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題名 The role of phonemes and syllables in child phonology: Evidence from psycholinguistic experiments in Mandarin
作者 廖昭媛
Liao, Chao-yuan
貢獻者 萬依萍
Wang, I-Ping
廖昭媛
Liao, Chao-yuan
關鍵詞 音位
音節
兒童語言
phonemes
syllables
child phonology
日期 2002
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:23:20 (UTC+8)
摘要 國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 摘 要

研究所所別： 語言學研究所

論文名稱：音位和音節在中文兒童語音扮演的角色：心理語言學實驗的驗證

指導教授：萬依萍

研究生：廖昭媛

論文內容摘要：（共一冊，13,641字，分五章二十節，並扼要說明內容，共453字）

本文目的是想瞭解兒童在聽辨語音相似性，對於音位和音節的敏感性。本研究的受試者是41位操持國語的學齡前兒童。其中二十一位兒童參與非詞語音分類實驗（the nonword classification task）。兒童首先要學習兩個雙音節的標準語音，然後他（她）要依據聽覺上的相似性來歸類稍候聽到的測試音。他們需要要判定測試音聽起和哪一個標準音聽起來比較相似。結果顯示兒童在音位相似性或是音節相似方面的表現並無顯著的差異。另外二十位兒童皆下來進行非詞語音聽辯的實驗（The word-pair judgment task 1 and 2）。在測試工作（一），兒童要聽辨一對兩個雙音節的非詞語音，在前面的部份聽起來是否相似。結果顯示，兒童在音位和音節相似性，音位和最多相性似上的表現皆有顯著的差異性。在測試工作（二），兒童也是要聽辨一對兩個雙音節的非詞語音，在後面的部份聽起來是否相似。實驗的結果和測試工作（一）相同。整體上而言，要解釋在兒童聽辯語音上的表現，除了從「數量」方面的考量，更可以從語音本身結構上上的差異性來討論兒童對與音位和音節的敏感性。此外，在本文的實驗裡，並未發現相似因的位置會造成兒童在聽辯語音上的差異。
Abstract
This paper investigated the role of syllables and phonemes in Mandarin speaking children in terms of the sensitivity to the syllable correspondences and phoneme correspondences. In the first experiment, the nonword classification task, 21 kindergarteners were recruited. The child had to learn two disyllabic standard sounds. Then, he/she was presented with a test nonword and had to classifiy the test nonword to one of the two standard sounds if the test sound and the standard sound are sounded alike at the beginnings. The results in the nonword classification task have shown that the young children did not show the significant reliance on the type of the syllable correspondences. In the two further experiments, the word-pair judgment task 1 and 2, another 20 kindergarteners were recruited. The children were asked to judge whether two test words are sounded alike at the beginnings. The results in the word-pair judgment task 1 indicate that syllables are treated as a structural unit and phonemes are belonging to the lower level of the syllabic constructs. The children’s responses tend to reflect the effect of the syllable structure in the language process rather than the effect of the size of shared units. In the word-pair judgment task 2, the child has to judge whether the two test words are sounded alike at the ends. The results also indicate that children’s performance should be viewed in terms of syllable structures. Besides, the location of the shared unit did not play a role when children judge the similarity between the speech sounds. Children performed equally the same when the shared units are either at the beginnings or at the ends of words in the present study.
參考文獻 References
Aslin, R. N. & Linda .B. Smith. 1988. Perceptual development. Annual Review of Psychology 39. 435-73.
Bertoncini, J. & J. Mehler. 1981. Syllables as units in infants speech perception. Infant Behavior and Development 4, 247-260.
Blevins, J. 1995. The syllable in phonology theory. In John A. Goldsmith ed., The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 206-44. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
Brady, S., Fowler, A. & Gipstein, M. 1994. Questioning the role of syllables and rimes in early phonological awareness. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Bruce, D.J. 1964. The analysis of word sounds. British Journal of Educational Psychology 34. 158-70.
Bryan, P. E., M. MacLean, L. L. Bradley & J. Crossland. 1990. Rhymes and alliteration, phoneme detection and learning. Developmental Psychology 26. 429-38.
Cheng, C.C. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. The Huge: Mouton.
Eimas, P.D., E. Siqueland, P. Jusczyk, & J. Vigorito. 1971. Speech perception in infants. Science 171. 303-06.
Ferguson, C.A. 1973. Fricatives in child language acquisition. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, (Linguistic, Stanford University) 12. 97-104.
Ferguson, C. A. 1978. Learning to pronounce: The earliest stages of phonological development in the child. In F. D. Minifie & L. L. Lloyd (eds.). Communicative and cognitive abilities: early behavioral assessment. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
Gleason, J. B. & N. B. Ratner. 1998. Language acquisition. In J. B. Gleason & N. B. Ratner (eds) Psycholinguistics. London: Harcourt Brace College Publisher.
Hsu, J. 1987. A Study of the Various Stages of Development and Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese by Children in Chinese Milieu. NSC report.
Ingram, D., L. Christensen, S. Veach & B. Webster. 1980. The acquisition of word-initial ficatives and affricates in English by children between 2 and 6 years. In Yeni-Komshian, Grace H., James F. Kavanagh, and Charles A. Ferfuson (eds.) Child phonology: Volume 1 production. New York: Academic Press.
Jaeger, J. J. 1997. The acquisition of syllable structure: Evidence from slips of tonge.
Jakobson, R. 1941/1968. Child language, aphasia and phonological universals (Trans. A. Keiler, 1968). The Hague: Mouton.
Jusczyk, P. W. 1986. Toward a model of development of speech perception. In J.S. Perkell & D. H. Klatt (eds.) Invariance and variability in speech processes.Hillsdal NJ: Erlbum.
Jusczyk, P. W. 1987. Toward a model of the development of speech perception. In A. Allport, D. MakKay, W. Prinz, & E. Scheerer (eds.) Language perception and production: Relationships between listening, speaking, reading and writing. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Laycock, D. 1972. Towards a typology of ludlings, or play-languages (Linguistic Communications, Working papers of the Linguistic Society of Australia, Monash University) 6. 61-113.
Liberman, I. Y., D. Shankweiler, F. W. Fischer & B. Carter. 1974. Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 18. 201-212.
Lin, Y. H. 1989. Autosegmental treatment of segmental phonology in Chinese phonology. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Texas at Austin.
Macken, M. A. 1979. Developmental reorganization of phonology: A hierarchy of basic units of acquisition. Lingua 49. 11-49.
Macken, M. A. 1980. Aspects of the acquisition of stop systems: A cross-linguistic perspective. In Yeni-Komshian, G. H., J. F. Kavanagh, and C.A. Ferfuson (eds.) Child phonology: Volume 1 production. New York: Academic Press.
Menn, L. 1983a. Development of articulatory, phonetic and phonological capabilities. In B. Butterworth (ed.) Language Production Vol. 2. London: Academic Press.
Morais, J., L. Cary, J. Alegria & P. Bertelson. 1979. Does awareness of speech or a sequence of phones arise spontaneously? Cognition 7. 323-31.
Morley, M. 1957. The development ad disorders of speech in childhood. London: Livingstone.
Read, C. 1991. Access to syllable structure in language and learning. In S.A. Brady & D. P. Shankweiler (eds.) Phonological processes in literacy: A tribute to Isabelle Y. Liberman (pp. 67-83). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Singh, S., D.R. Woods & G.M. Becker. 1972. Perceptual structure of 22 prevocalic English consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52. 1698-1713.
Selkirk, E. 1982. The Syllable. In van der Hulst, Harris & N. Smith (eds.) The structure of phonological representations (part II). Foris Publications. 337-83.
Shiu, H. 1990. The phonological acquisition by Mandarin-speaking children: A longitudinal study on children from nine months through three years old. M.A. Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.
Singh, S., D.R. Woods & G.M. Becker. 1972. Perceptual structure of 22 prevocalic English consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52. 1698-1713.
Stark. Rachel E. 1980. Stages of speech development in the first year of life. InYeni-Komshian, G. H., J. F. Kavanagh, and C. A. Ferfuson (eds.) Child phonology: Volume 1 production. New York: Academic Press.
Studdert-Kennedy, Michael. 1987. The phoneme as a perceptuomotor structure. In A. Allport, D. Mackay, W. Prinz & E. Scheerer (eds.) Language perception and production: Relationship between listening, speaking, reading and writing. Orlando: FL: Academic Press.
Su, A. 1985. The acquisition of Mandarin phonology by Taiwanese Children. M.A. Thesis. Fu Jen Catholic University.
Templin, M. 1957. Certain language skills in children: Their Development and interrelationships. Institute of Child Welfare Monograph 26. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.
Treiman, R. & J. Baron. 1981. The phonemic analysis ability: Development and relation to reading ability. In Waller, T.G. & G. E. Mackinnon (eds.), Reading Research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 3). New York: Academic Press.
Treiman, R. & A.M. Breaux. 1982. Common phoneme and overall similarity relations among spoken syllables: Their use by children and adults. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 11. 581-610.
Treiman, R. 1985. Onsets and rimes as units of spoken syllables: evidence form children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 39. 161-81.
Treiman, R. & A. Zukowski. 1991. Levels of phonological awareness. In S.A. Brady & D.P. Shankweiler (eds.) Phonological processes in literacy: A tribute to Isabelle Y. Liberman (pp. 67-83). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Treiman, R & A. Zukowski. 1996. Children’s sensitivity to syllables, onsets, rimes and phonemes. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 61. 193-215.
Wan, I.P. 1997. The status of prenuclear glides in Mandarin Chinese: evidence from speech errors. Chicago Linguistic Society 33. 417-428.
Wan, I.P. 1999. Mandarin phonology: evidence from speech errors. Ph.D. dissertation. SUNY-Buffalo.
Wan, I.P. 2002. On the representation and processing of the prenuclear glides in Mandarin. Proceedings of the 7th international and 19th national conferences on Chinese Phonology.
Wang, N. M., Fei, P., Huang, H., & Chen, C. W. 王南梅、費珮妮、黃恂、陳靜文等著. 1984. 三歲至六歲學齡前兒童國語語音發展結構. 《聽語會刊》，Vol.1, 12-17.
Walley, A.C. 1993. The role of vocabulary Development in children’s spoken word recognition and segmentation ability. Developmental Review13. 286-350.
Waterson, P. 1971. Child phonology: A prosodic review. Journal of linguistics 7. 179-211.
Werker, J. & R.C. Tees. 1984. Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development 7. 49-64.
Yopp, H.K. 1988. The validity and reliability of phonemic awareness tests. Reading Research Quarterly 23. 159-77.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
88555008
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0088555008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wang, I-Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 廖昭媛zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liao, Chao-yuanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 廖昭媛zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liao, Chao-yuanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:23:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:23:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:23:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0088555008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33362-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 88555008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 摘 要

研究所所別： 語言學研究所

論文名稱：音位和音節在中文兒童語音扮演的角色：心理語言學實驗的驗證

指導教授：萬依萍

研究生：廖昭媛

論文內容摘要：（共一冊，13,641字，分五章二十節，並扼要說明內容，共453字）

本文目的是想瞭解兒童在聽辨語音相似性，對於音位和音節的敏感性。本研究的受試者是41位操持國語的學齡前兒童。其中二十一位兒童參與非詞語音分類實驗（the nonword classification task）。兒童首先要學習兩個雙音節的標準語音，然後他（她）要依據聽覺上的相似性來歸類稍候聽到的測試音。他們需要要判定測試音聽起和哪一個標準音聽起來比較相似。結果顯示兒童在音位相似性或是音節相似方面的表現並無顯著的差異。另外二十位兒童皆下來進行非詞語音聽辯的實驗（The word-pair judgment task 1 and 2）。在測試工作（一），兒童要聽辨一對兩個雙音節的非詞語音，在前面的部份聽起來是否相似。結果顯示，兒童在音位和音節相似性，音位和最多相性似上的表現皆有顯著的差異性。在測試工作（二），兒童也是要聽辨一對兩個雙音節的非詞語音，在後面的部份聽起來是否相似。實驗的結果和測試工作（一）相同。整體上而言，要解釋在兒童聽辯語音上的表現，除了從「數量」方面的考量，更可以從語音本身結構上上的差異性來討論兒童對與音位和音節的敏感性。此外，在本文的實驗裡，並未發現相似因的位置會造成兒童在聽辯語音上的差異。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
This paper investigated the role of syllables and phonemes in Mandarin speaking children in terms of the sensitivity to the syllable correspondences and phoneme correspondences. In the first experiment, the nonword classification task, 21 kindergarteners were recruited. The child had to learn two disyllabic standard sounds. Then, he/she was presented with a test nonword and had to classifiy the test nonword to one of the two standard sounds if the test sound and the standard sound are sounded alike at the beginnings. The results in the nonword classification task have shown that the young children did not show the significant reliance on the type of the syllable correspondences. In the two further experiments, the word-pair judgment task 1 and 2, another 20 kindergarteners were recruited. The children were asked to judge whether two test words are sounded alike at the beginnings. The results in the word-pair judgment task 1 indicate that syllables are treated as a structural unit and phonemes are belonging to the lower level of the syllabic constructs. The children’s responses tend to reflect the effect of the syllable structure in the language process rather than the effect of the size of shared units. In the word-pair judgment task 2, the child has to judge whether the two test words are sounded alike at the ends. The results also indicate that children’s performance should be viewed in terms of syllable structures. Besides, the location of the shared unit did not play a role when children judge the similarity between the speech sounds. Children performed equally the same when the shared units are either at the beginnings or at the ends of words in the present study.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
Page
Acknowledgements……...……………………………………………………………iv
Chinese Abstract…...………………………………………………………………...vii
English Abstract……………………………………………………………….…….viii
Chapter
1. Introduction..………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………1
1.2 Purpose…………………………………………………………….…..5
1.3 Organization…………………………………………………………...6
2. Literature Review…...…………………………………………………..….7
2.1 Phonological development on English speaking children…………..7
2.2 Phonological development on Mandarin speaking children……….10
2.2.1 The sketch in Mandarin phonology………………………………10
2.2.1.1 Consonants……………………………………………………..10
2.2.1.2 Vowels………………………………………………………….12
2.2.1.3 Syllables………………………………………………………..12
2.3 The development on infants’ speech perception…………………...15
2.4 Early phonological representation………………………………….17
2.5 Effect of the size of a unit………………………………………….19
2.6 Theoretical views on syllable structures…………………………...20
3. The nonword classification task…...……………………………………...23
3.1 Subjects…………………………………………………………….26
3.2 Materials……………………………………………………………26
3.3 Procedure and scoring……………………………………………...30
3.4 Results and analysis ………………………………………….……32
4. The word-pair judgment tasks 1 and 2...…………………………….……35
4.1 The word-pair judgment task 1……………………………….……35
4.1.1 Subjects……………………………………………………..……36
4.1.2 Materials in the word-pair judgment task 1……………………...36
4.1.3 Procedure and scoring……………………………………………39
4.1.4 Results and analysis……………………………………………...40
4.2 The word-pair judgment task 2…………………………….………43
4.2.1 Subjects…………………………………………………….…….43
4.2.2 Materials in the word-pair judgment task 2……………………...44
4.2.3 Procedure and scoring……………………………………………47
4.2.4 Results and analysis……………………………………………...47
4.3 The multiple comparisons………………………………………….50
5. Discussion and conclusion……………...……………………….………..55
5.1 Discussion on the nonword classification task……………………..55
5.2 Discussion on the word-pair judgment task 1 and 2……………….58
5.2.1 The word-pair judgment task 1…………………………………..59
5.2.2 The word-pair judgment task 2…………………………………..63
5.3 Discussion on the multiple comparisons…………………………...66
5.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………….....68
References…………………………………………………………………………....70		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0088555008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音位zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音節zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒童語言zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonemesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) syllablesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) child phonologyen_US
dc.title (題名) The role of phonemes and syllables in child phonology: Evidence from psycholinguistic experiments in Mandarinzh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referenceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aslin, R. N. & Linda .B. Smith. 1988. Perceptual development. Annual Review of Psychology 39. 435-73.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bertoncini, J. & J. Mehler. 1981. Syllables as units in infants speech perception. Infant Behavior and Development 4, 247-260.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blevins, J. 1995. The syllable in phonology theory. In John A. Goldsmith ed., The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 206-44. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brady, S., Fowler, A. & Gipstein, M. 1994. Questioning the role of syllables and rimes in early phonological awareness. Manuscript submitted for publication.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bruce, D.J. 1964. The analysis of word sounds. British Journal of Educational Psychology 34. 158-70.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bryan, P. E., M. MacLean, L. L. Bradley & J. Crossland. 1990. Rhymes and alliteration, phoneme detection and learning. Developmental Psychology 26. 429-38.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, C.C. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. The Huge: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eimas, P.D., E. Siqueland, P. Jusczyk, & J. Vigorito. 1971. Speech perception in infants. Science 171. 303-06.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ferguson, C.A. 1973. Fricatives in child language acquisition. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, (Linguistic, Stanford University) 12. 97-104.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ferguson, C. A. 1978. Learning to pronounce: The earliest stages of phonological development in the child. In F. D. Minifie & L. L. Lloyd (eds.). Communicative and cognitive abilities: early behavioral assessment. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gleason, J. B. & N. B. Ratner. 1998. Language acquisition. In J. B. Gleason & N. B. Ratner (eds) Psycholinguistics. London: Harcourt Brace College Publisher.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsu, J. 1987. A Study of the Various Stages of Development and Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese by Children in Chinese Milieu. NSC report.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ingram, D., L. Christensen, S. Veach & B. Webster. 1980. The acquisition of word-initial ficatives and affricates in English by children between 2 and 6 years. In Yeni-Komshian, Grace H., James F. Kavanagh, and Charles A. Ferfuson (eds.) Child phonology: Volume 1 production. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jaeger, J. J. 1997. The acquisition of syllable structure: Evidence from slips of tonge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jakobson, R. 1941/1968. Child language, aphasia and phonological universals (Trans. A. Keiler, 1968). The Hague: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jusczyk, P. W. 1986. Toward a model of development of speech perception. In J.S. Perkell & D. H. Klatt (eds.) Invariance and variability in speech processes.Hillsdal NJ: Erlbum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jusczyk, P. W. 1987. Toward a model of the development of speech perception. In A. Allport, D. MakKay, W. Prinz, & E. Scheerer (eds.) Language perception and production: Relationships between listening, speaking, reading and writing. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Laycock, D. 1972. Towards a typology of ludlings, or play-languages (Linguistic Communications, Working papers of the Linguistic Society of Australia, Monash University) 6. 61-113.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liberman, I. Y., D. Shankweiler, F. W. Fischer & B. Carter. 1974. Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 18. 201-212.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Y. H. 1989. Autosegmental treatment of segmental phonology in Chinese phonology. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Texas at Austin.zh_TW
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