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題名 以愛情主題為例之隱喻識別的搭配詞方法
A Collocational Methodology for Metaphor Identification: A Case Study on the Love Topic
作者 蔡宜庭
Tsai, Yi-Ting
貢獻者 張瑜芸
Chang, Yu-Yun
蔡宜庭
Tsai, Yi-Ting
關鍵詞 隱喻標記
隱喻識別
搭配詞
BERT 語言模型
愛情主題
Metaphor annotation
Metaphor identification
Collocations
BERT
Love topic
日期 2024
上傳時間 4-Sep-2024 16:03:28 (UTC+8)
摘要 隱喻在人類的認知系統中發揮根本上的作用，並影響人類的思維，使人們以隱喻的方式行事和交流；用於溝通的語言也因此成為探索人類認知的途徑。過往許多研究為觀察隱喻在概念系統中的運作，而致力於話語中的隱喻識別。但儘管系統性且可靠的隱喻識別步驟已被提出，在標記隱喻的過程中仍然面臨耗時費力的問題。不過，鑒於隱喻、關鍵字和搭配詞三者間的語意關聯，本研究利用關鍵字初步定位潛在的隱喻表達，並透過搭配詞以擴增隱喻表達列表。日常話語中所使用的隱喻是本篇研究的著力目標，且資料源於 PTT 論壇中與愛情主題相關的文章。透過對詞彙隱喻性的檢視，結果顯示搭配詞有助於隱喻的標記。再者，利用具備攫取上下文資訊的 BERT 語言模型以檢驗搭配詞擴增隱喻表達的效果，其間輔以關係階段理論的分析，從而通過概念和認知的角度評估 BERT 所識別出的隱喻表達。
Metaphors operate fundamentally in human cognitive systems and influence human thinking, leading people to behave and communicate metaphorically. Language expressions thus serve as a conduit for the exploration of human cognition. Research has been conducted to identify metaphors in discourse so as to observe the operation of metaphors in conceptual systems. Although systematic and reliable metaphor identification protocols have been proposed, the time-consuming and labor-intensive difficulties still face metaphor annotation. However, given the semantic relation among metaphors, keywords, and collocations, the present study aims to locate potential metaphors in preliminary with keywords and expand the metaphorical expression list using collocations. Metaphors used in daily discourse are the objectives of this study. Therefore, data from the PTT forum concerning the love topic are selected as resources. Through the inspection of metaphoricity, the results indicate that collocations can assist in metaphor annotation. Furthermore, the BERT model which can capture contextual information is applied to examine the effectiveness of the expansion of the metaphorical expression list with collocations. With the assessment of the Relationship Stage Theory, the metaphors identified by BERT are explained by the perspectives involving concept and cognition.
參考文獻 Bartsch, S., & Evert, S. (2014). Towards a firthian Notion of Collocation. Vernetzungsstrategien Zugriffsstrukturen und automatisch ermittelte Angaben in Internetwörterbüchern, 2(1), 48–61. Baruah, A., Das, K., Barbhuiya, F., & Dey, K. (2020). Context-Aware Sarcasm Detection Using BERT. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Figurative Language Processing, 83–87. Berry-Rogghe, G. (1973). The Computation of Collocations and Their Relevance in Lexical Studies. The computer and literary studies, 103–112. Brown, T., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J. D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al. (2020). Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. Advances in neural information processing systems, 33, 1877–1901. Cameron, L. (2002). Metaphors in the Learning of Science: A discourse focus. British Educational Research Journal, 28(5), 673–688. Clark, K., Khandelwal, U., Levy, O., & Manning, C. D. (2019). What does BERT look at? An Analysis of BERT’s Attention. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.04341. Coll-Florit, M., & Climent, S. (2019). A new methodology for conceptual metaphor detection and formulation in corpora: A case study on a mental health corpus. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 32. Comsa, I.-M., Eisenschlos, J. M., & Narayanan, S. (2022). Miqa: A benchmark for inference on metaphorical questions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07993. Daudaravicius, V., & Marcinkeviciene, R. (2004). Gravity Counts for the boundaries of collocations. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9(2), 321–348. Deignan, A. (2005). Metaphor and corpus linguistics (Vol. 6). John Benjamins Publishing. Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019, June). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In J. Burstein, C. Doran, & T. Solorio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers) (pp. 4171–4186). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N19-1423 Dunning, T. (1993). Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence. Computational linguistics, 19(1), 61–74. Ethayarajh, K. (2019). How contextual are contextualized word representations? comparing the geometry of bert, elmo, and gpt-2 embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.00512. Evert, S. (2008). Corpora and Collocations. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook (pp. 1212–1248). Mouton de Gruyter. Fehr, B. (1988). Prototype analysis of the concepts of love and commitment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(4), 557. Firth, J. (1957). Modes of meanings. reprinted in papers in linguistics 1934–1951. Gablasova, D., Brezina, V., & McEnery, T. (2017). Collocations in Corpus-Based Language Learning Research: Identifying, Comparing, and Interpreting the Evidence. Language learning, 67(S1), 155–179. Gabrielatos, C. (2018). Keyness analysis: Nature, metrics and techniques. In Corpus Approaches to Discourse: A Critical Review (pp. 225–258). Routledge. Geluso, J., & Hirch, R. (2019). The reference corpus matters: Comparing the effect of different reference corpora on keyword analysis. Register Studies, 1(2), 209–242. Gibbs Jr, R. W., Leggitt, J. S., & Turner, E. A. (2002). What’s special about figurative language in emotional communication? In The verbal communication of emotions (pp. 133–158). Psychology Press. Gildea, P., & Glucksberg, S. (1983). On understanding metaphor: The role of context. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 22(5), 577–590. Goddard, C. (2000). Polysemy: A problem of definition. Polysemy: Theoretical and computational approaches, 129–151. Gosal, G. S. (2015). Statistical NLP Approach for Collocation Extraction from Newspaper Text. International Journal of Research in IT Management, 5(7), 20–29. Gries, S. T. (2013). 50-something years of work on collocations: What is or should be next…. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 18(1), 137–166. Guan, Q., Deng, S., & Wang, H. (2017). Chinese Stopwords for Text Clustering: A Comparative Study. Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery, 3, 72–80. Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in english. Londra, Longman. Huang, C.-R., & Hsieh, S.-K. (2010). Infrastructure for Cross-lingual Knowledge Representation─ Towards Multilingualism in Linguistic Studies. Taiwan NSC-granted Research Project (NSC 96-2411-H-003-061-MY3). Huang, C.-R., Hsieh, S.-K., Hong, J.-F., Chen, Y.-Z., Su, I.-L., Chen, Y.-X., & Huang, S.-W. (2010). Zhong wen ci hui wang lu: Kua yu yan zhi shi chu li ji chu jia gou de she ji li nian yu shi jian [chinese wordnet: Design, implementation, and application of an infrastructure for cross-lingual knowledge processing]. Zhongwen xinxi xuebao [Journal of Chinese Information Processing], 24(2), 14–23. Islam, R., & Moushi, O. M. (2024). Gpt-4o: The cutting-edge advancement in multimodal llm. Authorea Preprints. Kövecses, Z. (1986). Metaphors of anger, pride and love. Metaphors of Anger, Pride and Love, 1–155. Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford University Press. Kövecses, Z. (2015). Where metaphors come from: Reconsidering context in metaphor. Oxford University Press, USA. Krenn, B., & Evert, S. (2001). Can we do better than frequency? a case study on extracting pp-verb collocations. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Collocations, 39–46. Kumova Metin, S., & Karaoglan, B. (2011). Measuring collocation tendency of words. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 18(2), 174–187. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago press. Lehecka, T. (2015). Collocation and Colligation. In Handbook of pragmatics online. Benjamins. Levinger, G. (1980). Toward the analysis of close relationships. Journal of experimental social psychology, 16(6), 510–544. Liao, Y.-p. (2009). Lun neng dai jie guo bin yu de dong jie shi zhong de jie guo bu yu [on the resultant complement used with resultant object in the verb-resultative construction]. Henan shifan daxue xuebao [Journal of Henan Normal University], 36(2), 169–172. Liu, J., O’Hara, N., Rubin, A., Draelos, R., & Rudin, C. (2020). Metaphor detection using contextual word embeddings from transformers. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Figurative Language Processing, 250–255. Liu, Y. (2005). Shi yong xian dai han yu yu fa [Practical modern chinese grammar]. Shida shuyuan. Lu, X., & Wang, B. P.-Y. (2017). Towards a metaphor-annotated corpus of mandarin chinese. Language Resources and Evaluation, 51, 663–694. Marco, M. J. L. (2000). Collocational frameworks in medical research papers: A genrebased study. English for specific purposes, 19(1), 63–86. Philip, G. (2010). Metaphorical keyness in specialised corpora. Keyness in texts, 185–203. Philip, G. (2012). Locating metaphor candidates in specialised corpora using raw frequency and key-word lists. MACARTHUR, F.; ONCINS-MARTÍNEZ, JL; SÁNCHEZGARCÍA, M. Pragglejaz Group. (2007). Mip: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse. Metaphor and symbol, 22(1), 1–39. Rollie, S. S., & Duck, S. (2013). Divorce and Dissolution of Romantic Relationships: Stage Models and Their Limitations. In Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution (pp. 223–240). Psychology Press. Sardinha, T. B. (2006). Collocation lists as instruments for metaphor detection in corpora. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada, 22, 249–274. Schneider, U. (2020). ΔP as a measure of collocation strength: Considerations based on analyses of hesitation placement in spontaneous speech. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 16(2), 249–274. Sebbaq, H., & El Faddouli, N.-e. (2023). Mtbert-attention: An Explainable bert Model based on Multi-Task Learning for Cognitive Text Classification. Scientific African, 21, Article e01799. Siepmann, D. (2005). Collocation, Colligation and Encoding Dictionaries. part i: Lexicological Aspects. International Journal of Lexicography, 18(4), 409–443. Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press. Steen, G., Dorst, A. G., Herrmann, J. B., Kaal, A., Krennmayr, T., & Pasma, T. (2010a). A method for linguistic metaphor identification. From MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Steen, G., Dorst, A. G., Herrmann, J. B., Kaal, A. A., & Krennmayr, T. (2010b). Metaphor in usage. Cognitive Linguistics, 21(4), 765–796. Steen, G. J. (2007). Finding metaphor in grammar and usage: A methodological analysis of theory and research. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Stubbs, M. (1995). Collocations and Semantic Profiles: On the Cause of the Trouble with Quantitative Studies. Functions of language, 2(1), 23–55. Tissari, H. (2001). Metaphors we love by: On the cognitive metaphors of love from the 15th century to the present. Tong, X., Choenni, R., Lewis, M., & Shutova, E. (2024). Metaphor understanding challenge dataset for llms. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.11810. Touvron, H., Lavril, T., Izacard, G., Martinet, X., Lachaux, M.-A., Lacroix, T., Rozière, B., Goyal, N., Hambro, E., Azhar, F., et al. (2023). Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971. Veale, T., Shutova, E., & Klebanov, B. B. (2016). Metaphor: A Computational Perspective. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. Wahl, A. (2015). Intonation unit boundaries and the storage of bigrams: Evidence from bidirectional and directional association measures. Review of Cognitive Linguistics. Published under the auspices of the Spanish Cognitive Linguistics Association, 13(1), 191–219. Wan, M., Ahrens, K., Chersoni, E., Jiang, M., Su, Q., Xiang, R., & Huang, C.-R. (2020). Using Conceptual Norms for Metaphor Detection. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Figurative Language Processing, 104–109. Xu, M., Lee, S., Kim, S., & Jhang, S.-E. (2023). A corpus-based study on metaphors of war in maritime english news. Journal of Language Sciences, 104, 1–25. Yin, C. (2018). Dong jie shi “V+ cheng” de “V” [The “V” in the verb-resultative construction “V cheng”]. Zhongguo gaoxiao renwen shehui kexue xinxiwang.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
109555005
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109555005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張瑜芸zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Yu-Yunen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡宜庭zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsai, Yi-Tingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔡宜庭zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Yi-Tingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2024en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2024 16:03:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Sep-2024 16:03:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2024 16:03:28 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109555005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153553-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109555005zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隱喻在人類的認知系統中發揮根本上的作用，並影響人類的思維，使人們以隱喻的方式行事和交流；用於溝通的語言也因此成為探索人類認知的途徑。過往許多研究為觀察隱喻在概念系統中的運作，而致力於話語中的隱喻識別。但儘管系統性且可靠的隱喻識別步驟已被提出，在標記隱喻的過程中仍然面臨耗時費力的問題。不過，鑒於隱喻、關鍵字和搭配詞三者間的語意關聯，本研究利用關鍵字初步定位潛在的隱喻表達，並透過搭配詞以擴增隱喻表達列表。日常話語中所使用的隱喻是本篇研究的著力目標，且資料源於 PTT 論壇中與愛情主題相關的文章。透過對詞彙隱喻性的檢視，結果顯示搭配詞有助於隱喻的標記。再者，利用具備攫取上下文資訊的 BERT 語言模型以檢驗搭配詞擴增隱喻表達的效果，其間輔以關係階段理論的分析，從而通過概念和認知的角度評估 BERT 所識別出的隱喻表達。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Metaphors operate fundamentally in human cognitive systems and influence human thinking, leading people to behave and communicate metaphorically. Language expressions thus serve as a conduit for the exploration of human cognition. Research has been conducted to identify metaphors in discourse so as to observe the operation of metaphors in conceptual systems. Although systematic and reliable metaphor identification protocols have been proposed, the time-consuming and labor-intensive difficulties still face metaphor annotation. However, given the semantic relation among metaphors, keywords, and collocations, the present study aims to locate potential metaphors in preliminary with keywords and expand the metaphorical expression list using collocations. Metaphors used in daily discourse are the objectives of this study. Therefore, data from the PTT forum concerning the love topic are selected as resources. Through the inspection of metaphoricity, the results indicate that collocations can assist in metaphor annotation. Furthermore, the BERT model which can capture contextual information is applied to examine the effectiveness of the expansion of the metaphorical expression list with collocations. With the assessment of the Relationship Stage Theory, the metaphors identified by BERT are explained by the perspectives involving concept and cognition.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 誌謝 i 摘要 ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Figures vii List of Tables viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Motivation and Research Gaps 3 1.3 Research Objectives and Research Questions 8 1.4 Research Significance 9 1.5 Research Organization 9 2 Literature Review 10 2.1 Metaphors and Contexts 10 2.1.1 Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) 11 2.1.2 Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) 12 2.1.3 Statistical-based Methods to Locate Metaphors 13 2.2 Collocations in Metaphor Identification 14 2.3 Association Measures for Collocations 15 2.3.1 Related Settings of Collocations 15 2.3.2 Mutual Information (MI) 16 2.3.3 Dice Coefficient 17 2.3.4 Log-likelihood Measure (G2) 17 2.3.5 Chi-square (X2) 18 2.3.6 Delta P (ΔP) 18 2.4 The BERT Model for Metaphor Identification 20 2.4.1 BERT 20 2.4.2 BERT Used in Identification Tasks and Its Interpretability 20 3 Methodology 22 3.1 Data Collection 24 3.2 Keyword Calculation and Metaphorical Keyword Inspection 27 3.3 Collocation Extraction and Metaphorical Collocation Inspection 30 3.4 Application and Analysis 33 4 Results 36 4.1 Metaphorical Keywords 36 4.2 Metaphorical Collocations 39 4.3 Results of the Identification Task on Metaphors 41 5 Discussion 43 5.1 Metaphors that BERT Did Not Successfully Predict 43 5.1.1 Failed Prediction of the Metaphor 會‘Be Able to’ 44 5.1.2 Failed Prediction of the Metaphor 想‘to Think’ 46 5.1.3 Failed Prediction of the Metaphor 錢‘Currency’ 47 5.2 Correctly Identified Metaphors by BERT 47 5.2.1 Correct Prediction of the Metaphor 磨合‘to Break in’ 48 5.2.2 Correct Prediction of the Metaphor 太太‘Madam’ 48 5.2.3 Incomplete Prediction of the Metaphor 劈腿‘to Do the Splits’ 49 6 Conclusions 51 6.1 Summary and Contributions 51 6.2 Limitations and Implications 52 References 55 Appendix A 60 Appendix B 63zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1808875 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109555005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 隱喻標記zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 隱喻識別zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 搭配詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BERT 語言模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 愛情主題zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Metaphor annotationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Metaphor identificationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Collocationsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BERTen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Love topicen_US
dc.title (題名) 以愛情主題為例之隱喻識別的搭配詞方法zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Collocational Methodology for Metaphor Identification: A Case Study on the Love Topicen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bartsch, S., & Evert, S. (2014). Towards a firthian Notion of Collocation. Vernetzungsstrategien Zugriffsstrukturen und automatisch ermittelte Angaben in Internetwörterbüchern, 2(1), 48–61. Baruah, A., Das, K., Barbhuiya, F., & Dey, K. (2020). Context-Aware Sarcasm Detection Using BERT. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Figurative Language Processing, 83–87. Berry-Rogghe, G. (1973). The Computation of Collocations and Their Relevance in Lexical Studies. The computer and literary studies, 103–112. Brown, T., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J. D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al. (2020). Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. Advances in neural information processing systems, 33, 1877–1901. Cameron, L. (2002). Metaphors in the Learning of Science: A discourse focus. British Educational Research Journal, 28(5), 673–688. Clark, K., Khandelwal, U., Levy, O., & Manning, C. D. (2019). What does BERT look at? An Analysis of BERT’s Attention. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.04341. Coll-Florit, M., & Climent, S. (2019). A new methodology for conceptual metaphor detection and formulation in corpora: A case study on a mental health corpus. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 32. Comsa, I.-M., Eisenschlos, J. M., & Narayanan, S. (2022). Miqa: A benchmark for inference on metaphorical questions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07993. Daudaravicius, V., & Marcinkeviciene, R. (2004). Gravity Counts for the boundaries of collocations. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9(2), 321–348. Deignan, A. (2005). Metaphor and corpus linguistics (Vol. 6). John Benjamins Publishing. Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019, June). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In J. Burstein, C. Doran, & T. Solorio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers) (pp. 4171–4186). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N19-1423 Dunning, T. (1993). Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence. Computational linguistics, 19(1), 61–74. Ethayarajh, K. (2019). How contextual are contextualized word representations? comparing the geometry of bert, elmo, and gpt-2 embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.00512. Evert, S. (2008). Corpora and Collocations. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook (pp. 1212–1248). Mouton de Gruyter. Fehr, B. (1988). Prototype analysis of the concepts of love and commitment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(4), 557. Firth, J. (1957). Modes of meanings. reprinted in papers in linguistics 1934–1951. Gablasova, D., Brezina, V., & McEnery, T. (2017). Collocations in Corpus-Based Language Learning Research: Identifying, Comparing, and Interpreting the Evidence. Language learning, 67(S1), 155–179. Gabrielatos, C. (2018). Keyness analysis: Nature, metrics and techniques. In Corpus Approaches to Discourse: A Critical Review (pp. 225–258). Routledge. Geluso, J., & Hirch, R. (2019). The reference corpus matters: Comparing the effect of different reference corpora on keyword analysis. Register Studies, 1(2), 209–242. Gibbs Jr, R. W., Leggitt, J. S., & Turner, E. A. (2002). What’s special about figurative language in emotional communication? In The verbal communication of emotions (pp. 133–158). Psychology Press. Gildea, P., & Glucksberg, S. (1983). On understanding metaphor: The role of context. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 22(5), 577–590. Goddard, C. (2000). Polysemy: A problem of definition. Polysemy: Theoretical and computational approaches, 129–151. Gosal, G. S. (2015). Statistical NLP Approach for Collocation Extraction from Newspaper Text. International Journal of Research in IT Management, 5(7), 20–29. Gries, S. T. (2013). 50-something years of work on collocations: What is or should be next…. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 18(1), 137–166. Guan, Q., Deng, S., & Wang, H. (2017). Chinese Stopwords for Text Clustering: A Comparative Study. Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery, 3, 72–80. Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in english. Londra, Longman. Huang, C.-R., & Hsieh, S.-K. (2010). Infrastructure for Cross-lingual Knowledge Representation─ Towards Multilingualism in Linguistic Studies. Taiwan NSC-granted Research Project (NSC 96-2411-H-003-061-MY3). Huang, C.-R., Hsieh, S.-K., Hong, J.-F., Chen, Y.-Z., Su, I.-L., Chen, Y.-X., & Huang, S.-W. (2010). Zhong wen ci hui wang lu: Kua yu yan zhi shi chu li ji chu jia gou de she ji li nian yu shi jian [chinese wordnet: Design, implementation, and application of an infrastructure for cross-lingual knowledge processing]. Zhongwen xinxi xuebao [Journal of Chinese Information Processing], 24(2), 14–23. Islam, R., & Moushi, O. M. (2024). Gpt-4o: The cutting-edge advancement in multimodal llm. Authorea Preprints. Kövecses, Z. (1986). Metaphors of anger, pride and love. Metaphors of Anger, Pride and Love, 1–155. Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford University Press. Kövecses, Z. (2015). Where metaphors come from: Reconsidering context in metaphor. Oxford University Press, USA. Krenn, B., & Evert, S. (2001). Can we do better than frequency? a case study on extracting pp-verb collocations. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Collocations, 39–46. Kumova Metin, S., & Karaoglan, B. (2011). Measuring collocation tendency of words. 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