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題名 巒群布農語在不同世代的焦點系統使用研究
The Inter-Generational Use of Voice System in Takbanuaz Bunun
作者 潘思妤
Pan, Ssu-Yu
貢獻者 戴智偉
De Busser, Rik
潘思妤
Pan, Ssu-Yu
關鍵詞 焦點系統
跨世代
巒群布農語
社會語言學
語言變遷
Voice system
Inter-generation
Takbanuaz Bunun
Sociolinguistics
Language change
日期 2023
上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 16:02:55 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文探討台灣中部的布農語方言"巒群布農語"中，焦點系統中四種語態在不同年齡群體中的使用情況。研究方法包括田野考察中的語言搜集、問卷設計、資料收集與分析，主旨在揭示語態系統的在不同年齡層的使用狀況和使用差別。
本研究的主要聚焦於觀察不同年齡群體在動詞使用時所使用的語態分佈情況。我們同時分析了年輕一代是否正在失去使用不同語態的能力，並探討了影響語言表現的背景因素，特別是與語態系統知識相關的可能因素。為了回答這些問題，我們使用實證調查的方法進行研究。
研究分析發現，30歲以下的大多數參與者認為中文是他們的母語，並且他們普遍更喜歡使用主動語態。此外，隨著年齡的降低，不同語態標記的使用趨勢逐漸減弱。此外，在參與者回答短文題並描述兩幅圖片時，他們傾向於使用更多帶有主動語態為前綴的詞語，但以主動語態和被動語態組成的詞語的數量保持相似。最有趣的是，在比較60歲以上或30至60歲之間的參與者和30歲以下的參與者時，後者提供的方位語態和工具語態形式較少。然而，根據多項選擇題的詞彙數據，主動語態是最常被選擇的語態，其次是工具語態，再其次是被動語態。方位語態的使用非常罕見，顯示出使用不同語態的頻率存在顯著差異，其中主動語態是最常用的，方位語態是最少使用的。
This thesis evaluates the usage of four voice types in different age groups in Takbanuaz Bunun, a Bunun dialect spoken in central Taiwan. The research involves language elicitation during field trips, questionnaire design, data collection, and analysis, aiming to understand how the voice system has evolved over time.
The primary focus of our research is to observe the usage and distribution of voices in dynamic verbs among different age groups. We also analyze whether younger generations are losing the ability to use different voices and explore the background factors that influence language performance with regard to the voice system. Our investigation relies on empirical data to answer these questions.
Our analysis reveals that the majority of participants under 30 consider Mandarin as their first language, and they generally prefer to use the agent voice. Moreover, the use of diverse voice markers weakens as age decreases. Additionally, during free speech tasks describing two pictures, participants tend to use more words with the agent-voice (AV) prefix, while the number of different forms of AV and patient-voice (PV) remains similar. Interestingly, when comparing participants aged above 60 or between 30 and 60 to those below 30, the latter provide fewer varieties of locative-voice (LV) and instrumental-voice (IV) forms. However, according to the tokens from multiple-choice questions, AV is the most frequently chosen voice type, followed by IV and then PV. LV is rarely used, indicating a significant discrepancy in the frequency of using different voices, with AV being the most commonly used and LV being the least used.
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Donohue, M. (2008). Covert word classes: Seeking your own syntax in Tukang Besi. Studies in Language, 32(3), 590–609.
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Gao, I.-A., Lin, C.-F., & Lin, P.-I. (2019). Efforts and Concerns for Indigenous Language Education in Taiwan. Handbook of Indigenous Education, 443–465.
Garcia, R., & Kidd, E. (2020). The Acquisition of the Tagalog Symmetrical Voice System: Evidence from Structural Priming. Language Learning and Development, 16(4), 399–425.
Gil, D. (2000). Syntactic categories, cross-linguistic variation and universal grammar. In P. M. Vogel & B. Comrie (Eds.), Approaches to the Typology of Word Classes, 173–216.
Himmelmann, N. P. (2004). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge Handbooks Online.
Himmelmann, N. P. (2008). Lexical categories and voice in Tagalog. In P. Austin & S. Musgrave (Eds.), Voice and Grammatical Relations in Austronesian Languages, 247–293. CSLI Publications.
Jeng, Heng-hsiung (1977). Topic and Focus in Bunun. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Jiang, Y. (2012). A Sketch Grammar of Takibakha Bunun [Thesis, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan].
Kaufman, D. (2009). Austronesian Nominalism and its consequences: A Tagalog case study. Theoretical Linguistics, 35, 1–49.
Koch, Harold, Rachel Nordlinger, and Michael Walsh. 2014. ‘Indigenous Language Maintenance and Revitalisation’. Pp. 329–62 in The Languages and Linguistics of Australia. De Gruyter Mouton.
Lefkowitz, Natalie. 2004. ‘PORTRAITS OF THE L2 USER’. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26(3):470–71.
Li, L. L. (2018). A Grammar of Isbukun Bunun [PhD]. National Tsing Hua University.
Liao, H.-C. (2004). Transitivity and Ergativity in Formosan and Philippine Languages [PhD]. University of Hawai’i.
Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How Languages are Learned 4th edition—Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers. Oxford University Press.
Lin, C.-F. J., Gao, I.-A. G., & Lin, P.-I. D. (2017). Efforts and Concerns for Indigenous Language Education in Taiwan. In E. A. McKinley & L. T. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Indigenous Education (pp. 1–25). Springer Singapore.
Payne, T. E. (1997). Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists. University of Oregon.
Reid, L. A., & Liao, H.-C. (2004). A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages. Language and Linguistics, 5(2), 433–490.
Riesberg, S., Bardají i Farré, M., Malcher, K., & Himmelmann, N. P. (2022). Predicting voice choice in symmetrical voice languages: All the things that do not work in Totoli. Studies in Language, 46(2), 453–516. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20061.rie
Riesberg, S., Bardají i Farré, M., Malcher, K., & Himmelmann, N. P. (2022). Predicting
voice choice in symmetrical voice languages: All the things that do not work in Totoli. Studies in Language, 46(2), 453–516. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20061.rie
Tang, A.-Y. (2011). From diagnosis to remedial plan: A psycholinguistic assessment of
language shift, L1 proficiency, and language planning in Truku Seediq [[Honolulu] : [University of Hawaii at Manoa]]. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/101495
Tang A.-Y. (2014). Preliminary Results of a Community-based Language Revitalization
Initiative in Truku Seediq. 臺灣語文研究, 9(2), 1–37.
Velupillai, V. (2012). An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. In Z.176. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
106555010
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106555010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 戴智偉zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor De Busser, Riken_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 潘思妤zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Pan, Ssu-Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 潘思妤zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Pan, Ssu-Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 16:02:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 16:02:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 16:02:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106555010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147196-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106555010zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文探討台灣中部的布農語方言"巒群布農語"中，焦點系統中四種語態在不同年齡群體中的使用情況。研究方法包括田野考察中的語言搜集、問卷設計、資料收集與分析，主旨在揭示語態系統的在不同年齡層的使用狀況和使用差別。
本研究的主要聚焦於觀察不同年齡群體在動詞使用時所使用的語態分佈情況。我們同時分析了年輕一代是否正在失去使用不同語態的能力，並探討了影響語言表現的背景因素，特別是與語態系統知識相關的可能因素。為了回答這些問題，我們使用實證調查的方法進行研究。
研究分析發現，30歲以下的大多數參與者認為中文是他們的母語，並且他們普遍更喜歡使用主動語態。此外，隨著年齡的降低，不同語態標記的使用趨勢逐漸減弱。此外，在參與者回答短文題並描述兩幅圖片時，他們傾向於使用更多帶有主動語態為前綴的詞語，但以主動語態和被動語態組成的詞語的數量保持相似。最有趣的是，在比較60歲以上或30至60歲之間的參與者和30歲以下的參與者時，後者提供的方位語態和工具語態形式較少。然而，根據多項選擇題的詞彙數據，主動語態是最常被選擇的語態，其次是工具語態，再其次是被動語態。方位語態的使用非常罕見，顯示出使用不同語態的頻率存在顯著差異，其中主動語態是最常用的，方位語態是最少使用的。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis evaluates the usage of four voice types in different age groups in Takbanuaz Bunun, a Bunun dialect spoken in central Taiwan. The research involves language elicitation during field trips, questionnaire design, data collection, and analysis, aiming to understand how the voice system has evolved over time.
The primary focus of our research is to observe the usage and distribution of voices in dynamic verbs among different age groups. We also analyze whether younger generations are losing the ability to use different voices and explore the background factors that influence language performance with regard to the voice system. Our investigation relies on empirical data to answer these questions.
Our analysis reveals that the majority of participants under 30 consider Mandarin as their first language, and they generally prefer to use the agent voice. Moreover, the use of diverse voice markers weakens as age decreases. Additionally, during free speech tasks describing two pictures, participants tend to use more words with the agent-voice (AV) prefix, while the number of different forms of AV and patient-voice (PV) remains similar. Interestingly, when comparing participants aged above 60 or between 30 and 60 to those below 30, the latter provide fewer varieties of locative-voice (LV) and instrumental-voice (IV) forms. However, according to the tokens from multiple-choice questions, AV is the most frequently chosen voice type, followed by IV and then PV. LV is rarely used, indicating a significant discrepancy in the frequency of using different voices, with AV being the most commonly used and LV being the least used.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement iii
Table of Content v
List of Maps, Figures, Tables vii
List of Abbreviations x
Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1
1.1 Indigenous Peoples in Taiwan 1
1.2 Takbanuaz Bunun and Sinapalan 3
1.3 Ethnic and Linguistic Recognition 5
1.4 Language Education Policy and Language Acquisition 6
1.5 Takbanuaz Bunun Language Use 11
1.6 Sketch Grammar of Takbanuaz Bunun 14
1.6.1 Word Order 14
1.6.2 Morphology 15
1.7 Voice System 15
1.8 Studies on Voice System in Different Languages 17
1.9 Voice System in Bunun 19
1.10 Research Motivation and Research Questions 22
Chapter 2 Research Methodology 24
2.1 Methodology of Designing the Questionnaire 24
2.1.1 Fieldwork 26
2.1.2 Sentence Elicitation 29
2.1.3 Questionnaire Design 30
2.1.4 Data Collection 40
Chapter 3 Results 41
3.1 Methods of this Research 41
3.2 Analysis of the Participants 43
3.3 Analysis of the Multiple-choice Questions 46
3.3.1 Agent voice sentences 49
3.3.2 Patient voice sentences 52
3.3.3 Locative voice sentences 55
3.3.4 Instrumental voice sentences 57
3.4 Likert scale questions on Naturalness 60
3.5 Short Response Analysis 65
Chapter 4 Analysis and Findings 68
4.1 Language Definition in Different Age Groups 68
4.2 Comparison of Voice Use in Different Age Groups 71
4.3 The Use of Agent Voice and Patient Voice 72
4.4 The Use of Instrumental Voice and Locative Voice 77
4.5 Prefixes versus Suffixes 79
Chapter 5 Conclusion 81
5.1 Summary 81
5.2 Importance and Contributions 83
5.3 Limitations and further research 84
References 85
Appendix I 90
Appendix II 100
Appendix III 111
Appendix IV 137		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 7171954 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106555010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 焦點系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨世代zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 巒群布農語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會語言學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言變遷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Voice systemen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Inter-generationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Takbanuaz Bununen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sociolinguisticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Language changeen_US
dc.title (題名) 巒群布農語在不同世代的焦點系統使用研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Inter-Generational Use of Voice System in Takbanuaz Bununen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arka, I. W., & Ross, M. D. (Eds.). (2005). The Many Faces of Austronesian Voice Systems: Some New Empirical Studies. Pacific Linguistics.
Bellwood, P., Fox, J. J., & Tryon, D. (2006). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.
Blust. (2013). A bird’s eye view of the Austronesian language family.
Blust, R. (2010). Review of The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar [Review of Review of the Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar, by A. Adelaar & N. P. Himmelmann]. Oceanic Linguistics, 49(1), 302–312.
Bowern, C. (2008). Linguistic Fieldwork: A Practical Guide. Palgrave Macmillan.
Chelliah, S., & Reuse, W. J. de. (2011). Handbook of Descriptive Linguistic Fieldwork. Springer Netherlands.
Crystal, D. (2002). Language Death.
De Busser, R. (2009). Towards a Grammar of Takivatan Bunun: Selected Topics.
De Busser, R. (2011). Towards an analysis of argument alignment in Takivatan Bunun.
Studies in Language. International Journal Sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations
of Language”, 35(3), 523–555. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.3.02deb
Donohue, M. (2008). Covert word classes: Seeking your own syntax in Tukang Besi. Studies in Language, 32(3), 590–609.
Dryer, M. (2007). Noun phrase structure (pp. 151–205).
Foley, W. A. (1998, July 1). Symmetrical voice systems and precategoriality in Philippine languages. LFG98 Conference, Workshop on Voice and Grammatical Functions in Austronesian Languages, Brisbane.
Gao, I.-A., Lin, C.-F., & Lin, P.-I. (2019). Efforts and Concerns for Indigenous Language Education in Taiwan. Handbook of Indigenous Education, 443–465.
Garcia, R., & Kidd, E. (2020). The Acquisition of the Tagalog Symmetrical Voice System: Evidence from Structural Priming. Language Learning and Development, 16(4), 399–425.
Gil, D. (2000). Syntactic categories, cross-linguistic variation and universal grammar. In P. M. Vogel & B. Comrie (Eds.), Approaches to the Typology of Word Classes, 173–216.
Himmelmann, N. P. (2004). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge Handbooks Online.
Himmelmann, N. P. (2008). Lexical categories and voice in Tagalog. In P. Austin & S. Musgrave (Eds.), Voice and Grammatical Relations in Austronesian Languages, 247–293. CSLI Publications.
Jeng, Heng-hsiung (1977). Topic and Focus in Bunun. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Jiang, Y. (2012). A Sketch Grammar of Takibakha Bunun [Thesis, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan].
Kaufman, D. (2009). Austronesian Nominalism and its consequences: A Tagalog case study. Theoretical Linguistics, 35, 1–49.
Koch, Harold, Rachel Nordlinger, and Michael Walsh. 2014. ‘Indigenous Language Maintenance and Revitalisation’. Pp. 329–62 in The Languages and Linguistics of Australia. De Gruyter Mouton.
Lefkowitz, Natalie. 2004. ‘PORTRAITS OF THE L2 USER’. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26(3):470–71.
Li, L. L. (2018). A Grammar of Isbukun Bunun [PhD]. National Tsing Hua University.
Liao, H.-C. (2004). Transitivity and Ergativity in Formosan and Philippine Languages [PhD]. University of Hawai’i.
Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How Languages are Learned 4th edition—Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers. Oxford University Press.
Lin, C.-F. J., Gao, I.-A. G., & Lin, P.-I. D. (2017). Efforts and Concerns for Indigenous Language Education in Taiwan. In E. A. McKinley & L. T. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Indigenous Education (pp. 1–25). Springer Singapore.
Payne, T. E. (1997). Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists. University of Oregon.
Reid, L. A., & Liao, H.-C. (2004). A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages. Language and Linguistics, 5(2), 433–490.
Riesberg, S., Bardají i Farré, M., Malcher, K., & Himmelmann, N. P. (2022). Predicting voice choice in symmetrical voice languages: All the things that do not work in Totoli. Studies in Language, 46(2), 453–516. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20061.rie
Riesberg, S., Bardají i Farré, M., Malcher, K., & Himmelmann, N. P. (2022). Predicting
voice choice in symmetrical voice languages: All the things that do not work in Totoli. Studies in Language, 46(2), 453–516. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20061.rie
Tang, A.-Y. (2011). From diagnosis to remedial plan: A psycholinguistic assessment of
language shift, L1 proficiency, and language planning in Truku Seediq [[Honolulu] : [University of Hawaii at Manoa]]. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/101495
Tang A.-Y. (2014). Preliminary Results of a Community-based Language Revitalization
Initiative in Truku Seediq. 臺灣語文研究, 9(2), 1–37.
Velupillai, V. (2012). An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. In Z.176. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

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