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題名 政治篇章中的來源域、隱喻情節與意識形態： 臺灣總統演說中使用的「民主」隱喻
Source Domains, Scenarios and Ideologies in Political Discourse: DEMOCRACY in Taiwan Presidential Addresses
作者 許筱翎
Hsu, Hsiao-Ling
貢獻者 賴惠玲<br>劉吉軒
Lai, Huei-ling<br>Liu, Jyi-Shane
許筱翎
Hsu, Hsiao-Ling
關鍵詞 隱喻
來源域
隱喻情節
意識形態
政治篇章
來源域驗證
語篇歷史分析
metaphor
source domain
scenario
ideology
political discourse
source domain verification
discourse-historical approach
日期 2022
上傳時間 8-Feb-2023 15:23:20 (UTC+8)
摘要 隱喻在語言中無處不在。在政治篇章中，隱喻在傳達意識形態和政治態度方面扮演著重要的角色。在文獻中，政治篇章隱喻的分析與討論主要集中在來源域所隱含的意識形態上，使來源域驗證成為獲取先備知識以進行進一步分析、解釋與討論的核心要素。此外，政治篇章中隱喻的詮釋需要社會政治和歷史等背景知識。為了最好地解釋隱喻在政治篇章中的使用，本研究試圖採用整合來源域驗證程序和語篇歷史分析的框架來檢查臺灣總統演講中關於民主的隱喻使用。臺灣的民主化是一個令人難以忘懷的故事，充滿了血淚汗水與歡樂。隨著臺灣民主的發展，總統們經常使用豐富的隱喻表達與追求民主有關的過程、障礙和狀態。為了充分理解並進一步明確評估總統/政府的意圖與其隱含的態度和意識形態，本研究根據來源域、隱喻情節和意識形態比較並對比了民主隱喻的使用模式。本研究旨在回答三個研究問題：(A) 1948 年至 2021 年臺灣總統演講中，民主隱喻使用的來源域為何？觸發來源域概念的隱喻關鍵字為何？(B) 民主隱喻的來源域中強調了哪些隱喻情節？(C) 民主隱喻的隱喻情節中隱含什麼意識形態（推論、評價和態度）？
本研究的語料為臺灣總統在 1948 年至 2021 年間，在三個重要場合發表的公開演講：總統就職典禮、國慶與元旦。本研究整合了一套方法(MeKDoSI)用以提取關於民主的隱喻。此方法包含兩個部分：隱喻分析和意識形態闡釋。關於隱喻分析，主要有三個步驟。首先，遵循Metaphor Identification Procedures 與Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit確定含有「民主」詞語的語料中，其詞語是字面意義還是隱喻意義，並檢查概念上的跨域映射的潛在可能性。其次，根據民主隱喻表現中出現的隱喻關鍵詞提出潛在的來源域，然後採用來源域驗證程序來驗證所提出的來源域。第三，為了進一步梳理民主隱喻的細微差別，本研究根據每個來源域的框架(frames)和共現的上下文資訊，進一步分析來源域中被強調的隱喻情節。在意識形態詮釋方面，採用語篇歷史的方法來探索以及解釋嵌入在最主要的隱喻情節中的意識形態含義。採用語篇歷史的方法，本研究進行兩個層面的分析。在語言層面，根據民主隱喻的語言表現和語篇策略(discursive strategies)對語料進行分析與檢視。在社會政治和歷史層面，將與語篇事件有關的歷史和社會政治背景知識納入分析、詮釋和討論。
結果顯示，民主隱喻主要使用四個來源域：WAR、BUILDING、JOURNEY 和 ORGANISM。隱喻情節分析顯示，隱喻情節的使用反映臺灣民主化的發展，並且隱含總統們/政府們對於臺灣民主發展的相關評價與態度。基於語言、歷史和社會政治方面的支持性證據，本研究顯示，每位總統對民主的議題都有不同的評價和態度。本研究為隱喻分析和意識形態詮釋提供實用且嚴謹的分析框架以及實證證據，支持並驗證現有隱喻理論中的理論假設，並描繪總統們/政府們如何概念化臺灣民主的全面圖景。
Metaphor is omnipresent in languages. In political discourse, metaphor plays a salient role in conveying ideologies and political attitudes. In the existing literature, the discussion mainly focuses on the ideologies that the source domains entail, making source domain verification a central element in gaining prior knowledge for further analysis, interpretation, and discussion. Furthermore, meaning interpretation of the metaphorical expressions in political discourse requires socio-political and historical knowledge. In order to best account for the use of metaphors in political discourse, this study attempts to examine the diachronic use of metaphor on DEMOCRACY in Taiwanese presidential addresses by employing a framework integrating source domain verification procedure and the discourse-historical approach. The democratization in Taiwan is an unforgettable story full of blood, tears, sweat, and joy. With the growth of democracy in Taiwan, presidents often address the processes, obstacles, and conditions in relation to the pursuit of democracy with bountiful metaphorical expressions. To fully understand and further explicitly evaluate the intention and the embedded attitudes and ideologies of the presidents/goverments, this research compares and contrasts the usage patterns of metaphor on DEMOCRACY based on source domains, scenarios, and ideological implications. Specifically, this current reseach aims to answer the three research questions: (A) What are the source domain concepts used in metaphor concerning 民主mínzhǔ in Taiwanese presidential addresses from 1948 to 2021? What are the metaphorical keywords that trigger the source domain concepts? (B) What scenarios are highlighted in the source domain concepts? (C) What ideologies (inferences, evaluations, and attitudes) can be drawn from the scenarios?

The data under examination are public addresses delivered by presidents of Taiwan between 1948 and 2021 in three momentous occasions: presidential inaugural ceremony, National Day, and New Year’s Day. An integrated framework (MeKDoSI) is employed to extract metaphor on DEMOCRACY. Two parts are involved: metaphorical analysis and ideology interpretation. For metaphrocial analysis, three steps are adopted. First, Metaphor Identification Procedures and Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit are followed to determine whether or not the words in the concordance lines containing mínzhǔ ‘democracy’ are in literal or metaphorical senses and to examine the potential possibility of a cross-domain mapping at the conceptual level. Second, potential source domains are proposed based on the metaphorical keywords occuring in the metaphorical expressions and then source domain verification procedures are adopted to verify the proposed source domains. Third, to further tease out the nuances in metaphor on DEMOCRACY, this research further analyzes the scenarios highlighted in the source domains based on the frames of each source domain and the co-occuring contextual information. As for ideology intepretaiton, the discourse-historical approach is employed to explore and interpret the ideological implications embedded in the use of the most dominant scenarios. With discourse-historical approach, a two-level analysis is conducted. At linguistic level, the data are scrutinized based on linguistic realizations of metaphor on DEMOCRACY and the discursive strategies employed at linguistic level. At socio-political and historical level, the relavent historical and socio-political background knowledge in which the discursive events are situated are incorporated into analysis, interpretation, and discussion.

The results show that four main source domains are manifested in the addresses: WAR, BUILDING, JOURNEY, and ORGANISM. Analyses of scenarios reveal that the highlighted scenarios reflect the pace of democratization in Taiwan, and that specific inferences, evaluations and attitudes are embedded through various manifestations of scenarios. The ideological implications are drawn from the most prevailing scenarios profiled in presidential addresses and relevant historical and socio-political context. Based on supportive evidence from both linguistic and historical and socio-political aspects, this research reveals that each president casts different inferences, evaluations, and attitudes toward the issues of democracy. This current study provides practical and rigorous annotation framework on metaphor and ideology and solid empirical evidence to support the theoretical assumption in the existing theory of metaphor and to depict a comprehensive picture for presidents’ conceptualization of DEMOCRACY in Taiwan.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
106555502
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106555502
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賴惠玲<br>劉吉軒zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lai, Huei-ling<br>Liu, Jyi-Shaneen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許筱翎zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsu, Hsiao-Lingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 許筱翎zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Hsiao-Lingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2022en_US
dc.date.accessioned 8-Feb-2023 15:23:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-Feb-2023 15:23:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Feb-2023 15:23:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106555502en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/143335-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106555502zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隱喻在語言中無處不在。在政治篇章中，隱喻在傳達意識形態和政治態度方面扮演著重要的角色。在文獻中，政治篇章隱喻的分析與討論主要集中在來源域所隱含的意識形態上，使來源域驗證成為獲取先備知識以進行進一步分析、解釋與討論的核心要素。此外，政治篇章中隱喻的詮釋需要社會政治和歷史等背景知識。為了最好地解釋隱喻在政治篇章中的使用，本研究試圖採用整合來源域驗證程序和語篇歷史分析的框架來檢查臺灣總統演講中關於民主的隱喻使用。臺灣的民主化是一個令人難以忘懷的故事，充滿了血淚汗水與歡樂。隨著臺灣民主的發展，總統們經常使用豐富的隱喻表達與追求民主有關的過程、障礙和狀態。為了充分理解並進一步明確評估總統/政府的意圖與其隱含的態度和意識形態，本研究根據來源域、隱喻情節和意識形態比較並對比了民主隱喻的使用模式。本研究旨在回答三個研究問題：(A) 1948 年至 2021 年臺灣總統演講中，民主隱喻使用的來源域為何？觸發來源域概念的隱喻關鍵字為何？(B) 民主隱喻的來源域中強調了哪些隱喻情節？(C) 民主隱喻的隱喻情節中隱含什麼意識形態（推論、評價和態度）？
本研究的語料為臺灣總統在 1948 年至 2021 年間，在三個重要場合發表的公開演講：總統就職典禮、國慶與元旦。本研究整合了一套方法(MeKDoSI)用以提取關於民主的隱喻。此方法包含兩個部分：隱喻分析和意識形態闡釋。關於隱喻分析，主要有三個步驟。首先，遵循Metaphor Identification Procedures 與Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit確定含有「民主」詞語的語料中，其詞語是字面意義還是隱喻意義，並檢查概念上的跨域映射的潛在可能性。其次，根據民主隱喻表現中出現的隱喻關鍵詞提出潛在的來源域，然後採用來源域驗證程序來驗證所提出的來源域。第三，為了進一步梳理民主隱喻的細微差別，本研究根據每個來源域的框架(frames)和共現的上下文資訊，進一步分析來源域中被強調的隱喻情節。在意識形態詮釋方面，採用語篇歷史的方法來探索以及解釋嵌入在最主要的隱喻情節中的意識形態含義。採用語篇歷史的方法，本研究進行兩個層面的分析。在語言層面，根據民主隱喻的語言表現和語篇策略(discursive strategies)對語料進行分析與檢視。在社會政治和歷史層面，將與語篇事件有關的歷史和社會政治背景知識納入分析、詮釋和討論。
結果顯示，民主隱喻主要使用四個來源域：WAR、BUILDING、JOURNEY 和 ORGANISM。隱喻情節分析顯示，隱喻情節的使用反映臺灣民主化的發展，並且隱含總統們/政府們對於臺灣民主發展的相關評價與態度。基於語言、歷史和社會政治方面的支持性證據，本研究顯示，每位總統對民主的議題都有不同的評價和態度。本研究為隱喻分析和意識形態詮釋提供實用且嚴謹的分析框架以及實證證據，支持並驗證現有隱喻理論中的理論假設，並描繪總統們/政府們如何概念化臺灣民主的全面圖景。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Metaphor is omnipresent in languages. In political discourse, metaphor plays a salient role in conveying ideologies and political attitudes. In the existing literature, the discussion mainly focuses on the ideologies that the source domains entail, making source domain verification a central element in gaining prior knowledge for further analysis, interpretation, and discussion. Furthermore, meaning interpretation of the metaphorical expressions in political discourse requires socio-political and historical knowledge. In order to best account for the use of metaphors in political discourse, this study attempts to examine the diachronic use of metaphor on DEMOCRACY in Taiwanese presidential addresses by employing a framework integrating source domain verification procedure and the discourse-historical approach. The democratization in Taiwan is an unforgettable story full of blood, tears, sweat, and joy. With the growth of democracy in Taiwan, presidents often address the processes, obstacles, and conditions in relation to the pursuit of democracy with bountiful metaphorical expressions. To fully understand and further explicitly evaluate the intention and the embedded attitudes and ideologies of the presidents/goverments, this research compares and contrasts the usage patterns of metaphor on DEMOCRACY based on source domains, scenarios, and ideological implications. Specifically, this current reseach aims to answer the three research questions: (A) What are the source domain concepts used in metaphor concerning 民主mínzhǔ in Taiwanese presidential addresses from 1948 to 2021? What are the metaphorical keywords that trigger the source domain concepts? (B) What scenarios are highlighted in the source domain concepts? (C) What ideologies (inferences, evaluations, and attitudes) can be drawn from the scenarios?

The data under examination are public addresses delivered by presidents of Taiwan between 1948 and 2021 in three momentous occasions: presidential inaugural ceremony, National Day, and New Year’s Day. An integrated framework (MeKDoSI) is employed to extract metaphor on DEMOCRACY. Two parts are involved: metaphorical analysis and ideology interpretation. For metaphrocial analysis, three steps are adopted. First, Metaphor Identification Procedures and Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit are followed to determine whether or not the words in the concordance lines containing mínzhǔ ‘democracy’ are in literal or metaphorical senses and to examine the potential possibility of a cross-domain mapping at the conceptual level. Second, potential source domains are proposed based on the metaphorical keywords occuring in the metaphorical expressions and then source domain verification procedures are adopted to verify the proposed source domains. Third, to further tease out the nuances in metaphor on DEMOCRACY, this research further analyzes the scenarios highlighted in the source domains based on the frames of each source domain and the co-occuring contextual information. As for ideology intepretaiton, the discourse-historical approach is employed to explore and interpret the ideological implications embedded in the use of the most dominant scenarios. With discourse-historical approach, a two-level analysis is conducted. At linguistic level, the data are scrutinized based on linguistic realizations of metaphor on DEMOCRACY and the discursive strategies employed at linguistic level. At socio-political and historical level, the relavent historical and socio-political background knowledge in which the discursive events are situated are incorporated into analysis, interpretation, and discussion.

The results show that four main source domains are manifested in the addresses: WAR, BUILDING, JOURNEY, and ORGANISM. Analyses of scenarios reveal that the highlighted scenarios reflect the pace of democratization in Taiwan, and that specific inferences, evaluations and attitudes are embedded through various manifestations of scenarios. The ideological implications are drawn from the most prevailing scenarios profiled in presidential addresses and relevant historical and socio-political context. Based on supportive evidence from both linguistic and historical and socio-political aspects, this research reveals that each president casts different inferences, evaluations, and attitudes toward the issues of democracy. This current study provides practical and rigorous annotation framework on metaphor and ideology and solid empirical evidence to support the theoretical assumption in the existing theory of metaphor and to depict a comprehensive picture for presidents’ conceptualization of DEMOCRACY in Taiwan.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgments iv
Chinese Abstract vi
English Abstract viii
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xiv

Chapter I Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 2
1.2 Democratization in Taiwan 6
1.3 Research Purpose and Research Questions 8
1.4 Contribution of this Dissertation 12
1.5 Organization of this Dissertation 13

Chapter II Literature Review 14
2.1 Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics 14
2.1.1 Contemporary Metaphor Theory 14
2.1.2 Empirical approaches 16
2.1.3 Metaphor in use 20
2.1.4 Scenarios in metaphor 22
2.2 Source Domain Verification 27
2.2.1 Using SUMO and WordNet 27
2.2.2 Using collocational patterns to enhance precision 32
2.2.3 Using SUMO, WordNet, dictionary, and collocational patterns 38
2.3 Metaphor and Ideology in Political Discourse 43
2.4 The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) 51
2.5 Remarks 59

Chapter III Methodology 62
3.1 Data Selection 63
3.2 Data Source and Description 64
3.3 Annotation Procedure 67
3.3.1 Metaphorical expressions and metaphorical keywords identification 67
3.3.2 Source domain verification 69
3.3.3 Metaphorical scenario identification 77
3.3.4 Discourse-historical approach (DHA) to interpret the ideologies embedded in scenarios and/or source domains 78

Chapter IV Analysis and Discussion 80
4.1 The Source Domain Concepts in Metaphor of DEMOCRACY 83
4.1.1 WAR 87
4.1.2 BUILDING 98
4.1.3 JOURNEY 109
4.1.4 ORGANISM 118
4.2 The Scenarios Highlighted in Source Domain Concepts 124
4.2.1. Scenarios in DEMOCRACY IS A WAR 125
4.2.2. Scenarios in DEMOCRACY IS A BUILDING 134
4.2.3 Scenarios in DEMOCRACY IS A JOURNEY 143
4.2.4 Scenarios in DEMOCRACY IS AN ORGANISM 150
4.3 Summary 155
4.3.1 Source domains in the three types of addresses 155
4.3.2 Scenarios in the three types of addresses 156

Chapter V Interpretations and Implications 161
5.1 Ideological Implications 162
5.1.1 Democracy 162
5.1.2 Ideological implications in presidents’ manifestations of scenarios 164
5.1.2.1 Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo (1948 to 1988) 173
5.1.2.2 Lee Teng-hui (1988 to 2000) 178
5.1.2.3 Chen Shui-bian (2000 to 2008) 183
5.1.2.4 Ma Ying-jeou (2008 to 2016) 187
5.1.2.5 Tsai Ying-wen (2016 to now) 191
5.2 Theoretical Implications 194
5.2.1 Data-driven analysis to metaphor and empirical evidence 194
5.2.2 Source domain and scenario 196
5.2.3 The invariance principle and partial mapping 196
5.2.4 The Discourse-Historical Approach 198

Chapter VI Conclusion 199
6.1 Concluding Remarks 199
6.2 Limitations and Directions for Future Research 201

References 203
Appendix: Full transcriptions and glosses of the instances 210		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5598175 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106555502en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 隱喻zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 來源域zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 隱喻情節zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 意識形態zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治篇章zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 來源域驗證zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語篇歷史分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) metaphoren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) source domainen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) scenarioen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ideologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) political discourseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) source domain verificationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) discourse-historical approachen_US
dc.title (題名) 政治篇章中的來源域、隱喻情節與意識形態： 臺灣總統演說中使用的「民主」隱喻zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Source Domains, Scenarios and Ideologies in Political Discourse: DEMOCRACY in Taiwan Presidential Addressesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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