| dc.contributor.advisor | 李美枝 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Li, Mei-Chih | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 韓貴香 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Han, Kuei-Hsiang | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 韓貴香 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Han, Kuei-Hsiang | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2005 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 17-Sep-2009 13:17:00 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 17-Sep-2009 13:17:00 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 17-Sep-2009 13:17:00 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0897525011 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32505 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 博士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 心理學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 89752501 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 94 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 本研究採情境實驗法，探討具有「道德臉面」威脅的請託情境，如何影響個人選擇不同的求助對象。研究一操弄請託情境為「有關」vs.「無關」道德臉面的威脅。結果發現：在「無關」道德臉面威脅的情境，絕大多數的問卷填答者，選擇向情感性關係的家人求助，這時個人決定找家人幫忙的主要考量，是希望獲得「較好的協助」；反之，在「有關」道德臉面威脅的情境下，絕大多數的問卷填答者，選擇向工具性關係的陌生人求助，而此時個人主要的考量，是為了「維護面子」。不過，在「有關」道德臉面威脅的請託情境，又無陌生人可以求助的情況，問卷填答者選擇向家人或朋友求助的人數，並沒有顯著的差異。研究二操弄威脅「道德臉面」的請託情境，事件當事人和請託者之間不同的自我關聯程度（自己vs. 家人vs. 朋友），以及此失面子事件的發生，是否有一可被接受或同情的「合理藉口」。研究發現：當「自己」就是事件當事人，且沒有合理藉口時，問卷填答者傾向選擇工具性關係的陌生人求助。反之，如果事件的發生有一可解釋的外在理由，則問卷填答者選擇向陌生人和朋友求助的人數沒有顯著差異。當事件當事人是「家人」且沒有合理藉口時，填答者同樣會選擇向陌生人求助。不過，當「家人」有可被同情的藉口時，則絕大多數的填答者，選擇向朋友求助。在當事人是「朋友」的情境，則不管事件發生的理由為何，大多數的問卷填答者，均選擇向混合性關係的其他朋友求助。與研究一相同的是問卷填答者在選擇向「朋友」求助時，考量的因素是希望能獲得「較好的協助」，反之，當其選擇向「陌生人」求助時，考量的因素則是希望能「維護面子」。研究三則設計在威脅個人「道德臉面」的請託情境中，有一些可以讓事件當事人覺得不會沒面子的可幫助熟識者（同事）。並操弄讓當事人感到「沒面子」程度不同的求助對象選擇（同事vs.陌生人vs.家人vs.朋友）。研究發現：當有不會讓當事人覺得沒面子的對象存在時，問卷填答者多優先選擇向此對象（同事）求助。只有在沒有此對象可以選擇的情況下，填答者才會退而求其次地選擇向「陌生人」求助，在連陌生人也無法選擇的情況下，問卷填答者選擇向家人或朋友求助的人數則沒有顯著差異。分析研究的資料則發現，影響問卷填答者分別選擇向「同事」、「陌生人」、「家人」或「朋友」求助的主要因素，是因為相對而言，在該不同求助對象的選擇下，問卷填答者對該對象比較不會覺得「沒面子」。整體而言，在威脅「道德臉面」的請託情境中，最能預測問卷填答者，選擇哪一種關係對象求助的預測變項，是其「沒面子」的感受，而非西方個人主義文化中強調的「自尊」。同時，當個人因覺得「沒面子」而選擇向陌生人求助時，其考量的主要因素是希望能「維護面子」。換言之，在會威脅自己面子的情況下，是否能獲得對方「比較好的協助」，則不是那麼重要。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 摘要……………………………………………………………………………………... i第一章 研究動機與目的………………………………………. 1第二章 文獻回顧與研究問題……………………………….. 5第一節 與請託相關的理論與研究.……………………….... 5 一、由「資源支配者」角度切入的人情法則………. 5 二、由「請託者」角度切入的觀點…….……….. 7 三、華人社會中「自尊」與「面子」的關係……… 10第二節 關係的心理均衡與面子感受……………….…... 17 一、和求助對象「關係的心理均衡」評估………. 17 二、涉及「道德臉面」威脅的問題情境……………. 20第三章 前置研究：請託事件內容和考量因素調查….…… 23第四章 研究一：「面子威脅」與選擇「求助對象」的關係..35第一節 研究方法…………………………………………….. 38第二節 研究結果與討論………..…………………………… 45第五章 研究二：「自我關聯」與「求助理由」對選擇求助對象的影響...........54第一節 研究方法………………..…………………………… 59第二節 研究結果與討論………..…………………………… 65第六章 研究三：道德臉面威脅情境中「失衡」與「未失衡」求助對象的選擇..…. 73第一節 研究方法……………..…………………………… 74第二節 研究結果與討論………..…………………………… 78第七章 綜合討論與研究限制……………………………….. 83參考文獻………………………………………………………….. 89 附錄一：研究一之情境問卷………………………… 98 附錄二：研究二之情境問卷………………………… 105 附錄三：研究三之情境問卷………………………… 111表目錄表3-1 前置研究問卷填答者的人口學變項資料…………… 23表3-2 會找家人、朋友幫忙協助的事件和考量理由……… 26表3-3 自己不會找家人、朋友幫忙協助的事件和考量理由 29表3-4 朋友不會找家人、朋友幫忙協助的事件和考量理由 30表4-1 研究一問卷填答者的人口學變項資料……………… 38表4-2 「求助對象」選擇的人數比與χ2考驗結果……….. 47表4-3 選擇「三種對象」時不同考量因素的平均數和標準差... 49表5-1 自我關聯vs.合理藉口對沒面子、求助對象以及考量因素的影響………. 58表5-2 研究二問卷填答者的人口學變項資料……………… 60表5-3 研究二各版本的人數分佈…………………………… 65表5-4 不同「自我關聯」x「合理藉口」選擇不同求助對象的人數分佈………. 69表6-1 研究三問卷填答者的人口學變項資料……………… 75圖目錄圖2-1 人的社會心理圖……………………………………… 17圖2-2 「道德臉面」威脅與否的情境與「求助對象」的選擇21圖4-1 研究一「會」vs.「不會」失面子情境時的考量因素評量50圖4-2 「會」沒面子的情境選擇「兩種對象」的考量因素評量51圖5-1 研究二不同情境「沒面子」感受的平均數和標準差. 67圖5-2 不同「自我關聯」x「合理藉口」時選擇陌生對象求助的百分比…..… 69圖5-3 選擇不同「求助對象」對考量因素評量的平均數和標準差71圖6-1 研究三四種不同關係對象的「沒面子」平均數、標準差79圖6-2 有四種對象可以求助時的選擇人數分佈............…80圖6-3 有三種對象可以求助時的選擇人數分佈…......... 81圖6-4 只有家人、朋友可以求助時的選擇人數分佈……… 81 | zh_TW |
| dc.format.extent | 96663 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 121515 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 152524 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 169012 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 369363 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 328279 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 387410 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 431705 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 262085 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 203360 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 208247 bytes | - |
| dc.format.extent | 285853 bytes | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0897525011 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 請託 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 道德臉面 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 恥感文化 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 社會心理均衡 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 選擇求助對象 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | favor-request | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | moral face | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | shame culture | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | psychosocial-homeostasis | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | helper-seeking | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 「道德臉面」威脅對選擇求助對象及考量因素的影響 | zh_TW |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 朱瑞玲（1987）：中國人的社會互動：試論面子的運作。「中國社會學刊」。11期，頁23-53。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 朱瑞玲（1991）：「面子」壓力與其因應行為。「國家科學委員會研究彙刊：人文及社會科學」。一卷一期，頁14-31。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 朱瑞玲（1993）：中國人的社會互動：論面子的問題。楊國樞（主編）：「中國人的心理」。台北：桂冠。頁239-288。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 危芷芬（2001）：〔華人的關係類型與人際義務〕。台灣大學心理學系博士論文。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 危芷芬、黃光國(1998)：積極義務與消極義務：台美大學生道德判斷的文化比較研究。「中華心理學刊」40, 137-153。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 李美枝（1993）：從有關公平判斷的結果看中國人之人己關係的界限。「本土心理學研究」1, 267-300。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 李美枝(1998)：中國人親子關係的內涵與功能：以大學生為例。「本土心理學研究」9,.3-52。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 何友暉、陳淑娟、趙志裕（1989）：關係取向：為中國社會心理方法論求答案。楊國樞、黃光國（主編）：「中國人的心理與行為」。台北：桂冠。頁49-66。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林宜旻（2004）：〔受助者負債感之內涵與其前因後果之探討—以組織內的受助事件為例〕。政治大學心理學系博士論文。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林語堂（2005）：吾國與吾民。台北：遠景出版。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 周欣樺（2002）：〔人際競爭情境和人際和諧情境中的歸因型態〕。台灣大學心理學系碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 周美伶、何友暉（1992）：從跨文化的觀點分析面子的內涵及其在社會交往中的運作。楊國樞、余安邦（主編）：「中國人的心理與行為---理念及方法篇」。台北：桂冠。頁205-254。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 金耀基（1993）：「面」、「恥」與中國人行為之分析。楊國樞（主編）：「中國人的心理」。台北：桂冠。頁319-346。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 陳之昭（1993）：面子心理的理論分析與實際研究。楊國樞（主編）：「中國人的心理」。台北：桂冠。頁155-238。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 黃光國（1993）：人情與面子：中國人的權力遊戲。楊國樞（主編）：「中國人的心理」。台北：桂冠。頁289-318。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 黃光國（2003）：儒家關係主義與華人臉面關的分析。未發表之論文。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 鄭伯壎（1995）：家長權威與領導行為之關係：一個台灣民營企業主持人的個案研究。「中央研究院民族學研究所集刊」79, 119-173。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 楊國樞（1992）：中國人的社會取向：社會互動的觀點。楊國樞、余安邦（主編）：「中國人的心理與行為---理念及方法篇」。台北：桂冠。頁87-131。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉丁瑋（2001）：〔台灣大學生對他人情緒的評估與社會關係〕。台灣大學心理學系碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 潘乃德（1991）：菊花與劍：日本民族的文化模式（初版）（黃道琳譯）。台北：桂冠。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 韓貴香（2001）：離婚婦女之生活資源與適應。「中華心理衛生學刊」14，67-106。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 蘇珊筠、黃光國（2003）：退休老人與大學生在生活場域中的關係與面子。「中華心理學刊」，45，295-311。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bedford, O., & Hwang, K. K. (2003). Guilt and shame in Chinese culture: A cross-cultural framework from the perspective of morality and identity. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33, 127-144. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bell, J., Grekul, J., Lamba, N., Minas, C., & Harrell, W. A. (1995). The impact of cost on student helping behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 49-55. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Brown, B. R. (1970). Face-saving following experimentally induced embarrassment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 6, 255-271. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Brown, J. D. (1986). Evaluations of self and others: Self-enhancement biases in social judgment. Social Cognition, 4, 353-376. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Brown, B. R., & Garland, H. (1971). The effects of incompetency, audience acquaintanceship, and anticipated evaluative feedback on face-saving behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 7, 490-502. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Chadwick-Jones, J. K. (1976). Distributive justice, injustice and reciprocity. In Social exchange theory: Its structure and influence in social psychology, (pp.242-276). New York: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cheng, C. Y. (1986). The concept of face and its Confucian roots. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 13, 329-348. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Chou, M. L. (1997). Protective and acquisitive face orientations: A person by situation approach to face dynamics in social interaction. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cialdini, R. B., Cacioppo, J. T., Bassett, R., & Miller, J. A. (1978). A low-ball procedure for producing compliance: Commitment then cost. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 463-476. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cialdini, R. B., Vincent, J. E., Lewis, S.K., Catalan, J., Wheeler, D., & Darby, B. L. (1975). Reciprocal concessions procedure for inducing compliance: The door-in-the-face technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 206-215. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392-414. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593-623. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | DeBono, K. G., & Krim, S. (1997). Compliments and perceptions of product quality: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1359-1367. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | DePaulo, B. M., Brown, P., Ishii, S., & Fisher, J. D. (1981). Help that works: The effects of aid on subsequent task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 478-487. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dutton, K. A., & Brown, J. D. (1997). Global self-esteem and specific self-views as determinants of people’s reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 139-148. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Fisher, J. D., & Nadler, A. (1976). Effect of donor resources on recipient self-esteem and self-help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 139-150. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1982). Recipient reactions to Aid. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 27-54. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Fisher, J. D., Nadler, A., & Whitcher-Alagna, S. (1983). Four conceptualizations of reactions to aid. In J. D. Fisher, A. Nadler, & B.M. Depaulo (Eds.), New Direction in Helping Volume 1 (pp.51-84). New York: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Forgas, J. P. (1998). Asking nicely? The effects of mood on responding to more or less polite requests. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 173-185. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Freedman, J. L., & Fraser, S. C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195-202. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Gourash, N. (1978). Help-seeking: A review of the literature. American Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 413-423. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Greenberg, M. S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In K. Gergen, M. Greenberg, & R. Wills (Eds.), Social Exchange: Advances in theory and research, (pp.3-26). New York: Plenum. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Greenwald, A.G., Banaji, M.R., Rudman, L.A., Farnham, S.D., Nosek, B.A., & Mellott, D.S. (2002). A Unified Theory of Implicit Attitudes, Stereotypes, Self-Esteem, And Self-Concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Han, K. H., Li, M. C., & Hwang, K. K. (2005). Cognitive Responses to Favor Request from Social Targets of Different Relationships in a Confucian Society. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, (in Press). | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ho, D. Y. F. (1998). Interpersonal relationships and relationship dominance: An analysis based on methodological relationalism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 1-16. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hong, Y. Y., & Chiu, C. Y. (2001). Toward a paradigm shift: From cross-cultural differences in social cognition to social-cognitive mediation of cultural differences. Social Cognition, 19, 181-196. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hsu, F, L. K. (1971). Psychosocial homeostasis and Jen: Conceptual tools for advancing psychological anthropology. American Anthropologist, 73, 23-44. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and favor: Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 944-974. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hwang, K. K. (2000). Chinese relationalism: Theoretical construction and methodological considerations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30, 155-178. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hwang, K. K. (2001). Morality: East and West. In N. J. Smelser (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavior Science. Amsterdam: Pergamon. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hwang, K. K. (2005). Moral face and social face: Contingent self-esteem in Confucian society. International Journal of Psychology, 0, 1-7. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hu, H. (1944). The Chinese concepts of face. American Anthropologist, 46, 45-64. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kim, H. & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, Harmony or conformity: A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 785-800. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | King, A. Y. S., & Myers, J. T. (1977). Shame as an incomplete conception of Chinese culture: A study of face. Hong Kong: Social Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Leary, M. R. (1999). Making sense of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 32-35. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nadler, A., Altman, A., & Fisher, J.D. (1979). Helping is not enough: Recipient’s reactions to aid as a function of positive and negative self-regard. Journal of Personality, 47, 615-628. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nadler, A., Fisher, J. D., & Streufert, S. (1976). When helping hurts: The effects of donor-recipient similarity and recipient self-esteem on reactions to aid. Journal of Personality, 44, 392-409. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nadler, A., & Mayseless, O. (1983). Recipient self-esteem and reactions to help. In J. D. Fisher, A. Nadler, & B.M. Depaulo (Eds.), New Direction in Helping Volume 1 (pp.167-188). New York: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Niedenthal, P., Tangney, J., & Gavanski, I. (1994). If only I weren’t versus If only I hadn’t: Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 585-595. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 435-468. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003). Pancultural self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 60-79. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Shapiro, E. G. (1980). Is seeking help from a friend like seeking help from a stranger? Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 259-263. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Shotland, R. L., & Stebbins, A. (1983). Emergency and cost as determinants of helping behavior and the slow accumulation of social psychological knowledge. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46, 36-46. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of the independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology, 21, 181-227. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Sun, C.R. (2004). Self-esteem is dear to me, but dearer still is interpersonal harmony—The individual-oriented self and social-oriented self of the Chinese. Manuscript presented in 佛光大學「華人的自我歷程、自我概念及自我評價」學術研討會。 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 21, 181-227). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tesser, A. (2000). On the confluence of self-esteem mantenance mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 290-299. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tesser, A., & Cornell, D. P. (1991). On the confluence of self processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 64, 85-96. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tesser, A. & Smith, J. (1980). Some effects of task relevance and friendship on helping: You don’t always help the one you like. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 582-590. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tessler, R. C., & Schwartz, S. H. (1972). Help-seeking, self-esteem, and achievement motivation: An attributional analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 318-326. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Trafimow, D., Silverman, E. S., Fan, R. M., & Law, J. S. (1997). The effects of language and priming on the relative accessibility of the private self and the collective self. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 107-123. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in different cultural context. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271. | zh_TW |
