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題名 Yes-No Questions in Mandarin Chinese -- Between Form and Function
作者 陳欣薇
Chen, Hsin-wei
貢獻者 屈承熹<br>尤雪瑛
Chauncey C. Chu<br>Hue-Ying Yu
陳欣薇
Chen, Hsin-wei
關鍵詞 是非問句
形式與功能
日期 2000
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:22:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文旨在探討漢語是非問句形式與功能的對應關係。透過對現實生活中對話的研究發現，說話者依對所提問問題裡命題的確定程度高低，他會選擇四種不同類型的是非問句來表達。而這四種問句依確定程度低到高呈現了從正反問句、語助詞問句、附加問句、到直述問句的排列。另一方面，從句子的結構來看，依問句裡所含的句子種類和疑問詞和提問命題的距離綜合分析發現，問句所帶的疑問語氣從強到弱也呈現了從正反問句、語助詞問句、附加問句、到直述問句的排列。換句話說，當說話者對所提問問題裡的命題確定程度愈低，他選擇的問句所帶的疑問語氣愈強，反之亦然。這證明了語言的形式與功能間的確存在著恆常的對應關係。
Abstract
     
      The present thesis aims to explore the relationship between form and function by investigating four types of yes-no questions, namely A-not-A questions, Particle questions, Tag questions and Declarative questions, in Mandarin Chinese.
      A scale is found in terms of the speaker’s certainty concerning the proposition being questioned about by examining real-life conversations. The speaker’s certainty is shown from low to high in an ascending order going from A-not-A questions, to Particle questions, to Tag questions and finally to Declarative questions. This scale is further supported by the result of a questionnaire survey designed to collect native speakers’ responses toward the four question types in different contexts.
      Along with evidence from the sentence types involved and the distance between the interrogative device and the proposition, the interrogative force of the question types is shown in the reverse order of the speaker’s certainty scale. The question forms in terms of the distance between the interrogative device and the proposition can be integrated to the Proximity Principle, which states that the closer two linguistic entities are in meaning, the more they will exhibit temporal/ spatial proximity at the code level.
      In pragmatic terms, when a speaker chooses the question type which carries higher interrogative force, he intends to show lower certainty concerning the assumption. This constant correlation between form and function of yes-no questions in Mandarin Chinese gives support to the view that the relationship between linguistic form and function is not arbitrary.
參考文獻 Reference
Bolinger, Dwight. 1978. “Yes-NO Questions Are Not
Alternative Questions”. Questions. Holland: D. Reidel.
87 –105.
Chao, Y. R. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. University of
California Press.
Cheng, Robert L. 1984. “Chinese Question Forms and Their
Meanings. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 12(1): 86-147.
Cheung, Y. S. 1973. “Negative Questions in Chinese.”
Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 2: 325-329.
Chu, Chauncey C. 1998. A Discourse Grammar of Mandarin
Weber, Elizabeth G. 1993. Varieties of Questions in English
Conversation. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Wu, Kam-yin. 1995. “A Functional Classification of Questions
in Cantonese”. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 24 (2):
355 ~ 90
Wu, Ming-quan. 1978. A Semantic Study of Chinese
Interrogatives. M.A.Thesis. Taipei: Fu-ren University.
Zhang,-Zheng-sheng. 1997. "Focus, Presupposition and the
Formation of A-Not-A Questions in Chinese." Journal-of-
Chinese-Linguistics. 25(2): 227-57
范 曉。1998。《漢語的句子類型》。太原：書海出版社。
郭 銳。2000。á “嗎”問句的確信度和回答方式ñ。《世界漢語教學》。
52期。13-23。
陸儉明。1984。á關於現代漢語裡的疑問語氣詞ñ。《中國語文》。第五
期。330~337。
湯廷池。1981。á國語疑問句的研究ñ。《師大學報》。26期。219~278。
---。1983。á國語疑問句研究續論ñ。《師大學報》。28期。381~437。
---。1986。Syntactic and Pragmatic Constraints on the V-not -V
Questions in Mandarin. 漢語詞法句法論集。台北：學生。597
~ 612。
---。1996。á漢語的正反問句：北京語與閩南語的比較分析ñ。《第五屆
中國境內語言暨語言學國際研討會論文集》。2-27。
---。1998。á閩南語的是非問句與正反問句ñ。《漢學研究》。16 (2) :
173~95.
張 敏。1998。認知語言學與漢語名詞短語。北京：中國社會科學出
版社。
張鐘尹。1997。《漢語對話中的疑問句》。國立台灣大學語言學研究所碩
士論文。
戴浩一。1994。á以認知為基礎的漢語功能語法當議ñ。《功能主義與漢語
語法》。北京：北京語言學院。187-217。
Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Chu, Chauncey C. 1999. A Cognitive-Functional Grammar of
Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: Crane.
Duskova, Libuse. 1981. “Negative Questions in English.”
International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language
Teaching. 19(3): 181-194.
Freed, Alice F. 1994. “The Form and Function of Questions in
Informal Dyadic Conversation”. Journal of Pragmatics.
21: 621-44.
Geluykens, Ronald. 1988. “On the Myth of Rising Intonation
in Polar Questions”. Journal of Pragmatics. 12: 467-85.
---. 1989. “R(a)ising Questions: Question Intonation
Revisited”. Journal of Pragmatics. 13: 567 –75.
Givon, Talmy. 1993. English grammar : a function-based
introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
---. 1995. Functionalism and Grammar. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Haiman, John. 1983. “Iconic and Economic Motivation”.
Language. 59 (4): 781~819
---. 1985. Natural syntax : iconicity and erosion.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Shuanfan & Chang, Chung-ying. 1997. “On Declarative
Questions and Sequentially Sensitive Grammars.” Papers
presented at the First Symposiumon Discourse and Syntax in
Chinese and Formosan Languages. June 14-15.
Taipei.
Hudson, Richard-A. 1975. "The Meaning of Questions".
Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America.
51: 1-31
Labov, William & David Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic Discourse.
New York: Academic Press.
Li, Cai-lun. 1998. Tag Questions in Mandarin Chinese. M.A.
Thesis. Taipei:Chengchi Univeristiy.
Li, Charles-N. & Thompson, Sandra-A. 1979. “The Pragmatics of
Two Types of Yes-No Question in Mandarin and Its Universal
Implications.” Papers from the Fifteenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago:
University of Chicago, Department of Linguistics.
--- 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar.
Los Angeles: University of California Press.
---. 1984. "Mandarin". Interrogativity: A Colloquium on the
Grammar,Typology and Pragmatics of Questions in Seven
Diverse Languages. Amsterdam : Benjamins. 47~61.
Li, Ing. 1989. Utterance-final Particles in Taiwanese: A
Discourse-pragmatic Analysis. Taipei: Crane.
Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge ; New York :
Cambridge University Press.
Mo, Jian-qing. 1971. A Contrastive Study of Interrogative
Sentence between English and Mandarin Chinese. M.A.
Thesis. Taipei: Fu-ren University.Press.
Moravcsik, Edith. 1971. “Some cross-linguistic
generalizations about yes-no questions and their
answers”. Working papers on Language Universals.
Stanford University.
Pope, E. 1973. “Question Answering System.” Papers from
the 9th regional meeting of Chicago Linguistics Society,
483-492.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan
Svartik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English
Language. New York: Longman.
Rygaloff, Alexis. 1973. Grammaire Elementaire du Chinois.
Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Tai, James. 1993. “Iconicity: Motivation in Chinese
Grammar”. Principles and Prediction. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins. 153~174.
Tsai, Ching-yuan. 1991. Studies on Interrogatives in
Chinese. Ph. D.dissertation, University of Hawaii. Ann
Arbor, UMI.
Wang, William S-Y. 1965. “Two Aspect Markers in Mandarin.”
Language. 41: 457-70.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
86555001
89
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0086555001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 屈承熹<br>尤雪瑛zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chauncey C. Chu<br>Hue-Ying Yuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳欣薇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Hsin-weien_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳欣薇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Hsin-weien_US
dc.date (日期) 2000en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:22:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:22:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:22:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0086555001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33359-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 86555001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨在探討漢語是非問句形式與功能的對應關係。透過對現實生活中對話的研究發現，說話者依對所提問問題裡命題的確定程度高低，他會選擇四種不同類型的是非問句來表達。而這四種問句依確定程度低到高呈現了從正反問句、語助詞問句、附加問句、到直述問句的排列。另一方面，從句子的結構來看，依問句裡所含的句子種類和疑問詞和提問命題的距離綜合分析發現，問句所帶的疑問語氣從強到弱也呈現了從正反問句、語助詞問句、附加問句、到直述問句的排列。換句話說，當說話者對所提問問題裡的命題確定程度愈低，他選擇的問句所帶的疑問語氣愈強，反之亦然。這證明了語言的形式與功能間的確存在著恆常的對應關係。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
     
      The present thesis aims to explore the relationship between form and function by investigating four types of yes-no questions, namely A-not-A questions, Particle questions, Tag questions and Declarative questions, in Mandarin Chinese.
      A scale is found in terms of the speaker’s certainty concerning the proposition being questioned about by examining real-life conversations. The speaker’s certainty is shown from low to high in an ascending order going from A-not-A questions, to Particle questions, to Tag questions and finally to Declarative questions. This scale is further supported by the result of a questionnaire survey designed to collect native speakers’ responses toward the four question types in different contexts.
      Along with evidence from the sentence types involved and the distance between the interrogative device and the proposition, the interrogative force of the question types is shown in the reverse order of the speaker’s certainty scale. The question forms in terms of the distance between the interrogative device and the proposition can be integrated to the Proximity Principle, which states that the closer two linguistic entities are in meaning, the more they will exhibit temporal/ spatial proximity at the code level.
      In pragmatic terms, when a speaker chooses the question type which carries higher interrogative force, he intends to show lower certainty concerning the assumption. This constant correlation between form and function of yes-no questions in Mandarin Chinese gives support to the view that the relationship between linguistic form and function is not arbitrary.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
     
     Acknowledgements………………………………………………… iv
     Chinese Abstract………………………………………………… viii
     English Abstract………………………………………………… iv
     List of Abbreviations………………………………………… x
     
     Chapter One Introduction…………………………………… 1
     1.1Motivation……………………………………………………. 1
     1.2Definition of Yes-No Questions in Mandarin Chinese…3
     1.3Layout of this Thesis………………………………………6
     
     Chapter Two Forms of Yes-No Questions in Mandarin Chinese…8
     2.1A-not-A Questions…………………………………… 8
     2.1.1Formation of A-not-A Questions……………………… 9
     2.1.2Some Constraints on the Formation of A-not-A Questions11
     2.2Particle Questions………………………………………… 12
     2.2.1Formation of Particle Questions …………………………….12
     2.2.2Interrogative Particles.……………………………… 13
     2.2.2.1Particle ne …………………………………………… 14
     2.2.2.2Particle a………………………………………………………16
     2.2.2.3Particle ba …………………………………………… 18
     2.2.2.4Particle ma …………………………………………………19
     2.2.3Summary……………………………………………………… 20
     2.3Tag Questions………………………………………………… 21
     2.3.1Previous Studies………………………………………………22
     2.3.2Fake Tags vs. Real Tags…………………………………………26
     2.4Declarative Questions……………………………………………30
     2.4.1Formation of Declarative Questions………………………30
     2.4.2Declarative Question without Rising Intonation…………31
     
     Chapter Three Functions of Yes-No Questions in Mandarin
      Chinese ...........................................35
     3.1A-not-A Questions……………………………………………………36
     3.1.1Previous Analyses………………………………………………36
     3.1.2The Forms of Answer to A-not-A questions……………………38
     3.1.3A-not-A Questions in Conversation………………………………39
     3.2Particle Questions……………………………………………………43
     3.2.1Positive Particle Questions in Neutral Contexts…………43
     3.2.2Particle Questions in Non-Neutral Contexts…………………46
     3.3Tag Questions…………………………………………………………52
     3.3.1Previous Analyses…………………………………………………53
     3.3.2Tag Questions in Conversation…………………………………55
     3.4Declarative Questions………………………………………………60
     3.4.1Previous Analyses………………………………………………61
     3.4.2Declarative Questions in Conversation………………………63
     
     Chapter Four Correlations between Form and Function…………68
     4.1Degree of Certainty in Yes-No Questions…………………69
     4.1.1Degree of Certainty among Four Types of Yes-No
      Questions 69
     4.1.2Statistical Analysis from Zhang’s Quantitative Study 76
     4.1.3 Survey by A Questionnaire…………………………………79
     4.1.3.1 The Form and Content of the Questionnaires…………79
     4.1.3.2 The Results and Discussion………………………………81
     4.2 Syntactic Structure and Interrogative Force……………83
     4.2.1 Sentence Types………………………………………………84
     4.2.1.1 Hudson’s Study……………………………………………86
     4.2.1.2 Sentence Types Involved in the Four Question Types……88
     4.2.2 Distance between the Interrogative Devices and the
      Proposition...91
     4.2.2.1 Disjunctive Structure in A-not-A Questions……………93
     4.2.3.2 Interrogative Particles in Particle Questions…………94
     4.2.3.3 Interrogative Tags in Tag Questions………………………95
     4.2.2.4 Lack of Syntactic interrogative Device in Declarative
      Questions . 96
     4.2.2.5 Summary………………………………………………………97
     4.3 Summary…………………………………………………………97
     
     Chapter Five Conclusion……………………………………………100
     
     Appendix……………………………………………………………………102
     Reference…………………………………………………………………104		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0086555001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 是非問句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形式與功能zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Yes-No Questions in Mandarin Chinese -- Between Form and Functionzh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referencezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bolinger, Dwight. 1978. “Yes-NO Questions Are Notzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alternative Questions”. Questions. Holland: D. Reidel.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 87 –105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Y. R. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. University ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, Robert L. 1984. “Chinese Question Forms and Theirzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meanings. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 12(1): 86-147.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheung, Y. S. 1973. “Negative Questions in Chinese.”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 2: 325-329.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chu, Chauncey C. 1998. A Discourse Grammar of Mandarinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weber, Elizabeth G. 1993. Varieties of Questions in Englishzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Conversation. Amsterdam: Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, Kam-yin. 1995. “A Functional Classification of Questionszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) in Cantonese”. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 24 (2):zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 355 ~ 90zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wu, Ming-quan. 1978. A Semantic Study of Chinesezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Interrogatives. M.A.Thesis. Taipei: Fu-ren University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zhang,-Zheng-sheng. 1997. "Focus, Presupposition and thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Formation of A-Not-A Questions in Chinese." Journal-of-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chinese-Linguistics. 25(2): 227-57zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 范 曉。1998。《漢語的句子類型》。太原：書海出版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 郭 銳。2000。á “嗎”問句的確信度和回答方式ñ。《世界漢語教學》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 52期。13-23。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陸儉明。1984。á關於現代漢語裡的疑問語氣詞ñ。《中國語文》。第五zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 期。330~337。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 湯廷池。1981。á國語疑問句的研究ñ。《師大學報》。26期。219~278。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---。1983。á國語疑問句研究續論ñ。《師大學報》。28期。381~437。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---。1986。Syntactic and Pragmatic Constraints on the V-not -Vzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Questions in Mandarin. 漢語詞法句法論集。台北：學生。597zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ~ 612。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---。1996。á漢語的正反問句：北京語與閩南語的比較分析ñ。《第五屆zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中國境內語言暨語言學國際研討會論文集》。2-27。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---。1998。á閩南語的是非問句與正反問句ñ。《漢學研究》。16 (2) :zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 173~95.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張 敏。1998。認知語言學與漢語名詞短語。北京：中國社會科學出zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 版社。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張鐘尹。1997。《漢語對話中的疑問句》。國立台灣大學語言學研究所碩zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 戴浩一。1994。á以認知為基礎的漢語功能語法當議ñ。《功能主義與漢語zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 語法》。北京：北京語言學院。187-217。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chu, Chauncey C. 1999. A Cognitive-Functional Grammar ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duskova, Libuse. 1981. “Negative Questions in English.”zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International Review of Applied Linguistics in Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teaching. 19(3): 181-194.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freed, Alice F. 1994. “The Form and Function of Questions inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Informal Dyadic Conversation”. Journal of Pragmatics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21: 621-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Geluykens, Ronald. 1988. “On the Myth of Rising Intonationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) in Polar Questions”. Journal of Pragmatics. 12: 467-85.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. 1989. “R(a)ising Questions: Question Intonationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Revisited”. Journal of Pragmatics. 13: 567 –75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Givon, Talmy. 1993. English grammar : a function-basedzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. 1995. Functionalism and Grammar. Amsterdam: Johnzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haiman, John. 1983. “Iconic and Economic Motivation”.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language. 59 (4): 781~819zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ---. 1985. Natural syntax : iconicity and erosion.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Shuanfan & Chang, Chung-ying. 1997. “On Declarativezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Questions and Sequentially Sensitive Grammars.” Paperszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) presented at the First Symposiumon Discourse and Syntax inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chinese and Formosan Languages. June 14-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taipei.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hudson, Richard-A. 1975. "The Meaning of Questions".zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 51: 1-31zh_TW
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