Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 歐盟對中亞地區的態度：務實行為者或規範性權力？以哈薩克為例
EU approach toward Central Asia: pragmatic actor or normative power? The case of Kazakhstan作者 馮美芮
Boquen, Marianne貢獻者 蘇卓馨
Su, Cho-Hsin
馮美芮
Boquen, Marianne關鍵詞 歐洲聯盟
中亞
規範性權力
外交政策
哈薩克
European Union
Central Asia
Normative power
Foreign policy
Kazakhstan日期 2021 上傳時間 4-Aug-2021 16:29:04 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文探討歐盟規範性權力在中亞的應用。因為與歐盟更加親近的夥伴關係，哈薩克會是本文個案研究的目標。當本文談及規範性權力，主要會論述歐盟大力推廣的價值，包含和平、自由、民主、法治、人權等等。為了瞭解歐盟規範性權力對哈薩克的影響，文中將會探討歐盟與哈薩克在各個政策領域上的合作，包含能源與環境、安全、人權、法治、教育以及經貿等。希望透過對這些政策合作的研究，來了解歐盟對哈薩克的外交政策是否是價值導向，抑或者只是單純功利主義的思維。最後，本文也會對未來探討歐盟對其他國家(特別是俄羅斯、中國)運用規範性權力的可能，並且延伸討論未來的歐盟-中亞關係。
This thesis examines the extent of EU normative power in Central Asia, following both the 2016’s Global New Strategy and the release of the latest 2019’s New Strategy for Central Asia. A closer look will be taken at the situation in Kazakhstan, serving as a case study for the region, for it is the most advanced partnership between the EU and a Central Asian state. By normative power, this research understands EU promotion of its constitutive values (peace, liberty, democracy, rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, all found in the acquis communautaire) and their pursuit in international affairs for, according to Ian Manners, “The EU has been, is and always will be a normative power in world politics” (Manners 2008, 45).To determine whether this statement is true or not in the case of Kazakhstan, and assess for the presence (or absence of) normative power, this study will examine several areas of policy cooperation between the EU and Kazakhstan. Namely, it will dive further into cooperation in the domains of the energy and the environment, security, human rights, the rule of law and justice, education, and finally trade and business. By strictly following Ian Manners’ six processes of norm diffusion (contagion, informational diffusion, procedural diffusion transference, overt diffusion and cultural filter diffusion), it will be possible to determine whether or not the EU foreign policy vis à vis Kazakhstan can be said to have a value driven inclination or if it follow a utilitarian approach. In addition, if it can be concluded to the presence of normative diffusion, this thesis will also use Michelle Pace’s concept of rewards as well as Holger Janusch’s logic of arguing, to determine whether or not foreign policy instruments are in adequacy with the norms promoted.After analysis, this research concluded that the EU is a normative power in three of the six policy cooperation sectors identified the environment, security and the education), with contrasted results in the areas of human rights and justice and the rule of law and minimum results in the case of the trade and business sector. Consequently, despite discrepancies between the different sectors identified, the EU does participate in changing the norms and standards in Kazakhstan in the policy areas identified and does it in accordance with the norms it promotes.Finally, this research will also constitute a preliminary study regarding future developments on the interplay of different normative powers (mainly the EU, Russia and China) in the region, and on the future of EU – Central Asia relations.參考文獻 Afionis, Stavros, Lindsay C. Stringer. 2013. “The environment as a strategic priority in the European Union–Brazil partnership: is the EU behaving as a normative power or soft imperialist?” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(1), 47-64.Apokins, Igor. 2015. “Reviewing the EU Strategy for Central Asia: Results and Future Prospects.” L`Europe en Formation, 375(1), 10-17.Axyonova, Vera. 2011. “The EU-Central Asia Human Rights Dialogues: Making a Difference?” EUCAM Policy Brief, No.16.Axyonova, Vera and Tika Tsertsvadze. 2013. “Trading values with Kazakhstan.” 10.13140/RG.2.2.23093.22249.Barbé, Esther and Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués. 2008. "The EU as a Modest `Force for Good`: The European Neighbourhood Policy." International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 84, No.1, 81-96Blair, Alasdair. 2004. “Diplomacy: The Impact of the EU on its Member States” In Contemporary European Foreign Policy, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Helene Sjursen and Brian White, 198-210. London: Sage.Boas, Vanessa. 2015. “Who needs goodwill? An analysis of EU norm promotion in the Central Asian context.” PhD dissertation, (University of Köln).Botonero, Eva Maria Reina. 2013. “EU Higher Education Reforms as Soft Power in Neighbouring Countries: A Projection of Influence by Compelling Means” ECPR General Conference.Boulègue, Mathieu. 2016. “L’Union européenne en Asie centrale entre valeurs, intérêts et sécurité.” Outre-Terre, 48(3), 196-207.Bradford, Anu. 2013. “The Brussels Effect” Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 107, No.1.2020. The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World, Oxford University Press.Bruneau, Michel. 2018. “Eurasia, an un-conceptualised space in geography: Continent, empire, ideology or project?”, L’Espace géographique, No.47(1), 1-18.Carey, Sabine C. 2007. "European Aid: Human Rights versus Bureaucratic Inertia?" Journal of Peace Research, Vol.44, No.4, 447-64.Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2005. "International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework." International Organization, Vol.59, No.4, 801-26.Coombes, Daniel. 1998. “Leading by Virtuous Example: European Policy for Overseas Development”. In Moral Issues in International Affairs: Problems of European Integration, edited by Bill McSweeney, 221–245. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Cortell, Andrew P., and James W. Davis. 2020. "Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda." International Studies Review, 2, No.1, 65-87.Damro, Chad. 2012. “Market Power Europe” Journal of European Public Policy, 19:5, 682-699.Delreux, Tom. 2014. “EU Actorness, Cohesiveness and Effectiveness in Environmental Affairs” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 21, No.7, 1017-1032.Del Sarto, Raffaella. A. 2016. “Normative Empire Europe: The European Union, its Borderlands, and the ‘Arab Spring’” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.54, 215-232.Del Sordi, Adele. 2016. “Legitimation and the Party of Power in Kazakhstan”. In Politics and Legitimacy in Post-Soviet Eurasia, edited by Martin Brusis, Joachim Ahrens and Martin Schulze Wessel, 72-96. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Diez, Thomas. 2013. “Normative power as hegemony.” Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), 194-210.Drezner, Daniel W. 2007. All Politics Is Global: Explaining. International Regulatory Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Dyner, Anna, Arkadiusz Legieć, and Kacper Rękawek. 2015. “Ready to Go? ISIS and Its Presumed Expansion into Central Asia” Policy Paper, The Polish Institute of International Affairs, Number 19(121), Warsaw.Dzhuraev, Emily, and Nargiza Muratalieva. 2021. “The EU strategy on Central Asia”, Global and Regional Policy Report.Esmark, Anders. 2008. “Tracing the national mandate: administrative Europeanization made in Denmark.” Public Administration, No.86(1), 243-257.Falkner, Robert. 2006. “The European Union as a `green normative power`: EU leadership in international biotechnology regulation” Center for European Studies working paper series (140). Center for European Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.Flockhart, Trine. 2010. “Europeanization or EU‐ization? The Transfer of European Norms across Time and Space.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.48, 787-810.Grevi, Giovanni. 2007. “Pioneering Foreign Policy: The EU Special Representatives”, Report, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), 1-2.Hanks, Reuel R. 2009. “Multi-vector politics’ and Kazakhstan`s emerging role as a geo-strategic player in Central Asia.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, No.11(3), 257-267.Haukkala, Hisky. 2008. “The European Union as a Regional Normative Hegemon: The Case of European Neighbourhood Policy.” Europe-Asia Studies, No.60(9), 1601-1622.Hiro, Dilip. 2009. Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran, London: Overlook Press Duckworth.Holzhacker, Ronald and Marek Neuman. 2019. “Framing the Debate: The Evolution of the European Union as an External Democratization Actor: The European Union in South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia.” In Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework, edited by Marek Neuman, 13-36, Springer International Publishing.Howell, Kerry E. 2004. “Developing Conceptualizations of Europeanization: A Study of Financial Services.” Politics, No.24, 20-25.Ikenberry, John G., and Charles A. Kupchan. 1990. “Socialization and Hegemonic Power” International Organization, Vol.44, No.3, 283-315.Ioannides, Isabelle. 2014. “Rule of Law in European Union External Action: Guiding Principles, Practices and Lessons Learned” International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Jackson, Jay. 1975. “Normative Power and Conflict Potential.” Sociological Methods & Research, No.4(2), 237-263.Janusch, Holger. 2016. “Normative power and the logic of arguing: Rationalization of weakness or relinquishment of strength?” Cooperation and Conflict, No.51(4), 504-521.Johnston, Alastair I. 2001. “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.45, No.4, 487-515.Kavalski, Emilian. 2013. “The struggle for recognition of normative powers: Normative power Europe and normative power China in context.” Cooperation and Conflict, No.48(2), 247-267.Katzenstein, Peter J. 1996. The culture of National Security: norms and identity in World politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Kelemen, Daniel R. 2010. “Globalizing European Union Environmental Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol.17, No.3, 335-349.Kimmage, Daniel. 2008. Security Challenges in Central Asia: Implication for the EU’s Engagement Strategy. Engaging in Central Asia. The European Union’s New Strategy in the Hearth of Eurasia, N. J. Melvin (ed.), Brussels, CEPS.King, Russel, and Enric Ruiz-Gelices. 2003. “International student migration and the European ‘year abroad’: effects on European identity and subsequent migration behavior.” International Journal of Population Geography, No.9, 229-252.King, Toby. 1999. “Human Rights in European Foreign Policy: Success of Failure for Post – Modern Diplomacy.” European Journal of International Law, vol.10, No.2, 313-337.Koch, Natalie. 2013. "Sport and soft authoritarian nation-building" Political Geography, Vol.32, 42-51.Korosteleva, Elena and Fabienne Bossuyt. 2019. “The EU and Central Asia : new opportunities or “the same old song”?” Dahrendorf forum : debating Europe.Krepon, Michael, Jenny S. Drezin, and Michael Newbill. 1999. Declaratory Diplomacy: Rhetorical Initiatives and Confidence Building. Report. Stimson Center, 153-75.Kurç, Çağlar. 2018 “The puzzle: Multi-vector foreign policy and defense industrialization in Central Asia” Comparative Strategy, No.37(4), 316-330.Ladrech, Robert. 1994. “Europeanization of domestic politics and institutions: The case of France” Journal of Common Market Studies, No.32(1), 69-88.Manners, Ian. 2002. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” Journal of Common Market Studies. No.40, 235-258.Mansfield, Edward D. 1993. "Concentration, Polarity, and the Distribution of Power." International Studies Quarterly. No.37(1), 105-28.Maull, Hanns W. 1990. “Germany and Japan : The New Civilian Powers” Foreign Affairs, No.69(5), 91-106.Metzl, Jamie F. 2001. “Network Diplomacy” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Winter/Spring 2, No.1, 77-87.Meyer – Sahling, Jan – Hinrik, and Christian Van Stolk. 2015. “A case of partial convergence: The Europeanization of central government in Central Asian and Eastern Europe” Public Admin, No.93, 230-247.Moumoutzis, Kyriakos. 2011. “Still fashionable yet useless? Addressing problems with research on the Europeanization of foreign policy.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.49(3), 607-629.Nessipbayeva, Olga. 2014. “Kazakhstan in the European Educational System” Bulgarian Comparative Education Society, Paper presented at the Annual International Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) (12th, Sofia and Nessebar, Bulgaria).Nye, Joseph S. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.Parsons, Danielle, Dave Burrows, and Aisuluu Bolotbaeva. 2014. “Advocating for opioid substitution therapy in Central Asia: much still to be done” Int J Drug Policy, No.25(6), 1174-1177.Ospanova, Bakyt, Houman A. Sadri, and Raushan Yelmurzayeva. 2017. “Assessing EU Perception in Kazakhstan’s Mass Media.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 8, No.1, 72-82.Pace, Michelle. 2007. “The Construction of EU Normative Power*” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.45, 1041-1064.Perilli, Andrea. 2017. “Erasmus student or EU ambassador? People-to-people contact in the European Neighbourhood policy: the cases of Georgia, Ukraine, and Tunisia.” Bruges Political Research Papers 59.Poletti, Arlo, Daniela Sicurelli. 2018. “The Political Economy of Normative Trade Power Europe: Negotiating Trade Deals with Developing Countries.” The Political Economy of Normative Trade Power Europe, 123-127. Palgrave MacmillanPomfret, Richard. 2005. “Kazakhstan`s Economy since Independence: Does the Oil Boom offer a Second Chance for Sustainable Development?” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.57, No.6, 859-876.Postnikov, Evgeny. 2020. “Normative power meets realism: EU trade policy scholarship at the turn of the decade” Journal of European Integration, No.42(6), 889-895.Panchuk, Dmytro, and Fabienne Bossuyt. 2014. “Effectiveness of EU democracy promotion in the neighbourhood through the lens of foreign policy analysis.” Democratization. No.21, 1341-1348.Radaelli, Claudio M. 2002. “The domestic impact of European union public policy: notes on concepts, methods, and the challenge of empirical research” Politique européenne, No.5(1), 105-136.Raimondi, Pier P. 2019. “Central Asia Oil and Gas Industry – The External Powers’ Energy Interests in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan” Working Paper, No.6, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Milan.Rosamond, Ben. 2014. “Three Ways of Speaking Europe to the World: Markets, Peace, Cosmopolitan Duty and the EU’s Normative Power.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, No.16(1), 133-148.Saari, Sinikukka. 2019. “Connecting the Dots. Challenges to EU Connectivity in Central Asia” Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.Schatz, Edward. 2006. “Access by Accident: Legitimacy Claims and Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Central Asia”, International Political Science Review, Vol.27, No.3, 263-2842009. "The Soft Authoritarian Tool Kit: Agenda-Setting Power in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan." Comparative Politics, Vol.41, No.2, 203-22.Schatz, Edward, and Elena Maltseva. 2012. “Kazakhstan`s Authoritarian "Persuasion", Post-Soviet Affairs, No.28(1), 45-65.Seeberg, Peter. 2009 “The EU as a Realist Actor in Normative Clothes: EU Democracy Promotion in Lebanon and the European Neighbourhood Policy” Democratization, Vol.16, No.1, 81-99.Sjursen, Helen. 2006. “The EU as a ‘normative’ power: how can this be?” Journal of European Public Policy, No.13(2), 235-251.Smith, Karen E. 2015. “The EU as a Diplomatic Actor in the Field of Human Rights.” In The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor, The European Union in International Affairs Series., edited by Koops J.A., Macaj G. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Snyder, J., & Vinjamuri, L. 2012. “Principled pragmatism and the logic of consequences” International Theory, No.4(3), 434-448.Spaiser, Olga A. 2015. “The EU as a Security Actor in Central Asia: Minor but not Marginal” L`Europe en Formation, No.375(1), 83-105.Stetar, Joseph, Colleen Coppla, Li Guo, Naila Nabiyeva and Baktybek Ismailov. 2010. “Soft Power Strategies: Competition and Cooperation in a Globalized System of Higher Education” In Higher Education, Policy and the Global Competition Phenomenon, edited by LM Portnoi, VD Rust & SS Bagley, 191-204. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Tamanaha, Brian Z. 2012. “The History and Elements of the Rule of Law” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 232-47.Tocci, Nathalie. 2008. “Profiling Normative Foreign Policy: The European Union and its Global Partners” in Who Is a Normative Foreign Policy Actor? The European Union and its Global Partners, edited by N. Tocci, 5-6, Brussels, CEPS.Tolipov, Farkhod. 2018. “One Belt, One Road in Central Asia: Progress, Challenges, and Implications” In Securing the Belt and Road Initiative, edited by Alessandro Arduino and Xue Gong, 181-195. Palgrave Singapore.Vanderhill, Rachel, Sandra F. Joireman, and Roza Tulepbayeva. 2020. “Between the bear and the dragon: multivectorism in Kazakhstan as a model strategy for secondary powers” International Affairs, Vol.96, No.4, 975-993.Van Zeben, Josephine, and Rowell Arden. 2021. "Regulatory Instruments." In A Guide to EU Environmental Law, 57-74. Oakland, California: University of California Press.Venkatasubbiah, H. 1977. “General: J. Kenneth Twitchett: Europe and the World: The External Relations of the Common Market”, India Quarterly, No.33(2), 234-236.Weingast, Barry R. 1997. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and The Rule of Law” The American Political Science Review, Vol.91, No.2, 245-263.White, Brian. 1999. “The European Challenge to Foreign Policy Analysis” European Journal of International Relations, No.5(1), 37-66.Whitman, Richard G. 2011. “Norms, Power and Europe: a New Agenda for Study of the EU and International Relations” In Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Richard G. Whitman, 1-22. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Wojciuk, Anna. 2018. “Higher Education as a Soft Power in International Relations”, In Handbook of Cultural Security, edited by Yasushi Watanabe, 343-360. Japan: Keio University.Yesdauletov, Aitmukhanbet, Askhat Oralov, Aigerim Turkhanova, Ilyas Yesdauletov, Lyazzat Tuleshova, and Ardak Yesdauletova. 2017. “A New Stage of Relations between the European Union and Kazakhstan: Europeanization Process.” Astra Salvensis. No.5, 77-90.Zhovtis, Eugheniy. 2007. “Democratization and Human Rights in Central Asia: Problems, Development Prospects and the role of the International Community” In Engaging Central Asia: The European Union’s New Strategy in the Heart of Central Asia, edited by Neil J. Melvin, 20-42. Center for European Policy studies.Zito, Anthony R. 2005. “The European Union as an Environmental Leader in a Global Environment” Globalizations, No.2(3), 363-375. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
108862006資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862006 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蘇卓馨 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Su, Cho-Hsin en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 馮美芮 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Boquen, Marianne en_US dc.creator (作者) 馮美芮 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Boquen, Marianne en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2021 16:29:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Aug-2021 16:29:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2021 16:29:04 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108862006 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/136694 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108862006 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文探討歐盟規範性權力在中亞的應用。因為與歐盟更加親近的夥伴關係，哈薩克會是本文個案研究的目標。當本文談及規範性權力，主要會論述歐盟大力推廣的價值，包含和平、自由、民主、法治、人權等等。為了瞭解歐盟規範性權力對哈薩克的影響，文中將會探討歐盟與哈薩克在各個政策領域上的合作，包含能源與環境、安全、人權、法治、教育以及經貿等。希望透過對這些政策合作的研究，來了解歐盟對哈薩克的外交政策是否是價值導向，抑或者只是單純功利主義的思維。最後，本文也會對未來探討歐盟對其他國家(特別是俄羅斯、中國)運用規範性權力的可能，並且延伸討論未來的歐盟-中亞關係。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis examines the extent of EU normative power in Central Asia, following both the 2016’s Global New Strategy and the release of the latest 2019’s New Strategy for Central Asia. A closer look will be taken at the situation in Kazakhstan, serving as a case study for the region, for it is the most advanced partnership between the EU and a Central Asian state. By normative power, this research understands EU promotion of its constitutive values (peace, liberty, democracy, rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, all found in the acquis communautaire) and their pursuit in international affairs for, according to Ian Manners, “The EU has been, is and always will be a normative power in world politics” (Manners 2008, 45).To determine whether this statement is true or not in the case of Kazakhstan, and assess for the presence (or absence of) normative power, this study will examine several areas of policy cooperation between the EU and Kazakhstan. Namely, it will dive further into cooperation in the domains of the energy and the environment, security, human rights, the rule of law and justice, education, and finally trade and business. By strictly following Ian Manners’ six processes of norm diffusion (contagion, informational diffusion, procedural diffusion transference, overt diffusion and cultural filter diffusion), it will be possible to determine whether or not the EU foreign policy vis à vis Kazakhstan can be said to have a value driven inclination or if it follow a utilitarian approach. In addition, if it can be concluded to the presence of normative diffusion, this thesis will also use Michelle Pace’s concept of rewards as well as Holger Janusch’s logic of arguing, to determine whether or not foreign policy instruments are in adequacy with the norms promoted.After analysis, this research concluded that the EU is a normative power in three of the six policy cooperation sectors identified the environment, security and the education), with contrasted results in the areas of human rights and justice and the rule of law and minimum results in the case of the trade and business sector. Consequently, despite discrepancies between the different sectors identified, the EU does participate in changing the norms and standards in Kazakhstan in the policy areas identified and does it in accordance with the norms it promotes.Finally, this research will also constitute a preliminary study regarding future developments on the interplay of different normative powers (mainly the EU, Russia and China) in the region, and on the future of EU – Central Asia relations. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents TitleAbstractAcknowledgmentsTable of ContentsList of AcronymsChapter 1. Introduction 11.1 Research Motivation and Background 11.1.1 Rethinking the concept of power in a changing international environment 11.1.2 The distinctiveness of EU power in international affairs 21.1.3 The growing importance of Central Asia and Kazakhstan’s pivotal role 31.2 Propose of the Research 81.3 Theoretical Framework 91.4 Literature Review 101.4.1 The Union, a new type of international actor 101.4.2 The ideational nature of EU foreign policy 131.5 Methodology and Approach 191.6. Research Limitations 21Chapter 2. EU foreign policy toward Central Asia and EU-Kazakhstan relations 232.1 Most prominent policy cooperation sectors 232.1.1 The promotion of environmental protection and sustainable development 232.1.2 On human rights and the respect of the rule of law 252.1.3 Cooperation in tackling Central Asia’s security threats 272.1.4 Deepening trade and economic relations 272.2 The role of EU bodies in EU – Central Asia relations 302.2.1 The European Commission: the “strategy” maker 302.2.2 The role of the European Parliament 312.2.3 The EU Special Representative for Central Asia 332.3 The European Union’s “strategies” 352.3.1 The latest 2016’s strategy: normative or a commitment to “principledpragmatism”?352.3.2 Main foreign policy objectives of the strategy 372.3.3 The 2019 EU’s strategy toward Central Asia: in line with the Global Strategy? 402.4 EU-Kazakhstan relations 502.4.1 An overview of Kazakhstan 502.4.1.1 Population and culture 502.4.1.2 Politics and institutions 512.4.1.3 The economy 522.4.2 Cooperation between the EU and Kazakhstan 542.4.2.1 From early beginnings to “Europeanization” 55Chapter 3. Can the EU qualify as a normative power in the context of EUKazakhstanrelations?593.1 The energy and the environment 593.1.1 Kazakhstan’s energy sector 603.1.2 The environment and sustainable development 613.1.3 EU’s environmental values diffusion in Kazakhstan 663.2 EU-Kazakhstan cooperation on security issues 703.2.1 Main security issues in Kazakhstan 703.2.2 EU’s response: establishing common norms to tackle security issues 713.3 Human rights 723.3.1 EU instruments regarding the promotion of human rights 763.3.2 Human rights in the framework of the EU-Kazakhstan relations 793.4 Justice and the rule of law 823.4.1 The rule of law and justice in Kazakhstan 843.4.2 EU’s influence in justice and the rule of law sectors 863.5 Education 923.5.1 EU education standards 933.5.2 EU-Kazakhstan cooperation in the education sector 943.6 Trade and Business 993.6.1 Trade and business in Kazakhstan 993.6.2 EU-Kazakhstan cooperation in the trade and business sectors 100Chapter 4. Conclusion 1074.1 Research findings 1074.1.1 A mixed approach toward Central Asia 1074.1.2 The normative nature of EU foreign policy in Kazakhstan 1074.2 Future aspects 1114.2.1 On the future of EU-Central Asia relations 1114.2.2 On the confrontation of several normative models 112Bibliography and Appendix 115 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108862006 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐洲聯盟 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中亞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 規範性權力 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外交政策 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 哈薩克 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) European Union en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Central Asia en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Normative power en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign policy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kazakhstan en_US dc.title (題名) 歐盟對中亞地區的態度：務實行為者或規範性權力？以哈薩克為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) EU approach toward Central Asia: pragmatic actor or normative power? The case of Kazakhstan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Afionis, Stavros, Lindsay C. Stringer. 2013. “The environment as a strategic priority in the European Union–Brazil partnership: is the EU behaving as a normative power or soft imperialist?” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(1), 47-64.Apokins, Igor. 2015. “Reviewing the EU Strategy for Central Asia: Results and Future Prospects.” L`Europe en Formation, 375(1), 10-17.Axyonova, Vera. 2011. “The EU-Central Asia Human Rights Dialogues: Making a Difference?” EUCAM Policy Brief, No.16.Axyonova, Vera and Tika Tsertsvadze. 2013. “Trading values with Kazakhstan.” 10.13140/RG.2.2.23093.22249.Barbé, Esther and Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués. 2008. "The EU as a Modest `Force for Good`: The European Neighbourhood Policy." International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 84, No.1, 81-96Blair, Alasdair. 2004. “Diplomacy: The Impact of the EU on its Member States” In Contemporary European Foreign Policy, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Helene Sjursen and Brian White, 198-210. London: Sage.Boas, Vanessa. 2015. “Who needs goodwill? An analysis of EU norm promotion in the Central Asian context.” PhD dissertation, (University of Köln).Botonero, Eva Maria Reina. 2013. “EU Higher Education Reforms as Soft Power in Neighbouring Countries: A Projection of Influence by Compelling Means” ECPR General Conference.Boulègue, Mathieu. 2016. “L’Union européenne en Asie centrale entre valeurs, intérêts et sécurité.” Outre-Terre, 48(3), 196-207.Bradford, Anu. 2013. “The Brussels Effect” Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 107, No.1.2020. The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World, Oxford University Press.Bruneau, Michel. 2018. “Eurasia, an un-conceptualised space in geography: Continent, empire, ideology or project?”, L’Espace géographique, No.47(1), 1-18.Carey, Sabine C. 2007. "European Aid: Human Rights versus Bureaucratic Inertia?" Journal of Peace Research, Vol.44, No.4, 447-64.Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2005. "International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework." International Organization, Vol.59, No.4, 801-26.Coombes, Daniel. 1998. “Leading by Virtuous Example: European Policy for Overseas Development”. In Moral Issues in International Affairs: Problems of European Integration, edited by Bill McSweeney, 221–245. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Cortell, Andrew P., and James W. Davis. 2020. "Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda." International Studies Review, 2, No.1, 65-87.Damro, Chad. 2012. “Market Power Europe” Journal of European Public Policy, 19:5, 682-699.Delreux, Tom. 2014. “EU Actorness, Cohesiveness and Effectiveness in Environmental Affairs” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 21, No.7, 1017-1032.Del Sarto, Raffaella. A. 2016. “Normative Empire Europe: The European Union, its Borderlands, and the ‘Arab Spring’” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.54, 215-232.Del Sordi, Adele. 2016. “Legitimation and the Party of Power in Kazakhstan”. In Politics and Legitimacy in Post-Soviet Eurasia, edited by Martin Brusis, Joachim Ahrens and Martin Schulze Wessel, 72-96. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Diez, Thomas. 2013. “Normative power as hegemony.” Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), 194-210.Drezner, Daniel W. 2007. All Politics Is Global: Explaining. International Regulatory Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Dyner, Anna, Arkadiusz Legieć, and Kacper Rękawek. 2015. “Ready to Go? ISIS and Its Presumed Expansion into Central Asia” Policy Paper, The Polish Institute of International Affairs, Number 19(121), Warsaw.Dzhuraev, Emily, and Nargiza Muratalieva. 2021. “The EU strategy on Central Asia”, Global and Regional Policy Report.Esmark, Anders. 2008. “Tracing the national mandate: administrative Europeanization made in Denmark.” Public Administration, No.86(1), 243-257.Falkner, Robert. 2006. “The European Union as a `green normative power`: EU leadership in international biotechnology regulation” Center for European Studies working paper series (140). Center for European Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.Flockhart, Trine. 2010. “Europeanization or EU‐ization? The Transfer of European Norms across Time and Space.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.48, 787-810.Grevi, Giovanni. 2007. “Pioneering Foreign Policy: The EU Special Representatives”, Report, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), 1-2.Hanks, Reuel R. 2009. “Multi-vector politics’ and Kazakhstan`s emerging role as a geo-strategic player in Central Asia.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, No.11(3), 257-267.Haukkala, Hisky. 2008. “The European Union as a Regional Normative Hegemon: The Case of European Neighbourhood Policy.” Europe-Asia Studies, No.60(9), 1601-1622.Hiro, Dilip. 2009. Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran, London: Overlook Press Duckworth.Holzhacker, Ronald and Marek Neuman. 2019. “Framing the Debate: The Evolution of the European Union as an External Democratization Actor: The European Union in South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia.” In Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework, edited by Marek Neuman, 13-36, Springer International Publishing.Howell, Kerry E. 2004. “Developing Conceptualizations of Europeanization: A Study of Financial Services.” Politics, No.24, 20-25.Ikenberry, John G., and Charles A. Kupchan. 1990. “Socialization and Hegemonic Power” International Organization, Vol.44, No.3, 283-315.Ioannides, Isabelle. 2014. “Rule of Law in European Union External Action: Guiding Principles, Practices and Lessons Learned” International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Jackson, Jay. 1975. “Normative Power and Conflict Potential.” Sociological Methods & Research, No.4(2), 237-263.Janusch, Holger. 2016. “Normative power and the logic of arguing: Rationalization of weakness or relinquishment of strength?” Cooperation and Conflict, No.51(4), 504-521.Johnston, Alastair I. 2001. “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.45, No.4, 487-515.Kavalski, Emilian. 2013. “The struggle for recognition of normative powers: Normative power Europe and normative power China in context.” Cooperation and Conflict, No.48(2), 247-267.Katzenstein, Peter J. 1996. The culture of National Security: norms and identity in World politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Kelemen, Daniel R. 2010. “Globalizing European Union Environmental Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol.17, No.3, 335-349.Kimmage, Daniel. 2008. Security Challenges in Central Asia: Implication for the EU’s Engagement Strategy. Engaging in Central Asia. The European Union’s New Strategy in the Hearth of Eurasia, N. J. Melvin (ed.), Brussels, CEPS.King, Russel, and Enric Ruiz-Gelices. 2003. “International student migration and the European ‘year abroad’: effects on European identity and subsequent migration behavior.” International Journal of Population Geography, No.9, 229-252.King, Toby. 1999. “Human Rights in European Foreign Policy: Success of Failure for Post – Modern Diplomacy.” European Journal of International Law, vol.10, No.2, 313-337.Koch, Natalie. 2013. "Sport and soft authoritarian nation-building" Political Geography, Vol.32, 42-51.Korosteleva, Elena and Fabienne Bossuyt. 2019. “The EU and Central Asia : new opportunities or “the same old song”?” Dahrendorf forum : debating Europe.Krepon, Michael, Jenny S. Drezin, and Michael Newbill. 1999. Declaratory Diplomacy: Rhetorical Initiatives and Confidence Building. Report. Stimson Center, 153-75.Kurç, Çağlar. 2018 “The puzzle: Multi-vector foreign policy and defense industrialization in Central Asia” Comparative Strategy, No.37(4), 316-330.Ladrech, Robert. 1994. “Europeanization of domestic politics and institutions: The case of France” Journal of Common Market Studies, No.32(1), 69-88.Manners, Ian. 2002. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” Journal of Common Market Studies. No.40, 235-258.Mansfield, Edward D. 1993. "Concentration, Polarity, and the Distribution of Power." International Studies Quarterly. No.37(1), 105-28.Maull, Hanns W. 1990. “Germany and Japan : The New Civilian Powers” Foreign Affairs, No.69(5), 91-106.Metzl, Jamie F. 2001. “Network Diplomacy” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Winter/Spring 2, No.1, 77-87.Meyer – Sahling, Jan – Hinrik, and Christian Van Stolk. 2015. “A case of partial convergence: The Europeanization of central government in Central Asian and Eastern Europe” Public Admin, No.93, 230-247.Moumoutzis, Kyriakos. 2011. “Still fashionable yet useless? Addressing problems with research on the Europeanization of foreign policy.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.49(3), 607-629.Nessipbayeva, Olga. 2014. “Kazakhstan in the European Educational System” Bulgarian Comparative Education Society, Paper presented at the Annual International Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) (12th, Sofia and Nessebar, Bulgaria).Nye, Joseph S. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.Parsons, Danielle, Dave Burrows, and Aisuluu Bolotbaeva. 2014. “Advocating for opioid substitution therapy in Central Asia: much still to be done” Int J Drug Policy, No.25(6), 1174-1177.Ospanova, Bakyt, Houman A. Sadri, and Raushan Yelmurzayeva. 2017. “Assessing EU Perception in Kazakhstan’s Mass Media.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 8, No.1, 72-82.Pace, Michelle. 2007. “The Construction of EU Normative Power*” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, No.45, 1041-1064.Perilli, Andrea. 2017. “Erasmus student or EU ambassador? People-to-people contact in the European Neighbourhood policy: the cases of Georgia, Ukraine, and Tunisia.” Bruges Political Research Papers 59.Poletti, Arlo, Daniela Sicurelli. 2018. “The Political Economy of Normative Trade Power Europe: Negotiating Trade Deals with Developing Countries.” The Political Economy of Normative Trade Power Europe, 123-127. Palgrave MacmillanPomfret, Richard. 2005. “Kazakhstan`s Economy since Independence: Does the Oil Boom offer a Second Chance for Sustainable Development?” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.57, No.6, 859-876.Postnikov, Evgeny. 2020. “Normative power meets realism: EU trade policy scholarship at the turn of the decade” Journal of European Integration, No.42(6), 889-895.Panchuk, Dmytro, and Fabienne Bossuyt. 2014. “Effectiveness of EU democracy promotion in the neighbourhood through the lens of foreign policy analysis.” Democratization. No.21, 1341-1348.Radaelli, Claudio M. 2002. “The domestic impact of European union public policy: notes on concepts, methods, and the challenge of empirical research” Politique européenne, No.5(1), 105-136.Raimondi, Pier P. 2019. “Central Asia Oil and Gas Industry – The External Powers’ Energy Interests in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan” Working Paper, No.6, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Milan.Rosamond, Ben. 2014. “Three Ways of Speaking Europe to the World: Markets, Peace, Cosmopolitan Duty and the EU’s Normative Power.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, No.16(1), 133-148.Saari, Sinikukka. 2019. “Connecting the Dots. Challenges to EU Connectivity in Central Asia” Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.Schatz, Edward. 2006. “Access by Accident: Legitimacy Claims and Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Central Asia”, International Political Science Review, Vol.27, No.3, 263-2842009. "The Soft Authoritarian Tool Kit: Agenda-Setting Power in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan." Comparative Politics, Vol.41, No.2, 203-22.Schatz, Edward, and Elena Maltseva. 2012. “Kazakhstan`s Authoritarian "Persuasion", Post-Soviet Affairs, No.28(1), 45-65.Seeberg, Peter. 2009 “The EU as a Realist Actor in Normative Clothes: EU Democracy Promotion in Lebanon and the European Neighbourhood Policy” Democratization, Vol.16, No.1, 81-99.Sjursen, Helen. 2006. “The EU as a ‘normative’ power: how can this be?” Journal of European Public Policy, No.13(2), 235-251.Smith, Karen E. 2015. “The EU as a Diplomatic Actor in the Field of Human Rights.” In The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor, The European Union in International Affairs Series., edited by Koops J.A., Macaj G. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Snyder, J., & Vinjamuri, L. 2012. “Principled pragmatism and the logic of consequences” International Theory, No.4(3), 434-448.Spaiser, Olga A. 2015. “The EU as a Security Actor in Central Asia: Minor but not Marginal” L`Europe en Formation, No.375(1), 83-105.Stetar, Joseph, Colleen Coppla, Li Guo, Naila Nabiyeva and Baktybek Ismailov. 2010. “Soft Power Strategies: Competition and Cooperation in a Globalized System of Higher Education” In Higher Education, Policy and the Global Competition Phenomenon, edited by LM Portnoi, VD Rust & SS Bagley, 191-204. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Tamanaha, Brian Z. 2012. “The History and Elements of the Rule of Law” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 232-47.Tocci, Nathalie. 2008. “Profiling Normative Foreign Policy: The European Union and its Global Partners” in Who Is a Normative Foreign Policy Actor? The European Union and its Global Partners, edited by N. Tocci, 5-6, Brussels, CEPS.Tolipov, Farkhod. 2018. “One Belt, One Road in Central Asia: Progress, Challenges, and Implications” In Securing the Belt and Road Initiative, edited by Alessandro Arduino and Xue Gong, 181-195. Palgrave Singapore.Vanderhill, Rachel, Sandra F. Joireman, and Roza Tulepbayeva. 2020. “Between the bear and the dragon: multivectorism in Kazakhstan as a model strategy for secondary powers” International Affairs, Vol.96, No.4, 975-993.Van Zeben, Josephine, and Rowell Arden. 2021. "Regulatory Instruments." In A Guide to EU Environmental Law, 57-74. Oakland, California: University of California Press.Venkatasubbiah, H. 1977. “General: J. Kenneth Twitchett: Europe and the World: The External Relations of the Common Market”, India Quarterly, No.33(2), 234-236.Weingast, Barry R. 1997. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and The Rule of Law” The American Political Science Review, Vol.91, No.2, 245-263.White, Brian. 1999. “The European Challenge to Foreign Policy Analysis” European Journal of International Relations, No.5(1), 37-66.Whitman, Richard G. 2011. “Norms, Power and Europe: a New Agenda for Study of the EU and International Relations” In Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Richard G. Whitman, 1-22. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Wojciuk, Anna. 2018. “Higher Education as a Soft Power in International Relations”, In Handbook of Cultural Security, edited by Yasushi Watanabe, 343-360. Japan: Keio University.Yesdauletov, Aitmukhanbet, Askhat Oralov, Aigerim Turkhanova, Ilyas Yesdauletov, Lyazzat Tuleshova, and Ardak Yesdauletova. 2017. “A New Stage of Relations between the European Union and Kazakhstan: Europeanization Process.” Astra Salvensis. No.5, 77-90.Zhovtis, Eugheniy. 2007. “Democratization and Human Rights in Central Asia: Problems, Development Prospects and the role of the International Community” In Engaging Central Asia: The European Union’s New Strategy in the Heart of Central Asia, edited by Neil J. Melvin, 20-42. Center for European Policy studies.Zito, Anthony R. 2005. “The European Union as an Environmental Leader in a Global Environment” Globalizations, No.2(3), 363-375. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202100778 en_US
