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題名 語法與語句處理對於中文關係子句接應代詞之影響
The Grammar and Processing of Resumptive Pronouns in Chinese Relative Clauses
作者 甯俐馨
Ning, Li Hsin
貢獻者 林千哲<br>何萬順
Lin,Chien Jer<br>Her,One Soon
甯俐馨
Ning, Li Hsin
關鍵詞 接應代詞
關係子句
語句處理
花園路徑效果
resumptive pronouns
relative clauses
processing
garden-path effect
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-九月-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文旨在從語法及語句處理的觀點探討中文關係子句中接應代詞(resumptive pronouns) 的現象。在語法上，本研究認為中文的接應代詞屬於詞基生成 (base-generated) 元素而非句法變項 (syntactic variables) 。接應代詞的出現受限於派生簡約原則 (derivational economy) 及合法度 (grammaticality) 的要求，唯有當間隙型關係子句 (gap relatives) 為非法時，接應代詞才是必要的；在其他情況下，接應代詞在中文裡為選擇性的策略之一。在語句處理上，本研究施測了三份合法度問卷並進行了兩項線上閱讀測驗。合法度的判別及線上的閱讀反應時間顯示，接應代詞之所以不被喜歡是因為接應代詞本身會引發花園路徑效果 (garden path effect) (在此為主要子句假象 (main-clause illusion) 的形成)。然而，接應代詞在間隙型關係子句為非法或引發花園路徑效果 (在此為重建困難 (difficult reconstruction) 所造成) 時卻變得較受喜愛。當間隙型關係子句涉及到複雜結構或複雜語句處理領域 (在此指的是重建複雜 (intricate reconstruction) ) 時，中文母語使用者並不會偏好使用間隙(gap)或是接應代詞來形成關係子句。這些研究結果意味著中文接應代詞不僅受限於合法度的要求，也受制於語句可處理性 (processability) 的程度，亦即有無受到花園路徑效果所影響。
This thesis examines resumptive pronouns in Chinese relative clauses from the perspectives of grammar and processing. In the grammar, it is claimed in this research that resumptives in Chinese are base-generated pronouns rather than syntactic variables. Their occurrence can be predicted via derivational economy and grammaticality. Resumptives in Chinese are obligatory only when the gap relatives are ungrammatical. Otherwise, resumptives are optional. As for processing, three grammaticality judgments and two on-line self-paced reading tasks were conducted. The grammaticality judgments and the on-line reading times show that resumptives were dispreferred because they induced a garden-path effect (the main-clause illusion). However, resumptives became preferred when the gap relatives resulted in ungrammaticality or led to a garden path, thus inducing the difficulty of reconstruction. There was no preference for gaps or resumptives when the gap relatives involved complex structures or complicated processing domains (the intricate reconstruction). These results suggest that resumptives in Chinese are related not only to the issue of grammaticality but also to that of the processability (i.e. the garden-path effect).
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Aoun, J., & Li, Y.-H. A. (2003). Essays on the representational and derivational nature of grammar: The diversity of Wh-constructions Cambridge: MIT Press.
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Bock, K., Dell, G. S., Chang, F., & Onishi, K. H. (2007). Persistent structural priming from language comprehension to language production. Cognition, 104, 437-458.
Bresnan, J., & Kaplan, R. M. (1984). Grammars as mental representations of language. In W. Kintsch, J. R. Miller & P. G. Polson (Eds.), Method and tactics in cognitive science (pp. 103-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
95555001
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林千哲<br>何萬順zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin,Chien Jer<br>Her,One Soonen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 甯俐馨zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Ning, Li Hsinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 甯俐馨zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Ning, Li Hsinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-九月-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-九月-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-九月-2009 16:26:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0095555001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33384-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95555001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文旨在從語法及語句處理的觀點探討中文關係子句中接應代詞(resumptive pronouns) 的現象。在語法上，本研究認為中文的接應代詞屬於詞基生成 (base-generated) 元素而非句法變項 (syntactic variables) 。接應代詞的出現受限於派生簡約原則 (derivational economy) 及合法度 (grammaticality) 的要求，唯有當間隙型關係子句 (gap relatives) 為非法時，接應代詞才是必要的；在其他情況下，接應代詞在中文裡為選擇性的策略之一。在語句處理上，本研究施測了三份合法度問卷並進行了兩項線上閱讀測驗。合法度的判別及線上的閱讀反應時間顯示，接應代詞之所以不被喜歡是因為接應代詞本身會引發花園路徑效果 (garden path effect) (在此為主要子句假象 (main-clause illusion) 的形成)。然而，接應代詞在間隙型關係子句為非法或引發花園路徑效果 (在此為重建困難 (difficult reconstruction) 所造成) 時卻變得較受喜愛。當間隙型關係子句涉及到複雜結構或複雜語句處理領域 (在此指的是重建複雜 (intricate reconstruction) ) 時，中文母語使用者並不會偏好使用間隙(gap)或是接應代詞來形成關係子句。這些研究結果意味著中文接應代詞不僅受限於合法度的要求，也受制於語句可處理性 (processability) 的程度，亦即有無受到花園路徑效果所影響。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis examines resumptive pronouns in Chinese relative clauses from the perspectives of grammar and processing. In the grammar, it is claimed in this research that resumptives in Chinese are base-generated pronouns rather than syntactic variables. Their occurrence can be predicted via derivational economy and grammaticality. Resumptives in Chinese are obligatory only when the gap relatives are ungrammatical. Otherwise, resumptives are optional. As for processing, three grammaticality judgments and two on-line self-paced reading tasks were conducted. The grammaticality judgments and the on-line reading times show that resumptives were dispreferred because they induced a garden-path effect (the main-clause illusion). However, resumptives became preferred when the gap relatives resulted in ungrammaticality or led to a garden path, thus inducing the difficulty of reconstruction. There was no preference for gaps or resumptives when the gap relatives involved complex structures or complicated processing domains (the intricate reconstruction). These results suggest that resumptives in Chinese are related not only to the issue of grammaticality but also to that of the processability (i.e. the garden-path effect).en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..iv
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………ix
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………..xi
Chinese Abstract…………………………………………………………………...xiii
English Abstract……………………………………………………………………xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………1
1.1 Background………………………………………………………………….1
1.1.1 Grammar Account…………………………………………………2
1.1.2 Processing Account………………………………………………...4
1.2 Purpose of the Present Study……………………………………………….4
1.3 Organization of the Study…………………………………………………..5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………….7
2.1 Grammar and Syntax………………………………………………………7
2.1.1 Resumptive Pronouns and Relative Clauses……………………….11
2.1.2 Classification of Resumptive Pronouns…………………………….14
2.1.3 Last Resort…………………………………………………………...23
2.1.4 Resumptives in Chinese……………………………………………..25
2.2 Processing………………………………………………………………….29
2.2.1 Processing Relative Clauses: Gap/Resumptive Strategies………..30
2.2.2 Comprehension……………………………………………………...34
2.2.3 Production…………………………………………………………...43
2.2.4 Garden Path in Processing Head-final Relative Clauses…………46
CHAPTER 3 GARMMAR OF RESUMPTION………………………………….51
3.1 Resumptives as Base-generated Pronouns………………………………52
3.2 The Distribution of Resumptives in Relative Clauses…………………..59
3.2.1 Obligatory Resumptives…………………………………………….61
3.2.2 Optional Resumptives……………………………………………….64
3.2.3 Indirect Object Relatives……………………………………………68
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTS…………………………………………………….77
4.1 Experiment 1……………………………………………………………….80
4.1.1 Methods……………………………………………………………....81
4.1.2 Results………………………………………………………………..88
4.1.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………….93
4.2 Experiment 2……………………………………………………………...101
4.2.1 Methods……………………………………………………………..102
4.2.2 Results………………………………………………………………106
4.2.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………..112
4.3 Experiment 3……………………………………………………………..119
4.3.1 Methods…………………………………………………………….120
4.3.2 Results………………………………………………………………122
4.3.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………..123
4.4 Experiment 4……………………………………………………………..124
4.4.1 Methods……………………………………………………………..134
4.4.2 Results………………………………………………………………137
4.4.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………...145
4.5 Experiment 5……………………………………………………………...147
4.5.1 Methods……………………………………………………………..151
4.5.2 Results………………………………………………………………153
4.5.3 Discussion…………………………………………………………...162
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….171
References………………………………………………………………………….175
Appendixes…………………………………………………………………………185
A. Corpus data of song ‘send’ and tou ‘steal’……………………………...185
B. The guiding leaflet of the on-line questionnaires in Experiment 1 and 2……………………………………………………………………………191
C. Experimental items in Experiment 1……………………………………193
D. Experimental items in Experiment 2……………………………………196
E. Filler sentences in Experiment 1 and 2………………………………….199
F. Experimental items in Experiment 31…………………………………..202
G. Experimental items and comprehension questions in Experiment 4….203
H. Experimental items and comprehension questions in Experiment 5….206		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 接應代詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關係子句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語句處理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 花園路徑效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) resumptive pronounsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) relative clausesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) processingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) garden-path effecten_US
dc.title (題名) 語法與語句處理對於中文關係子句接應代詞之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Grammar and Processing of Resumptive Pronouns in Chinese Relative Clausesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T. (2006). Resumption in relative clauses. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 24, 57-111.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2002). Resumption and locality: A crosslinguistic experimental study. Paper presented at the 38th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2003). Linguistic complexity, locality and resumption. Paper presented at the WCCFL 22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexopoulou, T., & Keller, F. (2007). Locality, cyclicity, and resumption: At the interface between the grammar and the human sentence processor. Language, 84(1), 110-160.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aoun, J. (2000). Resumption and last resort. D.E.L.T.A., 16, 13-43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aoun, J., Choueiri, L., & Hornstein, N. (2001). Resumption, movement and derivational economy. Linguistic Inquiry, 32(3), 371-403.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aoun, J., & Li, Y.-H. A. (2003). Essays on the representational and derivational nature of grammar: The diversity of Wh-constructions Cambridge: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asudeh, A. (2004). Resumption as Resource Management. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Standford University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asudeh, A. (2007). Three kinds of resumption. Paper presented at the Resumptive Pronouns at the Interfaces, Paris.zh_TW
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