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題名 透過電影提升英語為外語學習者的跨文化能力:台灣國中生之個案研究
Developing EFL Learners’ Intercultural Competence through Films: A Case Study of Taiwanese Junior High School Students
作者 李明恩
Li, Ming-En
貢獻者 許麗媛
Hsu, Li-Yuan
李明恩
Li, Ming-En
關鍵詞 跨文化能力
電影
學習日記
Intercultural competence
Foreign films
Reflective diaries
日期 2020
上傳時間 3-Aug-2020 18:33:15 (UTC+8)
摘要 根據之前的研究結果顯示，電影能夠提供學生豐富的跨文化學習經驗。然而；雖然電影已被一些研究者採用以期培養大學生的跨文化能力，卻鮮少有研究探討其用來提升英語為第二外語的國中生的跨文化能力。隨著全球化的趨勢，及早培養跨文化能力也越顯重要。因此，此研究探討一群英語為第二外語的台灣國中生，在經歷一學期透過電影學習跨文化的課程後，其跨文化能力的展現以及學生對於透過電影培養跨文化能力的心得與想法。參與研究的學生為十三位相同選修社團的成員，研究者透過學生的學習日記以及訪談資料進行質性分析。
研究結果顯示學生在經過一學期透過電影學習跨文化的課程後，不論是在情意、認知、以及行為三個方面都有所成長。同時，他們也給予這樣的跨文化學習方式正面的評價。研究的最後，研究者也給予未來想應用電影培養學生跨文化能力的老師們一些實際教學上的建議。
Research has found that films are a good way to provide rich resources for intercultural learning. Although a number of studies were conducted in the past to explore how to use films to cultivate college students’ intercultural competence (IC), few studies have been reported on the use of films in high school students in the EFL context. Given the importance of cultivating students’ intercultural competence in this globalized world, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using films on developing a group of Taiwanese junior high school students’ intercultural competence as well as their perceptions of this approach. A total of 13 students from the same elective course were recruited to participate in the study. Data were collected from the participants’ reflective diaries and interviews, which were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that students developed their IC in three dimensions: affective, cognitive, and behavioral ones. Students also held a positive attitude towards intercultural learning through films. Finally, based on the results of this study, some suggestions for intercultural learning and teaching through films are provided.
參考文獻 References
Alalou, A. & Chamberlain, E. (1999). Using student expectations and perceived needs to rethink pedagogy and curriculum: A case study. Foreign Language Annals, 32, 27-44.
Allen, L. Q. (2000). Culture and the ethnographic interview in foreign language teacher development. Foreign Language Annals, 33, 51-57.

Allen, L. Q. (2004), Implementing a Culture Portfolio Project within a Constructivist Paradigm. Foreign Language Annals, 37(2), 232-239.

Allwright, D. & Bailey, K. M. (1991). Focus on the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Angelova, M., & Zhao, Y. (2016). Using an online collaborative project between American and Chinese students to develop ESL teaching skills, cross-cultural awareness and language skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(1), 167-185.

Arasaratnam, L. A., & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 137–163.

Baker, W. (2009). The cultures of English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly, 43(4), 567–592.

Bateman, B.E. (2004), Achieving Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Culture Learning: The Case for Ethnographic Interviews. Foreign Language Annals, 37, 240-253.

Bennett, M. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A development model of intercultural sensitivity. In M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21–71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

Björk, E. L., & Eschenbach, J. (2014). Reel life: Film as a tool for intercultural dialogue in the classroom and beyond. Journal of Intercultural Communication, (36).

Brislin, R., & Yoshida, T. (1994). Intercultural Communication Training: An Introduction. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communication competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Byram, M. & Fleming, M. (1998). Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective: Approaches through Drama and Ethnography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cardon, P.W. (2010). Using films to learn about the nature of cross-cultural stereotypes in intercultural business communication courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 73(2), 150–165.

Chao, T. (2013). A diary study of university EFL learners intercultural learning through foreign films. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 26(3), 247-265.

Chao, T. (2014). The Development and Application of an Intercultural Competence Scale for University EFL Learners. English Teaching and Learning, 38(4), 79-124.

Chapple, L. and A. Curtis. (2000). Content-based instruction in Hong Kong: students responses to film. System, 28,419-33.

Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. (1996). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In B. Burleson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 19 (pp.353-383). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. (1998). A review of the concept of intercultural awareness Human Communication. Human Communication, 2(1), 27-54.

Chen, G. M. (2003). Foundations of intercultural communication. Taipei: Wu-Nan Publishing.

Condon, J. (1986). Exploring intercultural communication through literature and film. World Englishes, 5(2/3), 153-161.

Cunico, S. (2005). Teaching language and intercultural competence through drama: some suggestions for a neglected resource. Language Learning Journal, 31(1), 21-29.

Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241-266.

Fantini, A. E. (2000). Assessing Intercultural Competence: A YOGA Form. Brattleboro, VT: School for International Training.

Fantini, A. E. (2007). Exploring and assessing intercultural competence: Research report 07–01. St. Louis, MO: Centre for Social Development, Washington University.

Gudykunst, W. B. (2004). Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication. London: Sage.

Hertel, T., & Harrington, S. (2018). Promoting Cultural and Linguistic Competence with Documentary Film in Spanish. Hispania, 98(3), 549-569.

Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures’ consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Jin, S. (2015). Using Facebook to promote Korean learners’ intercultural competence. Language Learning & Technology. 19(3), 38-51.

Ke, I. C. (2012). English as a lingua franca (ELF) in intercultural communication: findings from ELF online projects and implications for ELT in Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 9(2), 63-93.

Kiss, T. & Weninger, C. (2016). Cultural learning in EFL classroom: the role of visuals. ELF Journal, 71(2).

Kramsch, C. (2009). Third culture and language education. In L. Wei, & V. Cook (Eds.), Contemporary Applied Linguistics. Language Teaching and Learning. London: Continuum.

Landis, D., Bennet, J. M., & Bennet, M. J. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Lee, L. (2010). Blogging: Promoting learner autonomy and intercultural competence through study abroad. Language Learning & Technology, 15(3), 87-109.

Lee, S. C. (2019). Integrating entertainment and critical pedagogy for multicultural pre-service teachers: film watching during the lecture hours of higher education. Intercultural Education, 30(2), 107-125.

Liaw, M. L. (2006). E-learning and the development of intercultural competence. Language Learning & Technology, 10(3), 49-64.

Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2006). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures. New York, NY: Allyn and Bacon/Pearson Education.

Marcus, A.S., & Stoddard, J. D. (2009). The inconvenient truth about teaching history with documentary film: strategies for presenting multiple perspectives and teaching controversial issues. The Social Studies, 100(6), 279-284.

McKay, S. L. (2004). Teaching English as an international language: The role of culture in Asian contexts. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 1(1), 1-22.

McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1997). Research methods for English language teachers. London: Arnold.

Mendenhall, M. E., Kuhlmann, T. M., & Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2001). Developing global business leaders: Policies, processes, and innovations. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

Mirzaei, A., & Forouzandeh, F. (2013). Relationship Between Intercultural competence and L2-Learning Motivation of Iranian EFL Learners. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 42 (3), 300-318.

Mortensen, M. (2017). Using film as a tool to promote intercultural competence in a Norwegian English language classroom.

Nault, D. (2006). Going global: Rethinking culture teaching in ELTcontexts. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 19(3), 314–328.

Pegrum, M., Hartley, L., & Wechtler, V. (2005). Contemporary cinema in language learning: From linguistic input to intercultural insight. Language Learning Journal, 32(1), 55–62.

Roell, C. (2010). Intercultural training with films. English Teaching Forum, 2, 2-15.

Samovar, L., Porter, R., & McDaniel, E. (2009). Communication between cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Shawback, M., & Terhune, N. (2002). Online interactive courseware: Using movies to promote cultural understanding in a CALL environment. ReCALL, 14(1), 85-95.

Shemshadsara, Z.G. (2012). Developing cultural awareness in foreign language teaching. English Language Teaching, 5(3), 95–99.

Spitzberg, B. H. (2000). A model of intercultural communication competence. In L. A. Samour & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 375-387). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Stephens, J. L. (2001). Teaching culture and improving language skills through a cinematic lens: A course on Spanish film in the undergraduate Spanish curriculum. ADFL Bulletin 33.1:22-25.

Stockwell, E. (2018). Revisiting WebQuests to develop intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education, 7(1), 1196-1205.

Sturm, J. L. (2012). Using Film in the L2 Classroom: A Graduate Course in Film Pedagogy. Foreign Language Annals, 45(2), 256-259.

Summerfield, E. (1993). Crossing cultures through film. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, Inc, 2-3.

Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. New York: Guilford.

Tognozzi, E. (2010). Teaching and evaluating language and culture through film, Italica, 87(1), 69-91.

Tomlinson, B., & Musuhara, H. (2004). Developing cultural awareness. MET, 13(1), 1–7.

Troung, L. b., & Tran, L. T. (2014). Students` intercultural development through language learning in Vietnamese tertiary education: a case study on the use of film as an innovative approach. Language and Intercultural Communication, 14(2), 207-225.

Ulichny, P. (1996). Cultures in conflict. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 27, 331-364.

Wang, T. & Yu, G. (2018). English film appreciation from the perspective of cross cultural communication. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 8(6), 681-685.

Wilkinson, L. C. (2007). A developmental approach to uses of moving pictures in intercultural education. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 3(1), 1-27.

Wiseman, R. (2003). Intercultural Communication Competence. In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication (pp. 191-208). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Wood, D. J. (1999). Aspects of video movie English teaching. Journal of Chikushi Jogakuen University 11: 93–104.

Yang, L. H., & Fleming, M. (2013). How Chinese college students make sense of foreign films and TV series: implications for the development of intercultural competence in ELT. The Language Learning Journal, 41 (3), 297-310.

Yue, J. Y. (2019). Use of foreign films in cultivating intercultural communicative competence in ELF- a case study. Theory and practice in language studies, 9(2), 198-203.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英語教學碩士在職專班
106951008
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106951008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 許麗媛zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsu, Li-Yuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李明恩zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Li, Ming-Enen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李明恩zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Li, Ming-Enen_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Aug-2020 18:33:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Aug-2020 18:33:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Aug-2020 18:33:15 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106951008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131302-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英語教學碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106951008zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 根據之前的研究結果顯示，電影能夠提供學生豐富的跨文化學習經驗。然而；雖然電影已被一些研究者採用以期培養大學生的跨文化能力，卻鮮少有研究探討其用來提升英語為第二外語的國中生的跨文化能力。隨著全球化的趨勢，及早培養跨文化能力也越顯重要。因此，此研究探討一群英語為第二外語的台灣國中生，在經歷一學期透過電影學習跨文化的課程後，其跨文化能力的展現以及學生對於透過電影培養跨文化能力的心得與想法。參與研究的學生為十三位相同選修社團的成員，研究者透過學生的學習日記以及訪談資料進行質性分析。
研究結果顯示學生在經過一學期透過電影學習跨文化的課程後，不論是在情意、認知、以及行為三個方面都有所成長。同時，他們也給予這樣的跨文化學習方式正面的評價。研究的最後，研究者也給予未來想應用電影培養學生跨文化能力的老師們一些實際教學上的建議。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Research has found that films are a good way to provide rich resources for intercultural learning. Although a number of studies were conducted in the past to explore how to use films to cultivate college students’ intercultural competence (IC), few studies have been reported on the use of films in high school students in the EFL context. Given the importance of cultivating students’ intercultural competence in this globalized world, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using films on developing a group of Taiwanese junior high school students’ intercultural competence as well as their perceptions of this approach. A total of 13 students from the same elective course were recruited to participate in the study. Data were collected from the participants’ reflective diaries and interviews, which were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that students developed their IC in three dimensions: affective, cognitive, and behavioral ones. Students also held a positive attitude towards intercultural learning through films. Finally, based on the results of this study, some suggestions for intercultural learning and teaching through films are provided.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement...iii
Table of Contents...iv
Chinese Abstract...vii
English Abstract...viii
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION...1
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW...5
Intercultural Competence...5
Intercultural Teaching Through the Use of Computer Technology...7
Intercultural Teaching Through Films...9
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY...13
Participants...13
The Elective Course: The Intercultural Learning Club...14
Selection of Foreign Films...14
The Three-Stage Activities...15
Procedure...17
Data Collection...18
Learner Diaries...18
Interviews...18
Data Analysis...19
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS...23
Learners’ Development of Intercultural Competence...23
Development of IC: Affective Dimension...25
Development of IC: Cognitive Dimension...29
Development of IC: Behavioral Dimension...40
Learners’ Perception of Intercultural Learning through Foreign Films...42
CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION...47
Core Findings...47
CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION...53
Pedagogical Implications...53
Limitations and Suggestions...55
REFERENCES...57
Appendix A...63
Appendix B...64
Appendix C...65
Appendix D...66
Appendix E...67
Appendix F...68
Appendix G...69
Appendix H...70
Appendix I...71
Appendix J...72		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1420879 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106951008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨文化能力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電影zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 學習日記zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Intercultural competenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign filmsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Reflective diariesen_US
dc.title (題名) 透過電影提升英語為外語學習者的跨文化能力:台灣國中生之個案研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Developing EFL Learners’ Intercultural Competence through Films: A Case Study of Taiwanese Junior High School Studentsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) References
Alalou, A. & Chamberlain, E. (1999). Using student expectations and perceived needs to rethink pedagogy and curriculum: A case study. Foreign Language Annals, 32, 27-44.
Allen, L. Q. (2000). Culture and the ethnographic interview in foreign language teacher development. Foreign Language Annals, 33, 51-57.

Allen, L. Q. (2004), Implementing a Culture Portfolio Project within a Constructivist Paradigm. Foreign Language Annals, 37(2), 232-239.

Allwright, D. & Bailey, K. M. (1991). Focus on the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Angelova, M., & Zhao, Y. (2016). Using an online collaborative project between American and Chinese students to develop ESL teaching skills, cross-cultural awareness and language skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(1), 167-185.

Arasaratnam, L. A., & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 137–163.

Baker, W. (2009). The cultures of English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly, 43(4), 567–592.

Bateman, B.E. (2004), Achieving Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Culture Learning: The Case for Ethnographic Interviews. Foreign Language Annals, 37, 240-253.

Bennett, M. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A development model of intercultural sensitivity. In M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21–71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

Björk, E. L., & Eschenbach, J. (2014). Reel life: Film as a tool for intercultural dialogue in the classroom and beyond. Journal of Intercultural Communication, (36).

Brislin, R., & Yoshida, T. (1994). Intercultural Communication Training: An Introduction. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communication competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Byram, M. & Fleming, M. (1998). Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective: Approaches through Drama and Ethnography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cardon, P.W. (2010). Using films to learn about the nature of cross-cultural stereotypes in intercultural business communication courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 73(2), 150–165.

Chao, T. (2013). A diary study of university EFL learners intercultural learning through foreign films. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 26(3), 247-265.

Chao, T. (2014). The Development and Application of an Intercultural Competence Scale for University EFL Learners. English Teaching and Learning, 38(4), 79-124.

Chapple, L. and A. Curtis. (2000). Content-based instruction in Hong Kong: students responses to film. System, 28,419-33.

Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. (1996). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In B. Burleson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 19 (pp.353-383). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. (1998). A review of the concept of intercultural awareness Human Communication. Human Communication, 2(1), 27-54.

Chen, G. M. (2003). Foundations of intercultural communication. Taipei: Wu-Nan Publishing.

Condon, J. (1986). Exploring intercultural communication through literature and film. World Englishes, 5(2/3), 153-161.

Cunico, S. (2005). Teaching language and intercultural competence through drama: some suggestions for a neglected resource. Language Learning Journal, 31(1), 21-29.

Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241-266.

Fantini, A. E. (2000). Assessing Intercultural Competence: A YOGA Form. Brattleboro, VT: School for International Training.

Fantini, A. E. (2007). Exploring and assessing intercultural competence: Research report 07–01. St. Louis, MO: Centre for Social Development, Washington University.

Gudykunst, W. B. (2004). Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication. London: Sage.

Hertel, T., & Harrington, S. (2018). Promoting Cultural and Linguistic Competence with Documentary Film in Spanish. Hispania, 98(3), 549-569.

Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures’ consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Jin, S. (2015). Using Facebook to promote Korean learners’ intercultural competence. Language Learning & Technology. 19(3), 38-51.

Ke, I. C. (2012). English as a lingua franca (ELF) in intercultural communication: findings from ELF online projects and implications for ELT in Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 9(2), 63-93.

Kiss, T. & Weninger, C. (2016). Cultural learning in EFL classroom: the role of visuals. ELF Journal, 71(2).

Kramsch, C. (2009). Third culture and language education. In L. Wei, & V. Cook (Eds.), Contemporary Applied Linguistics. Language Teaching and Learning. London: Continuum.

Landis, D., Bennet, J. M., & Bennet, M. J. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Lee, L. (2010). Blogging: Promoting learner autonomy and intercultural competence through study abroad. Language Learning & Technology, 15(3), 87-109.

Lee, S. C. (2019). Integrating entertainment and critical pedagogy for multicultural pre-service teachers: film watching during the lecture hours of higher education. Intercultural Education, 30(2), 107-125.

Liaw, M. L. (2006). E-learning and the development of intercultural competence. Language Learning & Technology, 10(3), 49-64.

Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2006). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures. New York, NY: Allyn and Bacon/Pearson Education.

Marcus, A.S., & Stoddard, J. D. (2009). The inconvenient truth about teaching history with documentary film: strategies for presenting multiple perspectives and teaching controversial issues. The Social Studies, 100(6), 279-284.

McKay, S. L. (2004). Teaching English as an international language: The role of culture in Asian contexts. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 1(1), 1-22.

McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1997). Research methods for English language teachers. London: Arnold.

Mendenhall, M. E., Kuhlmann, T. M., & Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2001). Developing global business leaders: Policies, processes, and innovations. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

Mirzaei, A., & Forouzandeh, F. (2013). Relationship Between Intercultural competence and L2-Learning Motivation of Iranian EFL Learners. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 42 (3), 300-318.

Mortensen, M. (2017). Using film as a tool to promote intercultural competence in a Norwegian English language classroom.

Nault, D. (2006). Going global: Rethinking culture teaching in ELTcontexts. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 19(3), 314–328.

Pegrum, M., Hartley, L., & Wechtler, V. (2005). Contemporary cinema in language learning: From linguistic input to intercultural insight. Language Learning Journal, 32(1), 55–62.

Roell, C. (2010). Intercultural training with films. English Teaching Forum, 2, 2-15.

Samovar, L., Porter, R., & McDaniel, E. (2009). Communication between cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Shawback, M., & Terhune, N. (2002). Online interactive courseware: Using movies to promote cultural understanding in a CALL environment. ReCALL, 14(1), 85-95.

Shemshadsara, Z.G. (2012). Developing cultural awareness in foreign language teaching. English Language Teaching, 5(3), 95–99.

Spitzberg, B. H. (2000). A model of intercultural communication competence. In L. A. Samour & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 375-387). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Stephens, J. L. (2001). Teaching culture and improving language skills through a cinematic lens: A course on Spanish film in the undergraduate Spanish curriculum. ADFL Bulletin 33.1:22-25.

Stockwell, E. (2018). Revisiting WebQuests to develop intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education, 7(1), 1196-1205.

Sturm, J. L. (2012). Using Film in the L2 Classroom: A Graduate Course in Film Pedagogy. Foreign Language Annals, 45(2), 256-259.

Summerfield, E. (1993). Crossing cultures through film. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, Inc, 2-3.

Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. New York: Guilford.

Tognozzi, E. (2010). Teaching and evaluating language and culture through film, Italica, 87(1), 69-91.

Tomlinson, B., & Musuhara, H. (2004). Developing cultural awareness. MET, 13(1), 1–7.

Troung, L. b., & Tran, L. T. (2014). Students` intercultural development through language learning in Vietnamese tertiary education: a case study on the use of film as an innovative approach. Language and Intercultural Communication, 14(2), 207-225.

Ulichny, P. (1996). Cultures in conflict. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 27, 331-364.

Wang, T. & Yu, G. (2018). English film appreciation from the perspective of cross cultural communication. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 8(6), 681-685.

Wilkinson, L. C. (2007). A developmental approach to uses of moving pictures in intercultural education. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 3(1), 1-27.

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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202000721en_US