學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 高中英文教科書字彙頻率分析
A Study of Vocabulary Frequency in Senior High School English Textbooks
作者 范龍妹
Fan, Lung-mei
貢獻者 張郇慧
Chang, Hsun-huei
范龍妹
Fan, Lung-mei
關鍵詞 教科書
字彙
頻率
textbook
vocabulary
frequency
日期 2003
上傳時間 14-Sep-2009 12:16:27 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在分析現行在台灣較為普遍使用的二種英文教科書—遠東版及龍騰版—的字彙量、字彙頻率、字根字首的出現頻率及類型,以協助教師更瞭解教科書中的字彙並進而協助學生習得他們所最需要的字彙。
      本研究除了分析比對出現於教科書的所有字彙外,也就每課生字表中的生字作比較分析。在字彙量的統計方面,是先將含有文法語尾變化 (inflection) 的字併為一字及將含有副詞字尾 (-ly) 的副詞與形容詞並併為一字後,再作字數的計算。在字彙頻率的統計方面是以The General Service List (GSL) 和The University Word list (UWL) 作為參照比較的對象。字根字首的出現頻率是以含有同一字根字首的不同字彙為計算標準。
      本研究的結果如下:(一)教科書的字彙量大約為5000字。(二)在GSL中的字彙,大約有88%出現在教科書中;而在UWL中的字彙,大約有47%出現在教科書中。(三)在遠東版的生字表中,有64%的字與GSL和UWL兩個字彙表有關連;而在龍騰版的生字表中,有51%的字與GSL和UWL兩個字彙表有關連。(四)以字彙量來看,有部分字根字首的學習是較為有利的。總而言之,本研究可促進教師對課本字彙的瞭解,並啟發教師作更有效能的字彙教學。
The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the vocabulary occurring in the two sets of senior high school textbooks—Far East English Reader (FE) and Lungteng English Reader (LT). It is hoped that the results will help teachers know more about the quantity, frequency, and composition of the vocabulary in the textbooks and thus facilitate their vocabulary instruction.
      In addition to all the vocabulary occurring in the textbooks, the vocabulary in the word-for-production lists is also analyzed in terms of quantity, frequency, and composition. The quantity of the vocabulary is computed after the lemmatization of the vocabulary; the frequency of it is explored through the comparison with the General Service List (GSL) and the University Word List (UWL); the composition of it is analyzed on the basis of affixation.
      The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) There are about 5000 words in each reader. (2) There are about 88% of the GSL words and 47% of the UWL words appearing in the textbooks. The GSL words generally have a higher frequency of occurrence in the textbooks than the UWL words. (3) About 64% of the words in FE word-for-production list are related to the GSL and the UWL and about 51% of the words in LT word-for-production list are related to the GSL and the UWL. (4) In terms of quantity, some of the affixes occurring in the whole set of textbooks or in the word-for-production lists are more easily to be acquired by learners than the others.
      Based on the findings, this study has some pedagogical implications regarding how to teach vocabulary in terms of word family and multiple exposures to supplement the inadequacy of vocabulary in the textbooks.
參考文獻 Alderson, J. C. (1984). Reading in a foreign language: A reading or a language problem? In J. C. Alderson & A. H. Urquhart (Eds.), Reading in a foreign language (pp. 1-24). London: Longman.
Bahrick, H. P. (1984). Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty yeas of memory for Spanish learned in school. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113, 1-29.
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, L. E., Bahrick, A. S., & Bahrick, P. E. (1993). Maintenance of foreign language vocabulary and the spacing effects. Psychological science,4, 316-321.
Bahrick, H. P., & Phelps, E. (1987). Retention of Spanish vocabulary over 8 years. Journal of Experimental Psychology,13, 344-349.
Bamford, J. (1984). Extensive reading by means of graded readers. Reading in a foreign language 2(2), 218-260.
Bauer, L., & Nation, P. (1995). Word families. International Journal of Lexicography,6(3), 253-279.
Bauman, J. (2002). About the general service list. Retrieved October 13, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://jbauman.com/aboutgsl.html
Bensoussan, M., & Laufer, B. (1984). Lexical guessing in context in EFL reading comprehension. Journal of Research in Reading 7, 15-32.
Bogaards, P. (2001). Lexical units and the learning of foreign language vocabulary. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 321-343.
Bongers, H. (1947). The history and principles of vocabulary control. Woerden: Wocopi.
Campion, M. E., & Elley, W. B. (1971). An academic vocabulary list. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
Carroll, J. B., Davies, P., & Richman, B. (1971). The American heritage word frequency book. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co. Inc.
Chen, C. H. (2000). Senior high school English teachers` perceptions of the new English teaching materials and their usage in southern Taiwan. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung.
Chuang, Y. S. (1999). Corpus analyses of the vocabulary in the junior and senior school students` English textbooks and writings in Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.
Cobb, T. (1997). Is there any measurable learning from hands-on concordancing? System, 25(3), 301-315.
Dagut, M. B., & Laufer, B. (1985). Avoidance of phrasal verbs by English learners, speakers of Hebrew---a case for contrastive analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7, 73-79.
DeRocher, J. E. (1973). The counting of words: A review of the history, techniques and theory of word counts with annotated bibliography. New York: Syracuse University Research Corp.
Ellis, N. C., & Sinclair, S. (1996). Working memory in the acquisition of vocabulary and syntax: Putting language in good order. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 234-250.
Engels, L. (1968). The fallacy of word counts. IRAL, 6, 213-231.
Francis, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Garside, R., Leech, G., & McEnery, A. (Eds.) (1997). Corpus annotation. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
Ghadessy, M. (1979). Frequency counts, word lists and materials preparation: A new approach. English Teaching Forum, 17(1), 24-27.
Henriksen, B. (1999). Three dimensions of vocabulary development. Studies in second language acquisition,21, 303-317.
Herman, P. A., Anderson, R. C., Pearson, P. D., & Nagy, W. E. (1987). Incidental acquisition of word meaning from expositions with varied text features. Reading Research Quarterly, 22, 263-284.
Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689-696.
Hsu, C. F. (2004). A study of the effect of word analysis instruction on vocabulary acquisition in a Taiwanese senior high school. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, National Chengchi University, Taipei.
Huang, C. C. (2000). A threshold for vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension. In the Proceedings of the seventeenth conference on English teaching and learning in the Republic of China (pp.132-144). Taipei: Crane.
Huckin, T., & Coady, J. (1999). Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: A review. Studies in second language acquisition,21, 181-193..
Hulstijin, J. H. (1992). Retention of inferred and given word meanings: Experiments in incidental vocabulary learning. In P. Arnaud & H. Béjoint (Eds.), Vocabulary and applied linguistics (pp. 113-125). London: MacMillan.
Hulstijin, J. H. (2001). Intentional and incidental second language vocabulary learning: A reappraisal of elaboration, rehearsal and automaticity. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction (pp. 259-286). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hwang, K., & Nation, P. (1995). Where would general service vocabulary stop and special purposes vocabulary begin? System, 23, 35-41.
Jenkins, J. R., Stein, M. L., & Wysocki, K. (1984). Learning Vocabulary through reading. American Educational Research Journal, 21, 767-787.
Judd, E. (1978). Vocabulary teaching and TESOL: A need for reevaluation of existing assumptions. TESOL Quarterly, 12, 71-76.
Kelly, P. (1991). Lexical ignorance: The main obstacle to listening comprehension with advanced foreign language learners. IRAL, 29, 135-149.
Larsen-Freeman, (1991). Teaching grammar. In M. Celce-Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (2nd ed., pp. 279-296). New York: Newbury House and Harper & Row.
Laufer, B. (1988). What percentage of text-lexis is essential for comprehension? In C. Lauren and M. Nordmann (Eds.), Special language: From humans thinking to thinking machines (pp.116-322). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Laufer, B. (1997). What’s in a word that makes it hard or easy: Some intralexical factors that affect the learning of words. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp.140-155). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Liu, N., & Nation, I. S. P. (1985). Factors affecting guessing vocabulary in context. RELC Journal, 16, 33-42.
Lynn, R. W. (1973). Preparing word lists: A suggested method. RELC Journal 11(2), 25-32.
Marton, W. (1977). Foreign vocabulary learning as problem number one of foreign language teaching at the advanced level. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin 2(1), 33-47.
Meara, P. (1980). Vocabulary acquisition: a neglected aspect of language learning. Language Teaching and Linguistics, 13, 221-246.
Moon, R. (1997). Vocabulary connection: Multi-word items in English. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp. 40-63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nagy, W. E., Anserson, R. C., Schommer, M., Scott, J. A., & Stallman, A. C. (1989). Morphological families in the internal lexicon. Reading Research Quarterly, 24(3), 262-281.
Nagy, W. E., & Herman, P. A. (1987). Breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge: Implication for acquisition and instruction. In M. G. McKeown & M. Curtis (Eds.), The nature of vocabulary acquisition (pp. 19-35). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
Nagy, W. E., Herman, P. A., & Anderson, R. C. (1985). Learning words from context. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 233-253.
Nation, I. S. P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. New York: Newbury House.
Nation, P. (1982). Beginning to learn a foreign vocabulary: A review of the research. RELC Journal, 13, 14-36.
Nation, P. (1993). Vocabulary size, growth, and use. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 115-134). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Nation, P., & Waring, R. (1997). Vocabulary size, text coverage and word lists. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp. 6-19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ogden, C. K. (1930). Basic English: A general introduction. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubbner.
Praninskas, J., (1972). American university word list. London: Longman.
Raimes, A. (1985). What unskilled ESL students do as they write: A classroom study of composing. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 299-258.
Richards, J. C., Platt, J., & Platt, H. (1998). Longman dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics (English-Chinese ed.). Hong Kong: Addison Wesley Longman.
Rott, S. (1999). The effect of exposure frequency on intermediate language learners’ incidental vocabulary acquisition and retention through reading. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 589-619.
Saragi,T., Nation, P., & Meister, G. (1978). Vocabulary learning and reading. System, 6, 72-80.
Stoller, F. L., & Grabe, W. (1992). Implications for L2 vocabulary acquisition and instruction from L1 vocabulary research. In T. Huckin, M. Haynes, & J. Coady (Eds.), Second language reading and vocabulary learning (pp. 29-45). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Sutarsyah, C., Nation, I. S. P., & Kennedy, G. (1994). How useful is EAP vocabulary for ESP? A corpus based case study. RELC Journal, 25(2), 34-50.
Thorndike, E. L. (1921). The teacher’s wordbook of 10,000 words. New York: Teachers College Press.
Thorndike, E. L. (1931). The teacher’s wordbook of 20,000 words. New York: Teachers College Press.
Thorndike, E. L., & Lorge, I. (1944). The Teacher`s Wordbook of 30,000 Words. New York: Columbia University Teachers` College Press.
Wesche, M. B., & Paribakht, T. S. (2000). Reading-based exercises in second language vocabulary learning: An introspective study. The modern language journal,84(2), 196-213.
West, M. (1953). A General Service List of English Words. London: Longman, Green and Co.
White, T. G., Power, M. A., & White, S. (1989). Morphological analysis: Implications for teaching and understanding vocabulary growth. Reading Research Quarterly, 24(3), 283-304.
Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in language teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
Wysocki, K., & Jenkins, J. R. (1987). Deriving word meanings through morphological generalization. Reading Research Quarterly, 22, 66-81.
Xue, G., & Nation, I. S. P. (1984). A university word list. Language Learning and Communication 3, 215-229.
Zahar, R., Cobb, T., & Spada, N. (2001). Acquiring vocabulary through reading: Effects of frequency and contextual Richness. The Canadian Modern Language Review 57(4), 541-572.
描述 國立政治大學
英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班
89951014
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089951014
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張郇慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Hsun-hueien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 范龍妹zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Fan, Lung-meien_US
dc.creator (作者) 范龍妹zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Fan, Lung-meien_US
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Sep-2009 12:16:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Sep-2009 12:16:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Sep-2009 12:16:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089951014en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31805-
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89951014zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在分析現行在台灣較為普遍使用的二種英文教科書—遠東版及龍騰版—的字彙量、字彙頻率、字根字首的出現頻率及類型,以協助教師更瞭解教科書中的字彙並進而協助學生習得他們所最需要的字彙。
      本研究除了分析比對出現於教科書的所有字彙外,也就每課生字表中的生字作比較分析。在字彙量的統計方面,是先將含有文法語尾變化 (inflection) 的字併為一字及將含有副詞字尾 (-ly) 的副詞與形容詞並併為一字後,再作字數的計算。在字彙頻率的統計方面是以The General Service List (GSL) 和The University Word list (UWL) 作為參照比較的對象。字根字首的出現頻率是以含有同一字根字首的不同字彙為計算標準。
      本研究的結果如下:(一)教科書的字彙量大約為5000字。(二)在GSL中的字彙,大約有88%出現在教科書中;而在UWL中的字彙,大約有47%出現在教科書中。(三)在遠東版的生字表中,有64%的字與GSL和UWL兩個字彙表有關連;而在龍騰版的生字表中,有51%的字與GSL和UWL兩個字彙表有關連。(四)以字彙量來看,有部分字根字首的學習是較為有利的。總而言之,本研究可促進教師對課本字彙的瞭解,並啟發教師作更有效能的字彙教學。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the vocabulary occurring in the two sets of senior high school textbooks—Far East English Reader (FE) and Lungteng English Reader (LT). It is hoped that the results will help teachers know more about the quantity, frequency, and composition of the vocabulary in the textbooks and thus facilitate their vocabulary instruction.
      In addition to all the vocabulary occurring in the textbooks, the vocabulary in the word-for-production lists is also analyzed in terms of quantity, frequency, and composition. The quantity of the vocabulary is computed after the lemmatization of the vocabulary; the frequency of it is explored through the comparison with the General Service List (GSL) and the University Word List (UWL); the composition of it is analyzed on the basis of affixation.
      The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) There are about 5000 words in each reader. (2) There are about 88% of the GSL words and 47% of the UWL words appearing in the textbooks. The GSL words generally have a higher frequency of occurrence in the textbooks than the UWL words. (3) About 64% of the words in FE word-for-production list are related to the GSL and the UWL and about 51% of the words in LT word-for-production list are related to the GSL and the UWL. (4) In terms of quantity, some of the affixes occurring in the whole set of textbooks or in the word-for-production lists are more easily to be acquired by learners than the others.
      Based on the findings, this study has some pedagogical implications regarding how to teach vocabulary in terms of word family and multiple exposures to supplement the inadequacy of vocabulary in the textbooks.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement…………………………...…………………………………..... iii
     Table of Contents…………………………..…..…………………………………... iv
     List of Figures and Tables……………………………………………….………..... vii
     Chinese Abstract………………………………………………..…..…………….... x
     English Abstract……………………………………………….…………………....xi
     Chapter
     1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….……... 1
     1.1 Background and Motivation…………………………………………….……1
     1.2 Significance and Purpose of the Study……………………………………… 2
     1.3 Research Questions………………………………………………………….. 2
     1.4 Organization………………………………………………………….……… 3
     1.5 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………. 3
     2. Literature Review……………………………………………………………….. 5
      2.1 Word Size……………………………………………………………………. 5
      2.1.1 The Threshold Vocabulary for Reading a General Text………………..5
      2.1.2 The Word Lists Fulfilling the Requirement of Threshold Vocabulary…6
      2.2 Word Family………………………………………………………………… 9
      2.3 Repetitions and Exposures for Vocabulary Learning………………………... 13
     3. Method……………………………………………………………………………16
      3.1 Data Collection……………………………………………………………….16
      3.2 Instruments…………………………………………………………………...18
      3.3 Data Processing……………………………………………………………… 19
     4. Results and Discussions…………………………………………………………. 22
      4.1 The Number of Words Covered in Textbooks………………………………. 22
      4.2 The Overlap Between the Two Textbooks and the Two Word Lists………… 25
      4.2.1 The Analysis of the Overlapping Words Between the Textbooks and
     the Two Word Lists in Terms of Head Words…………………………25
      4.2.2 The Analysis of the Overlapping Words Between the Textbooks and
     the Two Word Lists in Terms of Word Family……………………….. 33
      4.3 The Comparison Between the Word-For-Production Lists of the Textbooks,
      the GSL, and the UWL…………………………………………………….…38
     4.4 The Affixation of the Words in the Textbooks…………………………….… 43
     4.5 Discussions………………………………………………………………….. 54
      4.5.1 Frequency, Repetitions, and Multiple Exposures………………………54
      4.5.2 The Organization of the Word-for-Production Sections in Textbooks…56
      4.5.3 A Generalization About the Findings…………………………………. 58
     5. Conclusions and Pedagogical Implications………………………………………59
      5.1 Conclusions………………………………………………………………….. 59
      5.2 Pedagogical Implications……………………………………………………. 62
      5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research……………………………64
     Appendix…………………………………………………………………………… 66
     References………………………………………………………………………….. 82
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089951014en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教科書zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 字彙zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 頻率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) textbooken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) vocabularyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) frequencyen_US
dc.title (題名) 高中英文教科書字彙頻率分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study of Vocabulary Frequency in Senior High School English Textbooksen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alderson, J. C. (1984). Reading in a foreign language: A reading or a language problem? In J. C. Alderson & A. H. Urquhart (Eds.), Reading in a foreign language (pp. 1-24). London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bahrick, H. P. (1984). Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty yeas of memory for Spanish learned in school. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113, 1-29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, L. E., Bahrick, A. S., & Bahrick, P. E. (1993). Maintenance of foreign language vocabulary and the spacing effects. Psychological science,4, 316-321.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bahrick, H. P., & Phelps, E. (1987). Retention of Spanish vocabulary over 8 years. Journal of Experimental Psychology,13, 344-349.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bamford, J. (1984). Extensive reading by means of graded readers. Reading in a foreign language 2(2), 218-260.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bauer, L., & Nation, P. (1995). Word families. International Journal of Lexicography,6(3), 253-279.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bauman, J. (2002). About the general service list. Retrieved October 13, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://jbauman.com/aboutgsl.htmlzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bensoussan, M., & Laufer, B. (1984). Lexical guessing in context in EFL reading comprehension. Journal of Research in Reading 7, 15-32.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bogaards, P. (2001). Lexical units and the learning of foreign language vocabulary. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 321-343.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bongers, H. (1947). The history and principles of vocabulary control. Woerden: Wocopi.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Campion, M. E., & Elley, W. B. (1971). An academic vocabulary list. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carroll, J. B., Davies, P., & Richman, B. (1971). The American heritage word frequency book. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co. Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, C. H. (2000). Senior high school English teachers` perceptions of the new English teaching materials and their usage in southern Taiwan. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chuang, Y. S. (1999). Corpus analyses of the vocabulary in the junior and senior school students` English textbooks and writings in Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cobb, T. (1997). Is there any measurable learning from hands-on concordancing? System, 25(3), 301-315.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dagut, M. B., & Laufer, B. (1985). Avoidance of phrasal verbs by English learners, speakers of Hebrew---a case for contrastive analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7, 73-79.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) DeRocher, J. E. (1973). The counting of words: A review of the history, techniques and theory of word counts with annotated bibliography. New York: Syracuse University Research Corp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellis, N. C., & Sinclair, S. (1996). Working memory in the acquisition of vocabulary and syntax: Putting language in good order. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 234-250.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Engels, L. (1968). The fallacy of word counts. IRAL, 6, 213-231.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Francis, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garside, R., Leech, G., & McEnery, A. (Eds.) (1997). Corpus annotation. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ghadessy, M. (1979). Frequency counts, word lists and materials preparation: A new approach. English Teaching Forum, 17(1), 24-27.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Henriksen, B. (1999). Three dimensions of vocabulary development. Studies in second language acquisition,21, 303-317.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Herman, P. A., Anderson, R. C., Pearson, P. D., & Nagy, W. E. (1987). Incidental acquisition of word meaning from expositions with varied text features. Reading Research Quarterly, 22, 263-284.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689-696.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsu, C. F. (2004). A study of the effect of word analysis instruction on vocabulary acquisition in a Taiwanese senior high school. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, National Chengchi University, Taipei.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C. C. (2000). A threshold for vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension. In the Proceedings of the seventeenth conference on English teaching and learning in the Republic of China (pp.132-144). Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huckin, T., & Coady, J. (1999). Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: A review. Studies in second language acquisition,21, 181-193..zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hulstijin, J. H. (1992). Retention of inferred and given word meanings: Experiments in incidental vocabulary learning. In P. Arnaud & H. Béjoint (Eds.), Vocabulary and applied linguistics (pp. 113-125). London: MacMillan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hulstijin, J. H. (2001). Intentional and incidental second language vocabulary learning: A reappraisal of elaboration, rehearsal and automaticity. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction (pp. 259-286). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hwang, K., & Nation, P. (1995). Where would general service vocabulary stop and special purposes vocabulary begin? System, 23, 35-41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jenkins, J. R., Stein, M. L., & Wysocki, K. (1984). Learning Vocabulary through reading. American Educational Research Journal, 21, 767-787.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Judd, E. (1978). Vocabulary teaching and TESOL: A need for reevaluation of existing assumptions. TESOL Quarterly, 12, 71-76.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kelly, P. (1991). Lexical ignorance: The main obstacle to listening comprehension with advanced foreign language learners. IRAL, 29, 135-149.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Larsen-Freeman, (1991). Teaching grammar. In M. Celce-Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (2nd ed., pp. 279-296). New York: Newbury House and Harper & Row.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Laufer, B. (1988). What percentage of text-lexis is essential for comprehension? In C. Lauren and M. Nordmann (Eds.), Special language: From humans thinking to thinking machines (pp.116-322). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Laufer, B. (1997). What’s in a word that makes it hard or easy: Some intralexical factors that affect the learning of words. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp.140-155). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, N., & Nation, I. S. P. (1985). Factors affecting guessing vocabulary in context. RELC Journal, 16, 33-42.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lynn, R. W. (1973). Preparing word lists: A suggested method. RELC Journal 11(2), 25-32.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marton, W. (1977). Foreign vocabulary learning as problem number one of foreign language teaching at the advanced level. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin 2(1), 33-47.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meara, P. (1980). Vocabulary acquisition: a neglected aspect of language learning. Language Teaching and Linguistics, 13, 221-246.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moon, R. (1997). Vocabulary connection: Multi-word items in English. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp. 40-63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nagy, W. E., Anserson, R. C., Schommer, M., Scott, J. A., & Stallman, A. C. (1989). Morphological families in the internal lexicon. Reading Research Quarterly, 24(3), 262-281.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nagy, W. E., & Herman, P. A. (1987). Breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge: Implication for acquisition and instruction. In M. G. McKeown & M. Curtis (Eds.), The nature of vocabulary acquisition (pp. 19-35). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nagy, W. E., Herman, P. A., & Anderson, R. C. (1985). Learning words from context. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 233-253.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nation, I. S. P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. New York: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nation, P. (1982). Beginning to learn a foreign vocabulary: A review of the research. RELC Journal, 13, 14-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nation, P. (1993). Vocabulary size, growth, and use. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 115-134). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nation, P., & Waring, R. (1997). Vocabulary size, text coverage and word lists. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp. 6-19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ogden, C. K. (1930). Basic English: A general introduction. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubbner.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Praninskas, J., (1972). American university word list. London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Raimes, A. (1985). What unskilled ESL students do as they write: A classroom study of composing. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 299-258.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richards, J. C., Platt, J., & Platt, H. (1998). Longman dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics (English-Chinese ed.). Hong Kong: Addison Wesley Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rott, S. (1999). The effect of exposure frequency on intermediate language learners’ incidental vocabulary acquisition and retention through reading. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 589-619.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Saragi,T., Nation, P., & Meister, G. (1978). Vocabulary learning and reading. System, 6, 72-80.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stoller, F. L., & Grabe, W. (1992). Implications for L2 vocabulary acquisition and instruction from L1 vocabulary research. In T. Huckin, M. Haynes, & J. Coady (Eds.), Second language reading and vocabulary learning (pp. 29-45). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sutarsyah, C., Nation, I. S. P., & Kennedy, G. (1994). How useful is EAP vocabulary for ESP? A corpus based case study. RELC Journal, 25(2), 34-50.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thorndike, E. L. (1921). The teacher’s wordbook of 10,000 words. New York: Teachers College Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thorndike, E. L. (1931). The teacher’s wordbook of 20,000 words. New York: Teachers College Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thorndike, E. L., & Lorge, I. (1944). The Teacher`s Wordbook of 30,000 Words. New York: Columbia University Teachers` College Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wesche, M. B., & Paribakht, T. S. (2000). Reading-based exercises in second language vocabulary learning: An introspective study. The modern language journal,84(2), 196-213.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) West, M. (1953). A General Service List of English Words. London: Longman, Green and Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) White, T. G., Power, M. A., & White, S. (1989). Morphological analysis: Implications for teaching and understanding vocabulary growth. Reading Research Quarterly, 24(3), 283-304.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in language teaching. London: Edward Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wysocki, K., & Jenkins, J. R. (1987). Deriving word meanings through morphological generalization. Reading Research Quarterly, 22, 66-81.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Xue, G., & Nation, I. S. P. (1984). A university word list. Language Learning and Communication 3, 215-229.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zahar, R., Cobb, T., & Spada, N. (2001). Acquiring vocabulary through reading: Effects of frequency and contextual Richness. The Canadian Modern Language Review 57(4), 541-572.zh_TW