1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of International Affairs
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 鐵幕落幕30年後中歐威權主義(不)可避免的崛起
The (In)Evitable New Rise of ‘Authoritarianism’ in Central Europe —Three Decades After the Fall of the Iron Curtain
作者 馬可波茲塔維克
Podstavek, Marko
貢獻者 連弘宜
Lien, Hung-Yi
馬可波茲塔維克
Marko Podstavek
關鍵詞 中歐
威權主義
崛起
鐵幕
落幕
30年後
Central
Europe
Authoritarianism
Iron
Curtain
Three Decades After
Fall
日期 2021
上傳時間 2-Sep-2021 17:57:19 (UTC+8)
摘要 對於政治學者、研究員以及政治家而言，「民主衰退」為一個反覆出現且令人困惑費解之議題。鑒此，本文選定中歐四國：波蘭、匈牙利、斯洛伐克和捷克之民主衰退現象，做為民主發展之個案研究。吾人試圖藉由分析中歐特殊的政治與社會情況與變遷和比照其他地區之情形，來反思「民主衰退」此一問題及探索回應此現象的解方。
The issue of democratic decay is a recurring and perplexing topic for political scientists, researchers, and politicians alike. This paper attempts to reflect upon this complex phenomenon and to find possible answers to this problem by analyzing the region of Central Europe — particularly the four countries of Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech republic — which could serve as an observatory for democratic development due to their peculiar sociopolitical situations, while drawing parallels between the region of Central Europe and other regions of the world.
參考文獻 "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate." Harper`s Magazine, 2020.
About Hungary. Here`s what we mean when we talk about Orbanomics. March 09, 2018. http://abouthungary.hu/blog/heres-what-we-mean-when-we-talk-about-orbanomics/.
Ajir, Media, and Bethany Valliant. "Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory." Strategic Studies Quarterly , Vol. 12, No. 3 (FALL 2018), pp. 70-89, 2018.
"Aký je vzťah Smeru s ĽSNS? Pellegrini spoluprácu odmieta." TA3. January 4, 2020. https://www.ta3.com/clanok/1172946/aky-je-vztah-smeru-s-lsns-pellegrini-spolupracu-odmieta.html.
Albertazzi, Daniele, and Duncan McDonnell. Twenty-First Century Populism, The Spectre of Western European Democracy. 2008.
Anderson, Rob. "Summer Strife Puts Czech PM`s Populism to the Test." Reporting Democracy, July 15, 2019.
ANO. "www.anobudelip.cz." https://www.anobudelip.cz/cs/o-nas/par-slov-o-ano/.
Atlaszo. Infographic: Explore the media empire friendly to the Hungarian government. 2018. https://english.atlatszo.hu/2018/01/16/infographic-explore-the-media-empire-friendly-to-the-hungarian-government/.
Babiš, Andrej, interview by Walter Mayr and Maximilian Popp. "We Should Be Talking about European Security" (2020).
Babones, Salvatore. The New Authoritarianism. 2018.
—. The New Authoritarianism.
Bayer, Judit, and Petra Bárd. "Hate speech and hate crime in the EU and the evaluation of online content regulation approaches." 2020.
Bazyler, Michael J. "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism." Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/holocaust-antisemitism/holocaust-denial-laws.html.
BBC. Hungary`s Index journalists walk out over sacking. July 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53531948.
—. Poland leak scandal: Three ministers and Speaker resign. 06 20, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33089659.
—. Polish media laws: Government takes control of state media. January 07, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35257105.
Berardi, Lorenzo. Distortion and Propaganda in Hungarian Media – an Interview with Sándor Orbán. March 28, 2019. https://www.resetdoc.org/story/distortion-propaganda-hungarian-media-interview-sandor-orban/.
Blaha, Ľuboš. "Facebook." Ľuboš Blaha. February 21, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/LBlaha/posts/2251551541750079.
Bloomberg. Hungary`s Orban Uses Covid-19 Crisis for Another Power Grab . June 20, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-06-20/hungary-s-orban-uses-covid-19-crisis-for-another-power-grab.
Bokša, Michal. "RUSSIAN INFORMATION WARFARE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: STRATEGIES, IMPACT, COUNTERMEASURES." 2019.
Both, Hunor. Megint lebukott a Jobbik: Vona alelnöke az Új Magyar Gárdával ünnepel. November 18, 2017. https://www.origo.hu/itthon/20171118-szelsojobbos-tarsasagban-emlekezik-sneider-es-lukacs.html.
Bötticher, Astrid. "Towards Academic Consensus Definitions of Radicalism and Extremism." Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2017: 73-77.
Bray, Mark. Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. 2013.
Brighouse, Harry. "Democracy and Inequality." In Democratic Theory Today, by April Carter and Geoffrey Stokes, 52. 2002.
Brix, Emil. "Austria and Central Europe." In Global Austria, by Fritz Plasser, Anton Pelinka and Alexander Smith Günter Bischof. 2011.
Brunclík, Miloš, and Michal Kubát. "The Crisis of the Czech Politics 25 Years after the Velvet Revolution." Politeja No. 28 (2014), pp. 163-180, 2014.
Buchanan, James M. Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative. 2005.
Bútorová, Zora, and Grigorij Mesežnikov. "Zaostrené na extrémizmus." 2017.
Carey, Christopher. Democracy in Classical Athens. 2000.
Cassata, Cathy. "Why Do People Become Extremists?" Healthline, 2017.
Chmelár, Eduard. "Facebook." Eduard Chmelár. February 23, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/ChmelarEduard/posts/4023434511021744.
Choat, Simon. "‘Horseshoe theory’ is nonsense – the far right and far left have little in common." The Conversation, 2017.
Chou, Mark. "Sowing the Seeds of Its Own Destruction: Democracy and Democide in the Weimar." Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, December 2012.
—. "Sowing the Seeds of Its Own Destruction: Democracy and Democide in the Weimar." Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 2012.
Chovanec, Štefan. "„Vodca Kotleba“. Prečo ho mnohí označujú za fašistu a neonacistu." HN Online. March 9, 2016. https://slovensko.hnonline.sk/593546-vodca-kotleba-preco-ho-mnohi-oznacuju-za-fasistu-a-neonacistu.
Cienski, Jan. Poland`s Duda goes to war against foreign media. July 7, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-election-2020-president-andrzej-duda-goes-to-war-against-foreign-media/.
Ciobanu, Claudia. DEVIL IN THE DETAIL OF POLISH RULING PARTY`S WELFARE PROMISES. October 2, 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2019/10/02/devil-in-the-details/.
Cirner, MIchal. Quo vadis - liberalizmus na Slovensku. Prešov : Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, 2012, 2012.
CNBC. Controversial judicial reform still ‘needed,’ Polish prime minister says after EU battle. January 22, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/controversial-judicial-reform-still-needed-polish-prime-minister-says-after-eu-battle.html.
Courty, Audrey. "Parler: what you need to know about the ‘free speech’ Twitter alternative." The Conversation, 2020.
Crozier, Michel. "Chapter II - Western Europe." In Crisis of Democracy, by Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington and Joji Watanuki. 1975.
Crozier, Michel J., Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki. The Crisis of Democracy. 1975.
—. The Crisis of Democracy. 1975.
Csáky, Moritz, and Elena Mannová. Kolektívne identity v strednej Európe v období moderny. 1999.
Cseresnyés, Péter. Opposition on New COVID Measures: Gov`t Slow, Clueless and Incapable. November 04, 2020. https://hungarytoday.hu/opposition-reaction-new-covid-measures-restrictions-hungary/.
Czech Pirate Party. Finances.
Czinkóczi, Sándor. Benyújtották a felhatalmazási törvényt: a kormány erre az évre kiiktatná a parlamentet, hogy rendeletekkel irányítson. March 21, 2020. https://444.hu/2020/03/21/benyujtottak-a-felhatalmazasi-torvenyt-a-kormany-erre-az-evre-kiiktatna-a-parlamentet-hogy-rendeletekkel-iranyitson.
Deegan-Krause, Kevin, and Tim Haugton. "A Fragile Stability. The Institutional Roots of Low Party System Volatility in the Czech Republic, 1990-2009." Politologický časopis 17, No. 3, 227–241, 2010.
Deutsche Welle. EU opens legal case against Poland over judicial reform. April 29, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/eu-opens-legal-case-against-poland-over-judicial-reform/a-53279806.
Diamond, Larry Jay. "Three Paradoxes of Democracy." Journal of Democracy, 1990.
—. "Three Paradoxes of Democracy." Journal of Democracy, Volume 1, Number 3, Summer 1990, pp. 48-60 (Article), 1990: 48.
Doorenspleet, Renske. "Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization." 2000.
Drapalova, Eliska, Alina Mungliu-Pippidi, Jo Bonnie Palifka, and Vrushi Jon. "Corruption and the crisis of democracy: The link between corruption and the." Transparency International, 2019: 2.
Drda, Adam. "Andrej Babiš – Czech oligarch." Politico, 2014.
East, Maurice A. "Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models." World Politics , Jul., 1973, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1973), pp. 556-576, 1973.
Edelman, Gilad. "The Parler Bans Open a New Front in the `Free Speech` Wars." Wired, 2021.
Fico, Robert. "Facebook." SMER-SD. November 5, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/102146246492040/videos/813024456123654.
Fidesz. How Hungary`s economy went from “unorthodox” to “wow”. 2017. https://fidesz-eu.hu/en/hungarys-economy-went-unorthodox-wow/.
Fishkin, James. "Democracy When the People Are Thinking: Reflections on Deliberative Designs, Micro and Macro." 2018.
Floyd, David. Explaining the Trump Tax Reform Plan. January 20, 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/taxes/trumps-tax-reform-plan-explained/.
Foer, Franklin. "Viktor Orbán`s War on Intellect." The Atlantic, 2019.
Freeman, W. H. "Liberalism against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice (Review)." The American Political Science Review, 1982.
Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. 1992.
—. The End of History and the Last Man. 1992.
Gates, Scott, Havard Hegre, Mark P. Jones, and Havard Strand. "Democratic Waves? Global Patterns of Democratization, 1800–2000." 2007.
Gdula, Maciej. Nowy Autorytaryzm. 2018.
Gehrke, Laurenz. Hungary no longer a democracy: report. May 6, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-no-longer-a-democracy-report/.
Gerbaudo, Paolo. The Mask and the Flag: Populism, Citizenism, and Global Protest. 2017.
Gerbaudo, Paolo. "When anarchism goes pop." Open Democracy - Free Thinking of the World, 2013.
Gilens, Martin, and Page I. Benjamin. "Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average." 2014.
Glassman, Ronald M. The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States. 2017.
Goldberg, Jonah. Liberal Fascism. 2007.
Goldman, Minton F. Slovakia Since Independence A Struggle for Democracy. 1999.
Gould-Wartofsky, Michael A. The Occupiers: The Making of the 99 Percent Movement 1st Edition. 2011.
gov.pl. "Family 500+" programme. September 14, 2017. https://www.gov.pl/web/family/family-500-programme.
Gregor, Ján. Komunistická Strana Slovenska. 2019. http://kss.sk/.
Gregorová, Alžbeta Brozmanová, et al. "Tretí Sektor a Mimovádne Organizácie." 2009.
Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. Democratic Transition and the Rise of Populist Majoritarianism. 2018.
Guasti, Petra. "Populism in Power and Democracy: Democratic Decay and Resilience in." Politics and Governance (ISSN: 2183–2463) 2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages 473–484, June 30, 2020.
Gujral, Zoe. Hungary PM granted special powers to fight COVID-19 pandemic. March 31, 2020. https://www.jurist.org/news/2020/03/hungary-pm-granted-special-powers-to-fight-covid-19-pandemic/.
Guttenplan, D. D. "Should freedom of speech stop at Holocaust denial?" Index On Censorship. January 27, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20080115074249/http://www.indexonline.org/en/news/articles/2005/1/europe-should-freedom-of-speech-stop-at-holo.shtml.
Hajagos, Andrea. Hungary, xenophobia and feeding the fears of terrorism. July 21, 2016. https://www.euronews.com/2016/07/21/hungary-xenophobia-and-feeding-the-fears-of-terrorism.
Halasz, Adam. Merkel clashes with Orban on meaning of `democracy`. February 3, 2015. https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/127468.
Harper, Jo. Donald Tusk`s elephant in the room. 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/donald-tusks-elephant-in-the-room/a-46168594.
Hečková, Ivana. "Jeden z prvých kritikov Mečiara kedysi zmobilizoval komunistickú ŠtB." Aktuality.sk, 2020.
Heijmans, Philip. ‘We are on verge of autocracy’: Poles protest Supreme Court law. July 2, 2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/07/02/we-are-on-verge-of-autocracy-poles-protest-supreme-court-law/.
Held, David. Models of Democracy. 1996.
Highley, John, and Michael Burton. Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy. 2006.
Hiroshi, Fukuda. "Central Europe between Empires: Milan Hodža and His Strategy for `Small` Nations." 2012.
Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. 1924.
Hruboň, Anton. "„ZA SLOVENSKÝ ŠTÁT, ZA NOVÚ EURÓPU!“ Hlinkova garda v období nemeckej okupácie." 2015.
Hungarian Spectrum. Decrees that have nothing to do with the coronavirus pandemic. April 01, 2020. https://hungarianspectrum.org/2020/04/01/decrees-that-have-nothing-to-do-with-the-coronavirus-pandemic/.
Huntington, Samuel. "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs , Summer, 1993, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 22-49, 1993.
—. "Democracy`s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, 1991.
Interia. CBOS: Większość Polaków popiera obecne prawo dotyczące aborcji. 2012. https://wydarzenia.interia.pl/polska/news-cbos-wiekszosc-polakow-popiera-obecne-prawo-dotyczace-aborcj,nId,926768.
Ivanitz, Michele. "Democracy and Indigenous Self-determination." In Democratic Theory Today, by April Carter and Geoffrey Stokes. 2001.
Jarábik, Balázs, and Peter Učeň. "What`s Driving Czech Populism?" Carnegie Europe, 2018.
Johnson, Lonnie R. Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. Ocford University Press, 1996.
Jokubaitis, Alvydas. "The Other Europe - Identity Problems of Central Europe." Politeja No. 6(57), 2018, pp. 81-89, 2018.
Jordan, Peter. "Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien." Europa Regional 13(2005)4, January 2005.
Jovanovic, Zeljko. "Orbán`s next move: Overpowering the courts." Politico, 2020.
Kalsnes, Bente. "Fake News." 2018.
Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira. "The Responses of Populism to Dahl`s Democratic Dilemmas." Political Studies 2014 VOL 62, 470–487, 2014.
Kingsley, Patrick, and Benjamin Novak. "An Economic Miracle in Hungary, or Just a Mirage?" The New York Times, 2018.
Kingsley, Patrick, and Benjamin Novak. "The Website That Shows How a Free Press Can Die." The New York Times, 2018.
Klaus, Václav. "Obrana demokracie před liberální." 2018.
—. What Bothers an Ex-politician in the Era of Liberal Democracy? 08 20, 2018. https://www.klaus.cz/clanky/4300.
Klkjsj. KKajhdhb sj Idij. 2008.
Kohout, Pavel. "Kolaps liberální demokracie je z dlouhodobého hlediska nutný." Česká pozice - Informace pro svobodné lidi, 2018.
Kopeček, Michal, interview by Josef Pravec. Liberální demokracie už lidem nestačí. Dvacet let se preferovala svoboda, teď se více mluví o rovnosti, říká historik Kopeček (October 18, 2017).
kormany.hu. http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/address-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-in-the-debate-on-the-so-called-sargentini-report.
Kostelka, Filip. "A Muted Triumph for Czech Populism." Inroads - The Canadia Journal of Opinion Issue 42, 2018.
—. "The Czech Republic`s Crisis of Liberal Democracy Escalates." Inroads - The Canadian Journal of Opinion, 2020.
Kovács, Zoltán. A few things you need to know about new Coronavirus Protection Act. March 2020. http://abouthungary.hu/blog/a-few-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-coronavirus-protection-act/.
—. Hungary`s criticised Coronavirus Protection Act has saved thousands of lives ǀ View. May 29, 2020. https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/26/zoltan-kovacs-hungary-criticized-coronavirus-protection-act-saved-thousands-of-lives-view.
—. Zoltán Kovács: Look who`s talking about the “spread of disinformation” ǀ View. July 20, 2020. https://www.euronews.com/2020/07/20/zoltan-kovacs-look-who-s-talking-about-the-spread-of-disinformation-view.
Krastev, Ivan, and Stephen Holmes. "Explaining Eastern Europe: Imitation and Its Discontents." Journal of Democracy 29, no. 3 (2018): 117–28, 2018.
—. "Explaining eastern Europe: Imitation and Its Discontents." Journal of Democracy, July 2018.
Kratochvíl, Petr. "The Czech Republic: Lacking Foreign Policy Consensus." 2015.
Kreizer, Madelon de, and Ismee Tames. Small nations : crisis and confrontation in the 20th century. 2008.
Krekó, Péter. "Russian in Hungarian Public Opinion." 2019.
Krekó, Péter, and Zsolt Enyedi. "Explaining Eastern Europe: Orbán`s Laboratory of Illiberalism." Journal of Democracy, 2018: 45-48.
Lee, Erika. America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States. 2019.
Legutko, Ryszard. The Demon in Democracy: Totalitarian Temptations in Free Societies. 2016.
—. The Demon in Democracy: Totalitarian Temptations in Free Societies. 2016.
Lehotai, Orsolya. "Hungary`s Democracy Is Still Under Threat." Foreign Policy Magazine, July 17, 2020.
Leszczyński, Adam. Poland`s leading daily feels full force of Jarosław Kaczyński`s anger. February 23, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/23/poland-jarosaw-kaczynski-gazeta-wyborcza-law-and-justice.
Lewis, Arthur W. Politics in West Africa. 1965.
Lijphart, Arend. Patterns of Democracy. 1999.
Lucas, Edward, and Peter Pomeranzev. "Winning the Information War: Techniques and Counter-strategies to Russian Propaganda in Central and Eastern Europe." 2016.
Mac, Ryan. "Ryan Mac." Twitter. January 6, 2021. twitter.com/RMac18/status/1346521076839239680?s=20.
Mackie, Gerry. Democracy Defended. 2003.
Madison, James. The Federalist Papers. 1788.
Maeda, Ko. "Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability." The Journal of Politics 72(04):1129 - 1143, 2010.
—. "Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability." The Journal of Politics, October 2010: 1129-1143.
Maeda, Ko. "Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability." 2010.
Magda, Iga, Aneta Kielczewska, and Nicola Brandt. "The "Family 500+" Child Allowance and Female Labour Supply in Poland." 2018.
Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom. 1994.
Marček, Eduard. "Financovanie neziskového sektora na Slovensku po roku 1989." 2004.
Mastroianni, Fotini. "Anarcho-populism, a New Ideology?" Medium, 2018.
Matovič, Igor. "Facebook." Igor Matovič. April 21, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/igor.matovic.7/posts/10219121562402406.
Mayer, Nonna. "Why Extremes Don`t Meet: Le Pen and Besancenot Voters in the 2007 French Presidential Election." French Politics, Culture & Society, 2011: 101.
Mazurek, Milan. "Milan Mazurek - poslanec NR SR." Facebook. November 10, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/MilanMazurek.NRSR/.
Mcmahon, P.C. "). Building Civil Societies in East Central Europe: The Effect of American Non-governmental Organizations on Women`s Groups." Democratization, 8(2), pp.45–68, 2010.
Medina, Jennifer, and Giovanni Russonello. "Exit Polls Showed the Vote Came Down to the Pandemic Versus the Economy." The New York Times, 2020.
Mesežnikov, Grigorij, and Oľga Gyárfášová. "Heutiger Rechtsextremismus und Ultranationalismus in der Slowakei: Stand, Trends, Unterstützung." 2017.
Milewska, Paulina, and Adam Stasiak. The Media Freedom Rapid Response supports Gazeta Wyborcza in Poland. July 8, 2020. https://wyborcza.pl/7,173236,26109327,the-media-freedom-rapid-response-supports-gazeta-wyborcza-in.html?disableRedirects=true.
Millard, Frances. "The Polish Parliamentary Elections of October 1991." 1992.
Miszerak, Martin, and Dalibor Rohac. Poland`s looming economic storm. 2016. https://www.politico.eu/article/polands-looming-economic-storm-pis-government-reforms-media-economic-policy-euro/.
"Mládež v Strednej Európe 2020." 2020.
Mouffe, Chantal. The Democratic Paradox. 2000.
—. The Democratic Paradox. 2000.
Mounk, Yascha. "The End of History Revisited." Journal of Democracy, 2020.
Munck, Gerardo L., and Jay Verkuilen. "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices." 2002.
Negley, Glenn. "Liberty and Lawlessness." The Journal of Higher Education , Mar., 1952, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Mar., 1952), 1952.
Nicas, Jack. "How YouTube Drives People to the Internet`s Darkest Corners." The Wall Street Journal, 2018.
Olson, Mancur. "Dictatorship, Democracy and Development." The American Political Science Review, September 1993: 567-576.
omédiách.com. "Zem a Vek upravil nos Čaputovej ako na antisemitských karikatúrach." March 14, 2019. https://www.omediach.com/hoaxy/15215-zem-a-vek-upravil-nos-caputovej-ako-na-antisemitskych-karikaturach.
Oroszi, Babett. A case study in Hungarian propaganda: this is how the pro-government media works if something awkward is revealed about PM Orban. 2018. https://english.atlatszo.hu/2018/09/29/a-case-study-in-hungarian-propaganda-this-is-how-the-pro-government-media-works-if-something-awkward-is-revealed-about-pm-orban/.
Patočka, Jakub, interview by Corporate Europe Observatory. The Czech Trump: how prime minister Babiš undermines democracy (August 23, 2018).
Peceny, Mark, and Christopher Kenneth Butler. "The Conflict Behavior of Authoritarian Regimes." 2004.
Pehe, Jiří. "Central European Identity in Politics." www.pehe.cz. 2002. http://www.pehe.cz/prednasky/2002/central-european-identity-in-politics.
Perlez, Jane. "Slovaks Come Out Loser in Break With Czechs." The New York Times, February 1994.
Pew Research Center. 2009. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/.
Plucinska, Joanna. Protesting Poles engage in drive for abortion rights. 04 14, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-poland-abortion-idUSKCN21W1EP.
Popper, Karl. The open society and its enemies. 1945.
—. "The Open Society and Its Enemies." 1945.
Prauser, Steffen, and Arfon Rees. "The Expulsion of `German` Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War." 2004.
Prooijen, Jan-Willem van, and André P. M. Krouwel. "Psychological Features of Extreme." Current Directions in Psychological, Vol. 28(2) 159–163, 2019.
Przybylski, Wojciech. "Explaining Eastern Europe: Can Poland’s Backsliding Be Stopped?" Journal of Democracy, 2018.
Raby, D. L. "Democracy and Revolution." 2006.
RADIO POLAND. Anti-government demonstrations across Poland. 2016. http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/235831.
Radio Poland. Study shows 95% of Poles are religious. 02 13, 2017. http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/11/Artykul/293281.
Raekstad, Paul. "The new democracy: anarchist or populist?" Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 23:7, 931-942, March 18, 2019.
Remix News. April 02, 2020. https://rmx.news/article/article/donald-tusk-suggests-pm-orban-s-fidesz-party-should-be-expelled-from-epp.
Riker, William. Liberalism Against Populism. 1982.
Roache, Madeline. Poland Is Holding Massive Pride Parades. But How Far Have LGBTQ Rights Really Come? 07 03, 2019. https://time.com/5619660/lgbt-rights-poland/.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. "The Social Contract." 1762.
Sadurski, Wojciech. "How Democracy Dies (in Poland): A Case Study of Anti-Constitutional Populist Backsliding." 2018.
Scheiring, Gabor. "Orbanomics: A polarising answer to the crisis of liberal dependent capitalism." 2020.
Schmitt, Carl. The Concept of the Political. 1932.
—. The Concept of the Political. 1932.
Schumpeter, Joseph. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 1942.
Serhan, Yasmeen. "The EU Watches as Hungary Kills Democracy." The Atlantic, 2020.
Sinnhuber, Karl A. "Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An Analysis of a Geographical Term." Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers), No. 20 (1954), pp. 15-39, 1954.
"Slováci tolerujú ľavicový extrémizmus." Pravda.sk. 2006. https://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/150487-slovaci-toleruju-lavicovy-extremizmus/.
Slovak Information Service. SIS 2019 Annual Report. 2020.
Slovak Ministry of Interior. "K prevencii extrémizmu a radikalizmu."
Slovak MInistry of Interior. "Koncepcia boja proti extrémizmu na roky 2015 – 2019."
Šmihula, Daniel. "Stredná Európa a spoločné záujmy jej národov." Mezinárodní vztahy \\\\CF 38\\ Roč. č. 4(2000), s. 62 - 76, 2000.
Smith, A. Return to Europe - The Reintegration of Eastern Europe into the European Economy. 2000.
Šnídl, Vladimír. "Traja Kotlebovi poslanci sa poklonili Tisovi. Máte odvahu, chválil ich kňaz." Denník N, 2016.
Soini, Timo, interview by Richard Milne. Lunch with the FT Timo Soini (May 17, 2020).
—. Populism. 2020.
Sosteric, Mike. "Trump`s Manipulation of Mass Consciousness." The Tyee, 2017.
Štefančík, Radoslav. "Dva odlišné svety so spoločným jazykom. Politické naratívy krajných pólov ideového spektra." 2019.
Steiner, Nils D. "Comparing Freedom House Democracy Scores to Alternative Indices and Testing for Political Bias: Are US Allies Rated as More Democratic by Freedom House?" 2014.
Stevenson, Alexandra. "Facebook Admits It Was Used to Incite Violence in Myanmar." The New York Times, 2018.
Strmiska, Maximilián. "The Czech Party System: A Few Observations on the Properties and Working Logic of the Czech Party Arrangement." In Parliamentary Elections and Party Landscape in the Visegrád Group Countries, by Roman Chytilek and Vít Hloušek, 107-115. Democracy and Culture Studies Centre, 2007.
Studzińska, Zofia. "How Russia, Step by Step, Wants to Regain an Imperial Role." Connections , Vol. 14, No. 4 (Fall 2015), pp. 21-42, 2015.
Suchá, Michaela. "Slovenská kultúra ako súčasť Európskej kultúry." IKP.Inštitút pre kultúrnu politiku. http://ikp.sk/slovenska-kultura-ako-sucast-europskej-kultury/.
Sybera, Albin. "The Populist Faces of Czech PM Andrej Babis." Reporting Democracy, August 15, 2019.
Szomolányi, Soňa. Kľukatá cesta Slovenska k demokracii. 1999.
The Australian. Pregnant mum Zoe Buhler`s arrest is dictatorial and dangerous. September 03, 2020. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/pregnant-mum-zoe-buhlers-arrest-is-dictatorial-and-dangerous/news-story/4c2278736664ad56d7557bb557575644.
The Guardian. Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip. March 31, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-is-a-chance-for-authoritarian-leaders-to-tighten-their-grip.
The New York Times. Hungary`s Leader Grabbed Powers to Fight the Virus. Some Fear Other Motives. April 05, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/world/europe/victor-orban-coronavirus.html.
Thorpe, Nick. Is Hungary`s Jobbik leader really ditching far-right past? November 15, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37976687.
Tóth, István György, and Iván Szelényi. "THE UPPER MIDDLE CLASS: A NEW ARISTOCRACY?" 2019.
Traynor, Ian. "Europe`s black sheep returns to the fold." The Guardian, 2004.
Turcsányi, Richard Q., and David Hutt. "Europe`s Rising Anti-China Populism." China Observers, 2021.
Uhrík, Milan. "Milan Uhrík - europoslanec." Facebook. May 8, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/ing.milan.uhrik/photos/fa%C5%A1ista-je-ka%C5%BEd%C3%BD-koho-liber%C3%A1li-nemaj%C3%BA-radidnes-je-sviatok-kedy-sa-pripom%C3%ADna-de%C5%88-/846606389025808/.
Vachudova, Milada Anna, and Jan Rovny. "In Prague, protesters demand the resignation of Prime Minister Andrej Babiš." The Washington Post, 2019.
Van egy rémhírünk: Elvittek a rendőrök az otthonából egy embert a véleményéért. May 13, 2020. https://444.hu/2020/05/13/van-egy-remhirunk-elvittek-a-rendorok-az-otthonabol-egy-embert-a-velemenyeert.
Verkuilen, Gerardo L. Munck and Jay. "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices."
Vodopivec, Peter. "Central Europe: Political Idea and Historical Reality." Electronic Journal of Central European Studies in Japan, No.2, November 2016.
Walker, Shaun. `A useful punching bag`: why Hungary`s Viktor Orbán has turned on George Soros. June 22, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/22/hungary-viktor-orban-george-soros.
—. Viktor Orbán ditches mayor plan amid claims of coronavirus power grab. April 16, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/01/viktor-orban-ditches-mayor-plan-amid-claims-of-coronavirus-power-grab.
Weigl, Jiří, interview by Veronika Sedláčková. Liberální demokracie je protiliberální a protidemokratická, tvrdí Weigl z Institutu Václava Klause (August 14, 2018).
Welt. „Ungarn gehört in politische Quarantäne“. April 01, 2020. https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article206928125/Jean-Asselborn-Ungarn-gehoert-in-politische-Quarantaene.html.
Wittmann, Brigadier General (ret) Dr. Klaus, interview by Octavian Manea. A New NATO Social Contract (2010).
Woleková, Helena. "Mimovládne Organizácie na Slovensku." 2006.
Zakaria, Fareed. "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy." 1997.
Zem&Vek. Normálni ľudia sa musia zomknúť, aby v sobotu porazili neslušné zlo. March 13, 2019. https://zemavek.sk/normalni-ludia-sa-musia-zomknut-aby-v-sobotu-porazili-neslusne-zlo/.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
106253031
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106253031
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 連弘宜zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lien, Hung-Yien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 馬可波茲塔維克zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Marko Podstaveken_US
dc.creator (作者) 馬可波茲塔維克zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Podstavek, Markoen_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2021 17:57:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2021 17:57:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2021 17:57:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106253031en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137098-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106253031zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 對於政治學者、研究員以及政治家而言，「民主衰退」為一個反覆出現且令人困惑費解之議題。鑒此，本文選定中歐四國：波蘭、匈牙利、斯洛伐克和捷克之民主衰退現象，做為民主發展之個案研究。吾人試圖藉由分析中歐特殊的政治與社會情況與變遷和比照其他地區之情形，來反思「民主衰退」此一問題及探索回應此現象的解方。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The issue of democratic decay is a recurring and perplexing topic for political scientists, researchers, and politicians alike. This paper attempts to reflect upon this complex phenomenon and to find possible answers to this problem by analyzing the region of Central Europe — particularly the four countries of Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech republic — which could serve as an observatory for democratic development due to their peculiar sociopolitical situations, while drawing parallels between the region of Central Europe and other regions of the world.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Contents
1. Introduction 6
1.1 Typology and Hypothesis 7
1.2 Methodology 8
1.3 Motivation 8
1.4 Framework 10
Chapter 2: What is Democracy? 12
2.1 The origins of democracy 12
2.2 The making of democracy 14
2.3 The models of democracy 17
2.4 The crisis of democracy 20
2.5 The mirror of democracy 23
2.5.1 The elite structure of liberal democracy 25
2.5.2 The inequality of wealth and political influence 27
2.5.3 The inequality of voice 28
2.5.4 The inequality of identity 28
2.5.5 The collapse of traditional institutions/traditional hierarchy 29
2.5.6 The disregard for traditional values 31
2.5.7 The disregard for ‘national’ preference (outside influence, globalization, immigration) 33
2.6 The waves of democracy 34
2.7 The paradoxes of democracy 36
2.7.1 Plurality versus homogeneity 38
2.7.2 Tolerance versus restriction 40
2.7.3 Freedom versus authority 42
2.8 The death of democracy 42
2.9 The future of democracy 43
Chapter 3: What is Central Europe? 45
3.1 The definition of Central Europe 45
3.2 The geographical criterion 45
3.3 The religious criterion 47
3.4 The cultural criterion 48
3.5 Mitteleuropa — The German historical/political criterion 48
3.6 The Cold War historical/political criterion 49
3.7 The revival of Central Europe as a sociopolitical and economic concept 50
3.8 The future of Central Europe 53
3.9 Conclusions 53
Chapter 4: Poland 55
4.1 The political landscape of Poland 55
4.2 The new authoritarianism 57
4.3 Totalitarian temptations in free societies 59
4.4 Strategies for securing power and increasing popularity 60
4.4.1 Propaganda and media reforms 61
4.4.2 Judicial reforms and proposals 62
4.4.3 Social and economic reforms and proposals 63
4.5 Public satisfaction and general opinions 64
4.5.1 Satisfaction with democracy 64
4.5.2 Public opinions on social welfare, economy and values 65
4.5.3 Public opinions on ‘Western’ values, liberal democracy, immigration, and minorities 66
4.5.4 Public opinions on government, oligarchs, and the media 66
4.6 Conclusions 67
Chapter 5: Hungary 69
5.1 The political landscape of Hungary 69
5.2 Illiberal democracy 70
5.2.1 The concept 70
5.2.2 Illiberal democracy in Hungary 71
5.2.3 The media 72
5.2.4 Courts 73
5.2.5 Response 73
5.3 Power versus necessity 74
5.4 The Economy 76
5.4.1 Orbánomics 76
5.5 Conclusions 77
Chapter 6: Slovakia 79
6.1 The political landscape of Slovakia 80
6.2 Endogenous factors leading to social polarization and national instability 82
6.2.1 Extremism 82
6.2.2 Disinformation 93
6.2.3 The abuse of power by democratically elected officials 97
6.3 Exogenous factors leading to social polarization and national instability 100
6.3.1 Un-aligned soft power: foreign propaganda and non-military influence 100
6.3.2 Aligned soft power: institutional and organizational influence 102
6.4 Conclusions 104
Chapter 7: Czechia 106
7.1 Introduction and political background 106
7.2 The causes and effects of populism 107
7.3 Populism in the Czech Republic 108
7.3.1 Illiberal populism 109
7.3.2 Liberal populism 111
7.4 Conclusions 113
Chapter 8: Conclusion 114
Annex I 120
Annex II 127
References 128		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3560975 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106253031en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中歐zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 威權主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 崛起zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 鐵幕zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 落幕zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 30年後zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Centralen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Europeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Authoritarianismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ironen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Curtainen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Three Decades Afteren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fallen_US
dc.title (題名) 鐵幕落幕30年後中歐威權主義(不)可避免的崛起zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The (In)Evitable New Rise of ‘Authoritarianism’ in Central Europe —Three Decades After the Fall of the Iron Curtainen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate." Harper`s Magazine, 2020.
About Hungary. Here`s what we mean when we talk about Orbanomics. March 09, 2018. http://abouthungary.hu/blog/heres-what-we-mean-when-we-talk-about-orbanomics/.
Ajir, Media, and Bethany Valliant. "Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory." Strategic Studies Quarterly , Vol. 12, No. 3 (FALL 2018), pp. 70-89, 2018.
"Aký je vzťah Smeru s ĽSNS? Pellegrini spoluprácu odmieta." TA3. January 4, 2020. https://www.ta3.com/clanok/1172946/aky-je-vztah-smeru-s-lsns-pellegrini-spolupracu-odmieta.html.
Albertazzi, Daniele, and Duncan McDonnell. Twenty-First Century Populism, The Spectre of Western European Democracy. 2008.
Anderson, Rob. "Summer Strife Puts Czech PM`s Populism to the Test." Reporting Democracy, July 15, 2019.
ANO. "www.anobudelip.cz." https://www.anobudelip.cz/cs/o-nas/par-slov-o-ano/.
Atlaszo. Infographic: Explore the media empire friendly to the Hungarian government. 2018. https://english.atlatszo.hu/2018/01/16/infographic-explore-the-media-empire-friendly-to-the-hungarian-government/.
Babiš, Andrej, interview by Walter Mayr and Maximilian Popp. "We Should Be Talking about European Security" (2020).
Babones, Salvatore. The New Authoritarianism. 2018.
—. The New Authoritarianism.
Bayer, Judit, and Petra Bárd. "Hate speech and hate crime in the EU and the evaluation of online content regulation approaches." 2020.
Bazyler, Michael J. "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism." Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/holocaust-antisemitism/holocaust-denial-laws.html.
BBC. Hungary`s Index journalists walk out over sacking. July 24, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53531948.
—. Poland leak scandal: Three ministers and Speaker resign. 06 20, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33089659.
—. Polish media laws: Government takes control of state media. January 07, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35257105.
Berardi, Lorenzo. Distortion and Propaganda in Hungarian Media – an Interview with Sándor Orbán. March 28, 2019. https://www.resetdoc.org/story/distortion-propaganda-hungarian-media-interview-sandor-orban/.
Blaha, Ľuboš. "Facebook." Ľuboš Blaha. February 21, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/LBlaha/posts/2251551541750079.
Bloomberg. Hungary`s Orban Uses Covid-19 Crisis for Another Power Grab . June 20, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-06-20/hungary-s-orban-uses-covid-19-crisis-for-another-power-grab.
Bokša, Michal. "RUSSIAN INFORMATION WARFARE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: STRATEGIES, IMPACT, COUNTERMEASURES." 2019.
Both, Hunor. Megint lebukott a Jobbik: Vona alelnöke az Új Magyar Gárdával ünnepel. November 18, 2017. https://www.origo.hu/itthon/20171118-szelsojobbos-tarsasagban-emlekezik-sneider-es-lukacs.html.
Bötticher, Astrid. "Towards Academic Consensus Definitions of Radicalism and Extremism." Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2017: 73-77.
Bray, Mark. Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. 2013.
Brighouse, Harry. "Democracy and Inequality." In Democratic Theory Today, by April Carter and Geoffrey Stokes, 52. 2002.
Brix, Emil. "Austria and Central Europe." In Global Austria, by Fritz Plasser, Anton Pelinka and Alexander Smith Günter Bischof. 2011.
Brunclík, Miloš, and Michal Kubát. "The Crisis of the Czech Politics 25 Years after the Velvet Revolution." Politeja No. 28 (2014), pp. 163-180, 2014.
Buchanan, James M. Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative. 2005.
Bútorová, Zora, and Grigorij Mesežnikov. "Zaostrené na extrémizmus." 2017.
Carey, Christopher. Democracy in Classical Athens. 2000.
Cassata, Cathy. "Why Do People Become Extremists?" Healthline, 2017.
Chmelár, Eduard. "Facebook." Eduard Chmelár. February 23, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/ChmelarEduard/posts/4023434511021744.
Choat, Simon. "‘Horseshoe theory’ is nonsense – the far right and far left have little in common." The Conversation, 2017.
Chou, Mark. "Sowing the Seeds of Its Own Destruction: Democracy and Democide in the Weimar." Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, December 2012.
—. "Sowing the Seeds of Its Own Destruction: Democracy and Democide in the Weimar." Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 2012.
Chovanec, Štefan. "„Vodca Kotleba“. Prečo ho mnohí označujú za fašistu a neonacistu." HN Online. March 9, 2016. https://slovensko.hnonline.sk/593546-vodca-kotleba-preco-ho-mnohi-oznacuju-za-fasistu-a-neonacistu.
Cienski, Jan. Poland`s Duda goes to war against foreign media. July 7, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-election-2020-president-andrzej-duda-goes-to-war-against-foreign-media/.
Ciobanu, Claudia. DEVIL IN THE DETAIL OF POLISH RULING PARTY`S WELFARE PROMISES. October 2, 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2019/10/02/devil-in-the-details/.
Cirner, MIchal. Quo vadis - liberalizmus na Slovensku. Prešov : Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, 2012, 2012.
CNBC. Controversial judicial reform still ‘needed,’ Polish prime minister says after EU battle. January 22, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/controversial-judicial-reform-still-needed-polish-prime-minister-says-after-eu-battle.html.
Courty, Audrey. "Parler: what you need to know about the ‘free speech’ Twitter alternative." The Conversation, 2020.
Crozier, Michel. "Chapter II - Western Europe." In Crisis of Democracy, by Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington and Joji Watanuki. 1975.
Crozier, Michel J., Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki. The Crisis of Democracy. 1975.
—. The Crisis of Democracy. 1975.
Csáky, Moritz, and Elena Mannová. Kolektívne identity v strednej Európe v období moderny. 1999.
Cseresnyés, Péter. Opposition on New COVID Measures: Gov`t Slow, Clueless and Incapable. November 04, 2020. https://hungarytoday.hu/opposition-reaction-new-covid-measures-restrictions-hungary/.
Czech Pirate Party. Finances.
Czinkóczi, Sándor. Benyújtották a felhatalmazási törvényt: a kormány erre az évre kiiktatná a parlamentet, hogy rendeletekkel irányítson. March 21, 2020. https://444.hu/2020/03/21/benyujtottak-a-felhatalmazasi-torvenyt-a-kormany-erre-az-evre-kiiktatna-a-parlamentet-hogy-rendeletekkel-iranyitson.
Deegan-Krause, Kevin, and Tim Haugton. "A Fragile Stability. The Institutional Roots of Low Party System Volatility in the Czech Republic, 1990-2009." Politologický časopis 17, No. 3, 227–241, 2010.
Deutsche Welle. EU opens legal case against Poland over judicial reform. April 29, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/eu-opens-legal-case-against-poland-over-judicial-reform/a-53279806.
Diamond, Larry Jay. "Three Paradoxes of Democracy." Journal of Democracy, 1990.
—. "Three Paradoxes of Democracy." Journal of Democracy, Volume 1, Number 3, Summer 1990, pp. 48-60 (Article), 1990: 48.
Doorenspleet, Renske. "Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization." 2000.
Drapalova, Eliska, Alina Mungliu-Pippidi, Jo Bonnie Palifka, and Vrushi Jon. "Corruption and the crisis of democracy: The link between corruption and the." Transparency International, 2019: 2.
Drda, Adam. "Andrej Babiš – Czech oligarch." Politico, 2014.
East, Maurice A. "Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models." World Politics , Jul., 1973, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Jul., 1973), pp. 556-576, 1973.
Edelman, Gilad. "The Parler Bans Open a New Front in the `Free Speech` Wars." Wired, 2021.
Fico, Robert. "Facebook." SMER-SD. November 5, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/102146246492040/videos/813024456123654.
Fidesz. How Hungary`s economy went from “unorthodox” to “wow”. 2017. https://fidesz-eu.hu/en/hungarys-economy-went-unorthodox-wow/.
Fishkin, James. "Democracy When the People Are Thinking: Reflections on Deliberative Designs, Micro and Macro." 2018.
Floyd, David. Explaining the Trump Tax Reform Plan. January 20, 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/taxes/trumps-tax-reform-plan-explained/.
Foer, Franklin. "Viktor Orbán`s War on Intellect." The Atlantic, 2019.
Freeman, W. H. "Liberalism against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice (Review)." The American Political Science Review, 1982.
Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. 1992.
—. The End of History and the Last Man. 1992.
Gates, Scott, Havard Hegre, Mark P. Jones, and Havard Strand. "Democratic Waves? Global Patterns of Democratization, 1800–2000." 2007.
Gdula, Maciej. Nowy Autorytaryzm. 2018.
Gehrke, Laurenz. Hungary no longer a democracy: report. May 6, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-no-longer-a-democracy-report/.
Gerbaudo, Paolo. The Mask and the Flag: Populism, Citizenism, and Global Protest. 2017.
Gerbaudo, Paolo. "When anarchism goes pop." Open Democracy - Free Thinking of the World, 2013.
Gilens, Martin, and Page I. Benjamin. "Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average." 2014.
Glassman, Ronald M. The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States. 2017.
Goldberg, Jonah. Liberal Fascism. 2007.
Goldman, Minton F. Slovakia Since Independence A Struggle for Democracy. 1999.
Gould-Wartofsky, Michael A. The Occupiers: The Making of the 99 Percent Movement 1st Edition. 2011.
gov.pl. "Family 500+" programme. September 14, 2017. https://www.gov.pl/web/family/family-500-programme.
Gregor, Ján. Komunistická Strana Slovenska. 2019. http://kss.sk/.
Gregorová, Alžbeta Brozmanová, et al. "Tretí Sektor a Mimovádne Organizácie." 2009.
Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. Democratic Transition and the Rise of Populist Majoritarianism. 2018.
Guasti, Petra. "Populism in Power and Democracy: Democratic Decay and Resilience in." Politics and Governance (ISSN: 2183–2463) 2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages 473–484, June 30, 2020.
Gujral, Zoe. Hungary PM granted special powers to fight COVID-19 pandemic. March 31, 2020. https://www.jurist.org/news/2020/03/hungary-pm-granted-special-powers-to-fight-covid-19-pandemic/.
Guttenplan, D. D. "Should freedom of speech stop at Holocaust denial?" Index On Censorship. January 27, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20080115074249/http://www.indexonline.org/en/news/articles/2005/1/europe-should-freedom-of-speech-stop-at-holo.shtml.
Hajagos, Andrea. Hungary, xenophobia and feeding the fears of terrorism. July 21, 2016. https://www.euronews.com/2016/07/21/hungary-xenophobia-and-feeding-the-fears-of-terrorism.
Halasz, Adam. Merkel clashes with Orban on meaning of `democracy`. February 3, 2015. https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/127468.
Harper, Jo. Donald Tusk`s elephant in the room. 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/donald-tusks-elephant-in-the-room/a-46168594.
Hečková, Ivana. "Jeden z prvých kritikov Mečiara kedysi zmobilizoval komunistickú ŠtB." Aktuality.sk, 2020.
Heijmans, Philip. ‘We are on verge of autocracy’: Poles protest Supreme Court law. July 2, 2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/07/02/we-are-on-verge-of-autocracy-poles-protest-supreme-court-law/.
Held, David. Models of Democracy. 1996.
Highley, John, and Michael Burton. Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy. 2006.
Hiroshi, Fukuda. "Central Europe between Empires: Milan Hodža and His Strategy for `Small` Nations." 2012.
Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. 1924.
Hruboň, Anton. "„ZA SLOVENSKÝ ŠTÁT, ZA NOVÚ EURÓPU!“ Hlinkova garda v období nemeckej okupácie." 2015.
Hungarian Spectrum. Decrees that have nothing to do with the coronavirus pandemic. April 01, 2020. https://hungarianspectrum.org/2020/04/01/decrees-that-have-nothing-to-do-with-the-coronavirus-pandemic/.
Huntington, Samuel. "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs , Summer, 1993, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 22-49, 1993.
—. "Democracy`s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, 1991.
Interia. CBOS: Większość Polaków popiera obecne prawo dotyczące aborcji. 2012. https://wydarzenia.interia.pl/polska/news-cbos-wiekszosc-polakow-popiera-obecne-prawo-dotyczace-aborcj,nId,926768.
Ivanitz, Michele. "Democracy and Indigenous Self-determination." In Democratic Theory Today, by April Carter and Geoffrey Stokes. 2001.
Jarábik, Balázs, and Peter Učeň. "What`s Driving Czech Populism?" Carnegie Europe, 2018.
Johnson, Lonnie R. Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. Ocford University Press, 1996.
Jokubaitis, Alvydas. "The Other Europe - Identity Problems of Central Europe." Politeja No. 6(57), 2018, pp. 81-89, 2018.
Jordan, Peter. "Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien." Europa Regional 13(2005)4, January 2005.
Jovanovic, Zeljko. "Orbán`s next move: Overpowering the courts." Politico, 2020.
Kalsnes, Bente. "Fake News." 2018.
Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira. "The Responses of Populism to Dahl`s Democratic Dilemmas." Political Studies 2014 VOL 62, 470–487, 2014.
Kingsley, Patrick, and Benjamin Novak. "An Economic Miracle in Hungary, or Just a Mirage?" The New York Times, 2018.
Kingsley, Patrick, and Benjamin Novak. "The Website That Shows How a Free Press Can Die." The New York Times, 2018.
Klaus, Václav. "Obrana demokracie před liberální." 2018.
—. What Bothers an Ex-politician in the Era of Liberal Democracy? 08 20, 2018. https://www.klaus.cz/clanky/4300.
Klkjsj. KKajhdhb sj Idij. 2008.
Kohout, Pavel. "Kolaps liberální demokracie je z dlouhodobého hlediska nutný." Česká pozice - Informace pro svobodné lidi, 2018.
Kopeček, Michal, interview by Josef Pravec. Liberální demokracie už lidem nestačí. Dvacet let se preferovala svoboda, teď se více mluví o rovnosti, říká historik Kopeček (October 18, 2017).
kormany.hu. http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/address-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-in-the-debate-on-the-so-called-sargentini-report.
Kostelka, Filip. "A Muted Triumph for Czech Populism." Inroads - The Canadia Journal of Opinion Issue 42, 2018.
—. "The Czech Republic`s Crisis of Liberal Democracy Escalates." Inroads - The Canadian Journal of Opinion, 2020.
Kovács, Zoltán. A few things you need to know about new Coronavirus Protection Act. March 2020. http://abouthungary.hu/blog/a-few-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-coronavirus-protection-act/.
—. Hungary`s criticised Coronavirus Protection Act has saved thousands of lives ǀ View. May 29, 2020. https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/26/zoltan-kovacs-hungary-criticized-coronavirus-protection-act-saved-thousands-of-lives-view.
—. Zoltán Kovács: Look who`s talking about the “spread of disinformation” ǀ View. July 20, 2020. https://www.euronews.com/2020/07/20/zoltan-kovacs-look-who-s-talking-about-the-spread-of-disinformation-view.
Krastev, Ivan, and Stephen Holmes. "Explaining Eastern Europe: Imitation and Its Discontents." Journal of Democracy 29, no. 3 (2018): 117–28, 2018.
—. "Explaining eastern Europe: Imitation and Its Discontents." Journal of Democracy, July 2018.
Kratochvíl, Petr. "The Czech Republic: Lacking Foreign Policy Consensus." 2015.
Kreizer, Madelon de, and Ismee Tames. Small nations : crisis and confrontation in the 20th century. 2008.
Krekó, Péter. "Russian in Hungarian Public Opinion." 2019.
Krekó, Péter, and Zsolt Enyedi. "Explaining Eastern Europe: Orbán`s Laboratory of Illiberalism." Journal of Democracy, 2018: 45-48.
Lee, Erika. America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States. 2019.
Legutko, Ryszard. The Demon in Democracy: Totalitarian Temptations in Free Societies. 2016.
—. The Demon in Democracy: Totalitarian Temptations in Free Societies. 2016.
Lehotai, Orsolya. "Hungary`s Democracy Is Still Under Threat." Foreign Policy Magazine, July 17, 2020.
Leszczyński, Adam. Poland`s leading daily feels full force of Jarosław Kaczyński`s anger. February 23, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/23/poland-jarosaw-kaczynski-gazeta-wyborcza-law-and-justice.
Lewis, Arthur W. Politics in West Africa. 1965.
Lijphart, Arend. Patterns of Democracy. 1999.
Lucas, Edward, and Peter Pomeranzev. "Winning the Information War: Techniques and Counter-strategies to Russian Propaganda in Central and Eastern Europe." 2016.
Mac, Ryan. "Ryan Mac." Twitter. January 6, 2021. twitter.com/RMac18/status/1346521076839239680?s=20.
Mackie, Gerry. Democracy Defended. 2003.
Madison, James. The Federalist Papers. 1788.
Maeda, Ko. "Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability." The Journal of Politics 72(04):1129 - 1143, 2010.
—. "Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability." The Journal of Politics, October 2010: 1129-1143.
Maeda, Ko. "Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability." 2010.
Magda, Iga, Aneta Kielczewska, and Nicola Brandt. "The "Family 500+" Child Allowance and Female Labour Supply in Poland." 2018.
Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom. 1994.
Marček, Eduard. "Financovanie neziskového sektora na Slovensku po roku 1989." 2004.
Mastroianni, Fotini. "Anarcho-populism, a New Ideology?" Medium, 2018.
Matovič, Igor. "Facebook." Igor Matovič. April 21, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/igor.matovic.7/posts/10219121562402406.
Mayer, Nonna. "Why Extremes Don`t Meet: Le Pen and Besancenot Voters in the 2007 French Presidential Election." French Politics, Culture & Society, 2011: 101.
Mazurek, Milan. "Milan Mazurek - poslanec NR SR." Facebook. November 10, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/MilanMazurek.NRSR/.
Mcmahon, P.C. "). Building Civil Societies in East Central Europe: The Effect of American Non-governmental Organizations on Women`s Groups." Democratization, 8(2), pp.45–68, 2010.
Medina, Jennifer, and Giovanni Russonello. "Exit Polls Showed the Vote Came Down to the Pandemic Versus the Economy." The New York Times, 2020.
Mesežnikov, Grigorij, and Oľga Gyárfášová. "Heutiger Rechtsextremismus und Ultranationalismus in der Slowakei: Stand, Trends, Unterstützung." 2017.
Milewska, Paulina, and Adam Stasiak. The Media Freedom Rapid Response supports Gazeta Wyborcza in Poland. July 8, 2020. https://wyborcza.pl/7,173236,26109327,the-media-freedom-rapid-response-supports-gazeta-wyborcza-in.html?disableRedirects=true.
Millard, Frances. "The Polish Parliamentary Elections of October 1991." 1992.
Miszerak, Martin, and Dalibor Rohac. Poland`s looming economic storm. 2016. https://www.politico.eu/article/polands-looming-economic-storm-pis-government-reforms-media-economic-policy-euro/.
"Mládež v Strednej Európe 2020." 2020.
Mouffe, Chantal. The Democratic Paradox. 2000.
—. The Democratic Paradox. 2000.
Mounk, Yascha. "The End of History Revisited." Journal of Democracy, 2020.
Munck, Gerardo L., and Jay Verkuilen. "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices." 2002.
Negley, Glenn. "Liberty and Lawlessness." The Journal of Higher Education , Mar., 1952, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Mar., 1952), 1952.
Nicas, Jack. "How YouTube Drives People to the Internet`s Darkest Corners." The Wall Street Journal, 2018.
Olson, Mancur. "Dictatorship, Democracy and Development." The American Political Science Review, September 1993: 567-576.
omédiách.com. "Zem a Vek upravil nos Čaputovej ako na antisemitských karikatúrach." March 14, 2019. https://www.omediach.com/hoaxy/15215-zem-a-vek-upravil-nos-caputovej-ako-na-antisemitskych-karikaturach.
Oroszi, Babett. A case study in Hungarian propaganda: this is how the pro-government media works if something awkward is revealed about PM Orban. 2018. https://english.atlatszo.hu/2018/09/29/a-case-study-in-hungarian-propaganda-this-is-how-the-pro-government-media-works-if-something-awkward-is-revealed-about-pm-orban/.
Patočka, Jakub, interview by Corporate Europe Observatory. The Czech Trump: how prime minister Babiš undermines democracy (August 23, 2018).
Peceny, Mark, and Christopher Kenneth Butler. "The Conflict Behavior of Authoritarian Regimes." 2004.
Pehe, Jiří. "Central European Identity in Politics." www.pehe.cz. 2002. http://www.pehe.cz/prednasky/2002/central-european-identity-in-politics.
Perlez, Jane. "Slovaks Come Out Loser in Break With Czechs." The New York Times, February 1994.
Pew Research Center. 2009. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/.
Plucinska, Joanna. Protesting Poles engage in drive for abortion rights. 04 14, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-poland-abortion-idUSKCN21W1EP.
Popper, Karl. The open society and its enemies. 1945.
—. "The Open Society and Its Enemies." 1945.
Prauser, Steffen, and Arfon Rees. "The Expulsion of `German` Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War." 2004.
Prooijen, Jan-Willem van, and André P. M. Krouwel. "Psychological Features of Extreme." Current Directions in Psychological, Vol. 28(2) 159–163, 2019.
Przybylski, Wojciech. "Explaining Eastern Europe: Can Poland’s Backsliding Be Stopped?" Journal of Democracy, 2018.
Raby, D. L. "Democracy and Revolution." 2006.
RADIO POLAND. Anti-government demonstrations across Poland. 2016. http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/235831.
Radio Poland. Study shows 95% of Poles are religious. 02 13, 2017. http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/11/Artykul/293281.
Raekstad, Paul. "The new democracy: anarchist or populist?" Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 23:7, 931-942, March 18, 2019.
Remix News. April 02, 2020. https://rmx.news/article/article/donald-tusk-suggests-pm-orban-s-fidesz-party-should-be-expelled-from-epp.
Riker, William. Liberalism Against Populism. 1982.
Roache, Madeline. Poland Is Holding Massive Pride Parades. But How Far Have LGBTQ Rights Really Come? 07 03, 2019. https://time.com/5619660/lgbt-rights-poland/.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques. "The Social Contract." 1762.
Sadurski, Wojciech. "How Democracy Dies (in Poland): A Case Study of Anti-Constitutional Populist Backsliding." 2018.
Scheiring, Gabor. "Orbanomics: A polarising answer to the crisis of liberal dependent capitalism." 2020.
Schmitt, Carl. The Concept of the Political. 1932.
—. The Concept of the Political. 1932.
Schumpeter, Joseph. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 1942.
Serhan, Yasmeen. "The EU Watches as Hungary Kills Democracy." The Atlantic, 2020.
Sinnhuber, Karl A. "Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An Analysis of a Geographical Term." Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers), No. 20 (1954), pp. 15-39, 1954.
"Slováci tolerujú ľavicový extrémizmus." Pravda.sk. 2006. https://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/150487-slovaci-toleruju-lavicovy-extremizmus/.
Slovak Information Service. SIS 2019 Annual Report. 2020.
Slovak Ministry of Interior. "K prevencii extrémizmu a radikalizmu."
Slovak MInistry of Interior. "Koncepcia boja proti extrémizmu na roky 2015 – 2019."
Šmihula, Daniel. "Stredná Európa a spoločné záujmy jej národov." Mezinárodní vztahy \\\\CF 38\\ Roč. č. 4(2000), s. 62 - 76, 2000.
Smith, A. Return to Europe - The Reintegration of Eastern Europe into the European Economy. 2000.
Šnídl, Vladimír. "Traja Kotlebovi poslanci sa poklonili Tisovi. Máte odvahu, chválil ich kňaz." Denník N, 2016.
Soini, Timo, interview by Richard Milne. Lunch with the FT Timo Soini (May 17, 2020).
—. Populism. 2020.
Sosteric, Mike. "Trump`s Manipulation of Mass Consciousness." The Tyee, 2017.
Štefančík, Radoslav. "Dva odlišné svety so spoločným jazykom. Politické naratívy krajných pólov ideového spektra." 2019.
Steiner, Nils D. "Comparing Freedom House Democracy Scores to Alternative Indices and Testing for Political Bias: Are US Allies Rated as More Democratic by Freedom House?" 2014.
Stevenson, Alexandra. "Facebook Admits It Was Used to Incite Violence in Myanmar." The New York Times, 2018.
Strmiska, Maximilián. "The Czech Party System: A Few Observations on the Properties and Working Logic of the Czech Party Arrangement." In Parliamentary Elections and Party Landscape in the Visegrád Group Countries, by Roman Chytilek and Vít Hloušek, 107-115. Democracy and Culture Studies Centre, 2007.
Studzińska, Zofia. "How Russia, Step by Step, Wants to Regain an Imperial Role." Connections , Vol. 14, No. 4 (Fall 2015), pp. 21-42, 2015.
Suchá, Michaela. "Slovenská kultúra ako súčasť Európskej kultúry." IKP.Inštitút pre kultúrnu politiku. http://ikp.sk/slovenska-kultura-ako-sucast-europskej-kultury/.
Sybera, Albin. "The Populist Faces of Czech PM Andrej Babis." Reporting Democracy, August 15, 2019.
Szomolányi, Soňa. Kľukatá cesta Slovenska k demokracii. 1999.
The Australian. Pregnant mum Zoe Buhler`s arrest is dictatorial and dangerous. September 03, 2020. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/pregnant-mum-zoe-buhlers-arrest-is-dictatorial-and-dangerous/news-story/4c2278736664ad56d7557bb557575644.
The Guardian. Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip. March 31, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-is-a-chance-for-authoritarian-leaders-to-tighten-their-grip.
The New York Times. Hungary`s Leader Grabbed Powers to Fight the Virus. Some Fear Other Motives. April 05, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/world/europe/victor-orban-coronavirus.html.
Thorpe, Nick. Is Hungary`s Jobbik leader really ditching far-right past? November 15, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37976687.
Tóth, István György, and Iván Szelényi. "THE UPPER MIDDLE CLASS: A NEW ARISTOCRACY?" 2019.
Traynor, Ian. "Europe`s black sheep returns to the fold." The Guardian, 2004.
Turcsányi, Richard Q., and David Hutt. "Europe`s Rising Anti-China Populism." China Observers, 2021.
Uhrík, Milan. "Milan Uhrík - europoslanec." Facebook. May 8, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/ing.milan.uhrik/photos/fa%C5%A1ista-je-ka%C5%BEd%C3%BD-koho-liber%C3%A1li-nemaj%C3%BA-radidnes-je-sviatok-kedy-sa-pripom%C3%ADna-de%C5%88-/846606389025808/.
Vachudova, Milada Anna, and Jan Rovny. "In Prague, protesters demand the resignation of Prime Minister Andrej Babiš." The Washington Post, 2019.
Van egy rémhírünk: Elvittek a rendőrök az otthonából egy embert a véleményéért. May 13, 2020. https://444.hu/2020/05/13/van-egy-remhirunk-elvittek-a-rendorok-az-otthonabol-egy-embert-a-velemenyeert.
Verkuilen, Gerardo L. Munck and Jay. "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices."
Vodopivec, Peter. "Central Europe: Political Idea and Historical Reality." Electronic Journal of Central European Studies in Japan, No.2, November 2016.
Walker, Shaun. `A useful punching bag`: why Hungary`s Viktor Orbán has turned on George Soros. June 22, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/22/hungary-viktor-orban-george-soros.
—. Viktor Orbán ditches mayor plan amid claims of coronavirus power grab. April 16, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/01/viktor-orban-ditches-mayor-plan-amid-claims-of-coronavirus-power-grab.
Weigl, Jiří, interview by Veronika Sedláčková. Liberální demokracie je protiliberální a protidemokratická, tvrdí Weigl z Institutu Václava Klause (August 14, 2018).
Welt. „Ungarn gehört in politische Quarantäne“. April 01, 2020. https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article206928125/Jean-Asselborn-Ungarn-gehoert-in-politische-Quarantaene.html.
Wittmann, Brigadier General (ret) Dr. Klaus, interview by Octavian Manea. A New NATO Social Contract (2010).
Woleková, Helena. "Mimovládne Organizácie na Slovensku." 2006.
Zakaria, Fareed. "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy." 1997.
Zem&Vek. Normálni ľudia sa musia zomknúť, aby v sobotu porazili neslušné zlo. March 13, 2019. https://zemavek.sk/normalni-ludia-sa-musia-zomknut-aby-v-sobotu-porazili-neslusne-zlo/.		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202101211en_US