin & Heusinger, Klaus von. 2009. Specificity and Partitivity in some Altaic Languages. In Shibagaki, R and Vermeulen, R (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Workshopon Formal Altaic Linguistics, MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 19-40 MIT Press.Lee, S. N. 2008. A grammar of Iranian Azerbaijani. Seoul: Thaehaksa.Lehmann, Christian. 2015. Thoughts on grammaticalization. Berlin: Language Science Press.Mahootian, Shahrzad. 1997. Persian Descriptive Grammars. London: Routledge.Mansur, Salih. 2018. Crimean Tatar Language; Past, Present, and Future Unpublished manuscriptLaGuardia Community College.Sağ, Yağmur. 2018. The semantics of Turkish numeral constructions. Proceedings of Sinn Und Bedeutung, 22(2), 307-324. Retrieved from https://ojs.ub.unikonstanz.de/sub/index.php/sub/article/view/108Schaaik, Gerjan van. 1996. Studies in Turkish Grammar Turcologica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Schwarz, Henry G. 1984. The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey. Bellingham: Western Washington University Press.Slater, Keith W. 2003. A Grammar of Mangghuer. London: Routledge.Stilo, Don. 2018. Numeral classifier systems in the Araxes-Iran linguistic area. In McGregor, William B & Wichmann, Søren (Eds.), The Diachrony of Classification Systems, 135-164. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Underhill, Robert. 1980. Turkish grammar. 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