漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤之心理語言學研究

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題名	漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤之心理語言學研究 A Psycholinguistic Study On Aphasic Tone Errors In Mandarin
作者	陳倩□ Chen,Chien-Shien
貢獻者	萬依萍 Wan,I-Ping 陳倩□ Chen,Chien-Shien
關鍵詞	漢語聲調系統漢語聲調習得腦部受損布洛卡失語症維尼基失語症失語症病人聲調表現語言產生機制 Mandarin tone system Mandarin tone acquisition brain damage Broca`s aphasia Wernicke`s aphasia speech production model
日期	2004
上傳時間	17-Sep-2009 16:24:26 (UTC+8)
摘要	正常人的語誤中可以取得在心理語言上何為音韻單位的證據，近來有許多針對失語症的病人語誤的研究，發現失語症病人的語誤也可當做測試語言表徵的重要來源資料。　　本研究針對失語症病人在聲調方面表現，做聲調錯誤頻率分佈、語境影響錯誤、以及錯誤方向種類之分析然後將整失語症病人聲調表現的分析跟心理語言學語言產出機制作連結。　　本研究結果顯示，漢語失語症病人聲調表現上第四生錯誤雖然最多，但第四聲在漢語裡原本出現的頻率就最高，所以第四聲不應被認為對失語症病人最為困難。而第三聲雖然在漢語裡出現頻率最低，卻佔了失語症病人聲調錯誤頻率第二高位，因此我們判斷第三聲對失語症病人來說是最為困難的聲調。第二，我們發現漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤受語境影響比正常人低。第三，漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤裡，語境影響語誤之方向性中，錯誤來源在語誤出現前類型較多。第四，我們發現Dell的連續模型(connectionist model)，可以解釋失語症病人在聲調錯誤類型偏好原因。　　Naturally occurring speech errors have been used as evidence for testing the psychological reality of phonological units. A number of researchers start to look at evidence from aphasic speech for testing linguistic representation so the phenomena of aphasia provide tests of the validity of certain aspects of linguistic theory. 　　In this thesis, tone errors made by aphasics were examined and related overall analyses to psycholinguistic models of speech production. In light of the analysis of tone frequency in Mandarin written texts and oral data and tone errors produced by aphasics, relating issues concerning the research questions we put forward were elucidated. First, it seems that tone 4 is the most problematic tone for the aphasics in terms of error rate since tone 4 occurs the most often in errors. However, tone 4 errors intrinsically will occur more that other three tones because of its highest incidence in Mandarin. Thus, tone 4 may not be taken as the most difficult tone for aphasics merely from its high error rate. Second, the results indicated that non-contextual errors constitute most of the aphasic errors. Third, it has been shown that perseveration is a cross-linguistic feature of aphasia. Fourth, Dell’s connectionist model is proved to be able to account for and make predictions about the error patterns found in both aphasic and normal speech.
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Buckingham, H.W., Whitaker, H., & Whitaker, H.A., (1979). On linguistic perseveration. In: Whitaker, H.A.,& Whitaker, H., editors. Studies of neurolinguistics, vol. 4. New York: Academic Press, p. 329–352. Caramazza, A., Papagno, C., & Ruml, W. (2000). The selective impairment of phonological processing in speech production. Brain and language, 75, 428-450. Chao, Y. R. (1930). A system of tone letters. Le Maitre Phonetique, 45, 24-27. Chao, Y. R. (1951). The Cantian idiolect: An analysis of the Chinese spoken by a twenty-eight-months-old child. In W. J. Fischel (ed.), Semantic and oriental studies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Chen, M. (2000). Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (1998). Competition between past and present: assessment and interpretation of verbal perseverations. Brain, 121,1641–1659. Culter, A. (Ed.) (1982b). Slips of the Tongue and Language Production, New York : Mouton. Danley, M., Cooper, W., & Shapiro, B.(1983). Fundamental frequency, language processing, and linguistic structure in Wernicke’s aphasia. Brain and Language, 19, 1. Dell, G..S. (1986). A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological review, 93, No. 3, 283-321. Dell, G..S. (1988). The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of memory and language, 27, 124-142. Dell, G.S. (1990). Effects on frequency and vocabulary type of logical speech errors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 5, 313-349. Dell, G.. S., Burger, L. K., & Svec, W. R. (1997). Language production and serial order: a functional analysis and a model. Psychological Review, 1, 123-147. Dell. G. S. & Foygel, D. (2000). Models of Impaired Lexical Access in Speech Production. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 182–216. Fromkin, V. (Ed.) (1973). Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence. The Hague: Mouton. (Ed.) Fromkin, V. (Ed.) (1980). Errors in linguistic performance: Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand. New York: Academic Press. Evidence. Foygel, D. & Dell, G (2000). Models of impaired lexical access in speech production. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 182-216. Garnham, A., Shillcock, R, C., Brown, G. D. A., Mill, A. I. D., & Culter, A. 1982. Slips of the tongue in the London-Lund corpus of spontaneous conversation. In A. Culter(Ed.), Slips of the tongue and language production. Amsterdam: Mouton. Garret, M. (1980). Levels of processing in sentence structures for language production. In B. Butter worth (ed.) Language production. Vol. 1: Speech and talk. London: Academic Press. 177-220. Garret, M. (1984). The organization of processing structure for language production. In Caplan, D., Lecourse, A., & Smith, A. (eds.) Biological perspectives on Language, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. 172-193. Gandour, J. (1977). Counterfeit tones in the speech of Southern Thai bidialectals. Lingua, 41, 125-143. Gandour, J. (1982). A diagnostic aphasia examination for Thai. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 6, 65-76. Gandour, J., Holasuit, P. S., & Dardarananda, R. (1988). Perception and production of tone in aphasia. Brain and Language, 35, 206-224. Gandour, J., Ponglorpisit, S., Khunadorn, F., Dechongkit, S., Boongird, P., Boonklam, R., and Potisuk, S. (1992c). Lexical tones in Thai after unilateral brain damage. Brain and Language, 43, 275-307, Haarmann, H. J., Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1997). Aphasic sentence comprehension as a resource deficit: A computational approach. Brain and Language, 59,76–120. Haarmann, H. J., & Kolk, H. H. J. (1991). A computer model of the temporal course of agrammatic sentence understanding: The effects of variation in severity and sentence complexity. Cognitive Science, 15, 49–87. Hagoort, P. (1993). Impairments of lexical–semantic processing in aphasia: Evidence from the processing of lexical ambiguities. Brain and Language, 45, 198–232. Harley, T. A., & MacAndrew, S. B. G. (1992). Modeling paraphasias in normal and aphasic speech. In J. K. Kruschke (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 378-383). Hillsdale, NJ: Erbaum. Harley, T. A., & MacAndrew, S. B. G. (1995). Interactive models of lexicalisation: Some constraints from speech error, picture naming, and neuropsychological data. In J. Levy, D. Bairaktaris, J. Bullinaria, & D. Cairns (Eds.), Connectionist models of memory and language (pp. 311–331). London: UCL Press. Helm-Estabrooks, N., Emery, P. & Albert, M. L. (1987). The treatment of aphasic perseveration (TAP) program. Archives of Neurology, 44, 1253-1255. Hombert, J. M. (1975). The perception of contour tones. Proceeding of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 221-232. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge: MIT Press. Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1976). The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Child Language, 4, 185-199 Katz, W. (1988). An investigation of lexical ambiguity in Broca’s aphasics using an auditory lexical priming technique. Neuropsychologia, 26(5), 747–752. Kent, R. D., & Rosenbek, J. C. (1982). Prosodic disturbance and neurologic lesion. Brain and Language, 15, 259. Kohn S. E., (1989). The nature of phonemic string deficit in conduction aphasia. Aphasiology .3. 209-239 Kohn, S. E., & Smith, K. L. (1990). Between –word speech errors in conduction aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 7, 133-156. Kohn, S. E., & Smith, K. L. (1994). Distinctions between two phonological output deficits. Psycholinguistics, 15, 75-95. Laine, M., Tikkala, A., & Juhola, M. (1998). Modeling anomia by the discrete two-stage word production architecture. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 11, 275–294. Levelt, W. (1983). Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition, 14, 41-104. Li, C, N., & Thompson, S, A. (1975). Tone acquisition in Mandarin children. The 8th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Language and Linguistics, University of California at Berkeley. Lin, C-J. (1988). The study on performance of the verb and preposition in Mandarin aphasics. MA Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University. Linebarger, M., Schwartz, M., & Saffran, E. (1983). Sensitivity to grammatical structure in so-called agrammatic aphasics. Cognition, 13, 361–393. Martha D. (1982). Speech prosody in Broca’s Aphasia. Brain and Language, 16, 171-190. Monrad-Krohn, G..H. (1947). Dysprosody or altered “melody” of language. Brain, 70, 405-415 Naesear. M. A. & Chan, S. (1980). Case study of a Chinese aphasic with the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam. Neuropsychology, 18, 389-410. Niesser, A. (1985). Krankenvorstellung (Fall von ‘Asymbolie’). Allgemeine Zeitshrift Fur Psychiatrie, 51, 1061-1021. Nickels, L., & Howard, D. (1995). Aphasic naming: What matters? Neuropsychologia, 33, 1281–1303. Ohala, J. (1973) The physiology of tone. In Hyman (1973b). 1-14. Ohala, J. & Ewan, W. (1973). Speed of pitch change. Abstract, TacS, 53, 345. Ostrin, R., & Tyler, L. (1993). Automatic access to lexical semantics in aphasia: Evidence from semantic and associative priming. Brain and Language, 45, 147–159. Packard , J. L. (1986). Tone production deficits in nonfluent aphasic Chinese speech. Brain and Language, 29, 212-223. Peters, B.H., & Levin, H.S (1977). Memory enhancement after physostigmine treatment in the amnesic syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 34, 215–219. Prather, P., Zurif, E., & Love, T. (1992). Time course of lexical access in fluent and nonfluent aphasia. Academy of Aphasia. Prather, P. A. (1994). The time course of lexical activation in fluent and nonfluent aphasia. Linguistics and Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 128–144. Ryalls, J. H. (1982).Intonation in Broca’s aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 18, 389. Indiana University Linguistics Club. Sah, W-H. (1996). Speech Prosody in Chinese Broca`s and Wernicke`s Aphasics: An acoustic Investigation of Duration and Fundamental Frequency Contour. MA Thesis. National Cheng-Chi University, Taiwan. Sah, W-H. (2004). The control of fundamental frequency in Chinese aphasics: Impaired or intact prosody. Concentric: studies in linguistics, 30.1, 129-149. Schwartz, M. F, Martin, N., Dell, G. S., & Saffran, E. M. (1994).Disordered speech production in aphasic and normal speakers. Brain and Language, 47, 52–88. Schwartz, M F., Martin, N., Gagnon, D. A., Dell, G. S., & Saffran, E. M. (1996). Phonological facilitation of semantic errors in normal and aphasic speakers. Language and Cognitive Process, 11, 257-282 Smith, C.M., & Swash, M. (1979). Effects of cholinergic drugs on memory in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In: Proceedings of the Presentation of Paper at the International Society for Neurochemistry Satellite Meeting on Aging of the Brain and Dementia, Florence, Italy. Stemberger, J. P. (1983). Speech Errors and Theoretical Phonology: a Review. Indiana, University Linguistics Club. Schwartz, M.F., Martin, N., Gagnon, D. A., Dell, G. S., & Saffran, E. M. (1997). The origin of formal paraphasias in aphasics’ picture naming. Brain and Language, 59, 450-472. Stemberger, J. P. (1989). Speech errors in early child language production. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 164-188. Su, I-J (1987). An acoustic investigation on Chinese aphasia. MA Thesis. National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan. Sundberg, J. (1973). Data on maximum speed of pitch changes. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, speech Transmission Laboratory. QPSR, 4, 39-47. Talo, E. S. (1980). Slips of the tongue in normal and pathological speech. In V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Errors in linguistic performance: Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand (pp. 81–86). New York: Academic Press. Wan, I-P. & J. Jaeger (1998). Speech errors and the representation of tone in Mandarin Chinese. Phonology, 15, 417-467. Wan, I-P (2002). Alignments of Prenuclear Glides in Mandarin. Crane Publishing Co. Taipei. Wan, I-P (2004). Some Implications for Disordered Speech Production in Mandarin Aphasic and Normal speakers. Paper presented in IsCLL 9. Wu, J-W. (1992) An Investigation on the Classifier from the Evidence of the Chinese Aphasics. MA Thesis. National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan. Xu, W. (1989). Exploring of the Structure of Mental Lexicon from Impaired Speech. MA Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University. Yamadori, A. (1981), Verbal perseveration in aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 18, 591-594. Yip, M. (2002) Tone. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002 Cambridge, U.K Zhang, J. (2001) The effects of duration and sonority on contour tone distribution: a typological survey and formal analysis. Ph.D. dissertation. UCLA. 網路參考文獻 http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/result/87news/ 八十七年常用語詞調查報告書,國語文教育叢書38網路版 http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1998/498_pd.html http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/tbrain.asp 中文參考資料劉黎兒。2004。《男女不完美主義》。台北: 時報出版。張曼娟。2004。《芬芳》。台北: 皇冠出版。聯合晚報。2004/9/13。第二版。衣芙雜誌。2004。台北: 華文網集團，第46期。壹週刊雜誌。2004。台北: 壹傳媒股份有限公司，第760期。 Mook旅遊雜誌。2004。台北: 莫克文化，第30期。
描述	碩士國立政治大學語言學研究所 91555006 93
資料來源	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091555006
資料類型	thesis

dc.contributor.advisor	萬依萍	zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor	Wan,I-Ping	en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors)	陳倩□	zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors)	Chen,Chien-Shien	en_US
dc.creator (作者)	陳倩□	zh_TW
dc.creator (作者)	Chen,Chien-Shien	en_US
dc.date (日期)	2004	en_US
dc.date.accessioned	17-Sep-2009 16:24:26 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.available	17-Sep-2009 16:24:26 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間)	17-Sep-2009 16:24:26 (UTC+8)	-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers)	G0091555006	en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI)	https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33370	-
dc.description (描述)	碩士	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	國立政治大學	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	語言學研究所	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	91555006	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	93	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	正常人的語誤中可以取得在心理語言上何為音韻單位的證據，近來有許多針對失語症的病人語誤的研究，發現失語症病人的語誤也可當做測試語言表徵的重要來源資料。　　本研究針對失語症病人在聲調方面表現，做聲調錯誤頻率分佈、語境影響錯誤、以及錯誤方向種類之分析然後將整失語症病人聲調表現的分析跟心理語言學語言產出機制作連結。　　本研究結果顯示，漢語失語症病人聲調表現上第四生錯誤雖然最多，但第四聲在漢語裡原本出現的頻率就最高，所以第四聲不應被認為對失語症病人最為困難。而第三聲雖然在漢語裡出現頻率最低，卻佔了失語症病人聲調錯誤頻率第二高位，因此我們判斷第三聲對失語症病人來說是最為困難的聲調。第二，我們發現漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤受語境影響比正常人低。第三，漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤裡，語境影響語誤之方向性中，錯誤來源在語誤出現前類型較多。第四，我們發現Dell的連續模型(connectionist model)，可以解釋失語症病人在聲調錯誤類型偏好原因。	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	Naturally occurring speech errors have been used as evidence for testing the psychological reality of phonological units. A number of researchers start to look at evidence from aphasic speech for testing linguistic representation so the phenomena of aphasia provide tests of the validity of certain aspects of linguistic theory. 　　In this thesis, tone errors made by aphasics were examined and related overall analyses to psycholinguistic models of speech production. In light of the analysis of tone frequency in Mandarin written texts and oral data and tone errors produced by aphasics, relating issues concerning the research questions we put forward were elucidated. First, it seems that tone 4 is the most problematic tone for the aphasics in terms of error rate since tone 4 occurs the most often in errors. However, tone 4 errors intrinsically will occur more that other three tones because of its highest incidence in Mandarin. Thus, tone 4 may not be taken as the most difficult tone for aphasics merely from its high error rate. Second, the results indicated that non-contextual errors constitute most of the aphasic errors. Third, it has been shown that perseveration is a cross-linguistic feature of aphasia. Fourth, Dell’s connectionist model is proved to be able to account for and make predictions about the error patterns found in both aphasic and normal speech.	en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents	ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................I TABLE OF CONTENTS..................III ABSTRACT..............................V LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES.......VII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..............1 1.1 MOTIVATION..................................1 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.........................3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..............5 2.1 THE MANDARIN TONE SYSTEM...............5 2.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACTUAL TONE USE FREQUENCY IN MANDARIN...................6 2.3 THE ACQUISITION OF TONE IN MANDARIN AND HIERARCHY OF DIFFICULTY OF TONE................................................9 2.4 APHASIC TONAL PERFORMANCE IN TONE LANGUAGE..........................................11 2.5 CONTEXTUAL ERRORS AND DIRECTIONALITY OF ERRORS IN APHASIC SPEECH.....14 2.6 SPEECH PRODUCTION MODELS........................17 2.6.1 Serial speech production model..............18 2.6.2 Connectionist model- Dell’s Model...............24 CHAPTER3 INVESTIGATION DESIGN AND RESULTS...............................28 3.1 INVESTIGATION ...............28 3.1.1 Introduction of investigation 1................................................28 3.1.2 Methodology and material..............28 3.1.3 Results.........................................30 iv 3.2 INVESTIGATION2.................................32 3.2.1 Introduction of investigation 2...................32 3.2.2 Methodology and subjects............32 3.2.3 Medical history and lesion localization...........................35 3.2.4 Results of tone error distribution.................................38 3.2.5 Results of the frequency of contextual and non-contextual tone.................45 3.2.6 Results of the directionality of tone errors..................................................47 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..................................................49 4.1 FREQUENCY OF TONE DISTRIBUTION IN MANDARIN AND FREQUENCY OF THE TONE ERROR MADE BY APHASICS................49 4.2 CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCE AND DIRECTIONALITY OF APHASICS’ TONE ERROR......55 CHAPTER5 CONCLUSION.................61 5.1 CONCLUSION......................................61 5.2 FURTHER STUDY.................................66 REFERENCES...........................................68 APPENDIX: PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF THERAPY CONVERSATION.....................................76	zh_TW
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dc.language.iso	en_US	-
dc.source.uri (資料來源)	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091555006	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	漢語聲調系統	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	漢語聲調習得	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	腦部受損	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	布洛卡失語症	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	維尼基失語症	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	失語症病人聲調表現	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	語言產生機制	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Mandarin tone system	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Mandarin tone acquisition	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	brain damage	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Broca`s aphasia	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Wernicke`s aphasia	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	speech production model	en_US
dc.title (題名)	漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤之心理語言學研究	zh_TW
dc.title (題名)	A Psycholinguistic Study On Aphasic Tone Errors In Mandarin	en_US
dc.type (資料類型)	thesis	en
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Alajouanine, R., Cathala, H. P. Metellus, J., Siksou, A. V., Cheng, F., DeTurelheim, C., & Chang, M.C. (1973). La Problematicque de l’aphasie dans les langues a ecrtiture non-alphebetique: Apropos d’un cas chez un Chinios. Revue Neurologique, 128. 229.	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Albert, M, L. & Sandson, J. (1986). Perseveration in aphasia. Cortex, 22,103-115	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Albert, M, L. & Sandson, J. (1987). Perseveration in behavioral neurology. Neurology, 22,715-732	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Allison, R. & Hurwitz, L (1967). On perservations in aphasics Brain, 90, 429-448	zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻)	Baum, S. (1998). Anticipatory coarticulation in aphasia: effects of utterance complexity. Brain and language, 63, 357-380.	zh_TW
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