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題名 論台灣華語中的限定與非限定子句的區分
Defending the Finite vs. Non-finite Distinction in Taiwan Mandarin
作者 何郁瑩
貢獻者 何萬順<br>Her, One-soon
何郁瑩
關鍵詞 限定與非限定子句
次劃分
情狀動詞
緩衝詞
詞彙功能語法
非實現貌
finiteness and non-finiteness
subcategorize
FC verb
NC verb
DL verb
modals
IRREALIS
日期 2007
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:26:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 提 要

研究所別：語言學研究所

論文名稱：論台灣華語中的限定與非限定子句的區分

指導教授：何萬順 博士

研究生：何郁瑩

論文提要內容：〈共一冊，20013字，分七章〉

本篇論文藉由三段邏輯論證法推翻漢語沒有限定與非限定子句之分的論證；反之，支持此區分在台灣華語中的有效性。鑑於「時式」的普遍性，表現在構詞方面的限定與非限定區分在綜合型語言當中是顯而易見的。雖然台灣華語缺乏明顯的構詞標記，但此限定與非限定的區分透過句法類目以及句法現象的限制依然成立。此外，我們亦將次劃分子句為補語的動詞進ㄧ步區分為三類─限定補語動詞、非限定補語動詞、雙類動詞。限定補語動詞可同時次劃分有明顯主語的限定子句以及經由代詞刪略現象後無主語的限定子句，而非限定補語動詞僅能次劃分不帶主語的非限定子句。至於雙類動詞，一類從舊有文獻中劃分出來的新類動詞，擁有同時次劃分限定子句與非限定子句的能力。當雙類動詞次劃分限定子句為補語時，有兩個條件必須被滿足：一是情狀動詞的出現，此為必要條件；二是明顯主語的出現，此為充分條件。再者，子句主語的出現與否端視於主要句謂語與子句謂語間的緩衝詞是否出現。在詞彙功能語法的架構之下，情狀動詞的出現之所以為雙類動詞次劃分限定子句為補語的必要條件是由於雙類動詞要求其子句補語擁有「非實現貌」的元素，而此元素便是由情狀動詞所提供。基於本篇論文中強而有力的論述，我們強烈主張此限定與非限定子句的區分在台灣華語中是存在的，甚至普及於全人類的語言。
This thesis provides robust argumentation via syllogisms so as to deny the argument that the distinction between finiteness and non-finiteness does not exist in Mandarin Chinese; on the contrary, to defend the proposition that this finite vs. non-finite distinction does exist in Taiwan Mandarin. In virtue of the universality of the category tense, the finite vs. non-finite distinction, morphologically manifested in synthetic languages, is taken for granted. Opaque as it is in Taiwan Mandarin, there still exist other ways for distinction, such as constraints on syntactic categories and operations. Furthermore, we re-classify verbs subcategorizing sentential complements into three types—finite-complement verb (FC verb), non-finite-complement verb (NC verb), dual-listing verb (DL verb). FC verbs can subcategorize not only finite clauses with overt subjects, but also those with covert counterparts left after pro-drop processes, while NC verbs can only subcategorize non-finite clauses as sentential complement. As for DL verbs, a neonatal one extracted from the so-called persuade-type verbs in the literature, has the capability of subcategorizing dual sentential complements, namely, finite clauses and non-finite clauses. When DL verbs subcategorize finite clauses as complement, two conditions must be satisfied to ensure the grammaticality. They are the presence of modals and the presence of overt subjects. The former is a necessary condition; the latter is a sufficient condition. Moreover, the presence of embedded overt subjects hinges on the presence of proper buffers between main predicates and embedded overt subjects. In LFG’s framework, the reason for the presence of modals being the necessary condition is that DL verbs require their sentential complements to have the value IRREALIS, which is denoted by modals obviously. On account of the tenable criteria mentioned in this thesis, we assert with confidence that this finite vs. non-finite distinction does exist in Taiwan Mandarin and that this distinction is considered universal.
參考文獻 Bickerton, D. 1990. Language and Species. The University of Chicago Press.
Bickerton, D. 1995. Language and Human Behavior. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Cheng, R. 1985. A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61(2), 352-377.
Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
Chomsky, N. 1982. Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binging. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chui, K. 1994. Grammaticalization of the Saying Verb Wa in Cantonese. Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, v.5, eds. by S. Iwasaki et al., 1-15. CA: University of California, Santa Barbara.
Cook, V. and Newson, M. 1988. Chomsky’s Universal Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Ernst, T. 1994. Functional categories and the Chinese Infl. Linguistics 32, 191-212.
Falk, Y. 2001. Lexical-Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Parallel Constraint-Based Syntax. Standford, CA: CSLI.

Fukuda, S. 2008. Two Syntactic Positions for English Aspectual Verbs. Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. Charles B. Chang and Hannah J. Haynie, 172-180. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Gasde, H. and Paul, W. 1996. Functional categories, topic prominence, and complex sentences in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 34, 263-294.
Haegeman, L. 1991. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Her, O.-S. 1990. Grammatical functions and verb subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Published Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii. Taipei: Crane Publishing.
Hu, J.-H, Pan, H.-H and Xu, L.-J. (2001). Is There a Finite vs. Nonfinite Distinction in Chinese?, Linguistics, 39(6), 1117-1148.
Huang, C.-T. 1982. Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Huang, C.-T. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistics Inquiry 15, 531-574.
Huang, C.-T. 1987. Remarks on empty categories. Linguistics Inquiry 18, 321-337.
Huang, C.-T. 1989. Pro-drop in Chinese: a generalized control theory. In Osvaldo Jaeggli and Kenneth Safir (eds.), The Null Subject Parameter, 185-214. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Huang, C.-T. 1999. Chinese Passives in Comparative Perspective. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 29, 423-509.
Huang, Y. 1994. The Syntax and Pragmatics of Anaphora: A study with Special Reference to Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huppe, B. and Kaminsky, J. 1956. Logic & Language. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Hwang, J-L. 1998. A Comparative Study on the Grammaticalization of Saying Verbs in Chinese. NACCL 10: 10th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, ed. by Chaofen Sun, 574-584.
Hwang, J-L. 2000. On Grammaticalization of Saying Verbs in Serial Verb Constructions in Chinese. Hawaii: University of Hawaii, Ph.D. Dissertation.
Katamba, F. and Stonham, J. 2006. Morphology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Li, Y.-H. 1985. Abstract casein Chinese. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California.
Li, Y.-H. 1990. Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Lin, J.-W. 2003. Selectional restrictions of tenses and temporal reference of Chinese bare sentences. Lingua 113, 271-302.
Lin, J.-W. 2006. Time in a language without Tense: The case of Chinese. Journal of Semantics 23(1), 1-53.
Liu, C.-S. 1999. Anaphora in Mandarin Chinese and binding at the interface. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine.
Palmer, F. 2001. Mood and Modality. Cambridge University Press.
Park, T. 2006. Seeking the Mother Tongue: Proto-world and Creoles.
http://www.mail-archive.com/mythfolk@yahoogroups.com/msg00676.html
Perlmutter, D. 1970. The two verbs "begin". In: Jacobs, R. and Rosenbaum, P. (Eds.), Readings in English transformational grammar. Waltham, MA: Ginn & Co, pp. 107-119.
Stassen, L. 1997. Intransitive Predication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tang, C.-C. 1990. Chinese phrase structure and the extended x’-theory. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University.
Tang, T.-C. 2000. Finite and nonfinite clauses in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 1(1), 191-214.
Ting, J. 1998. Deriving the bei-construction in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 7, 319-354.
Tsang, C.-L. 1981. A semantic study of modal auxiliary verbs in Chinese. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Standford University.
Xu, L.-J. 1985-1986. Towards a lexical-thematic theory of control. Linguistic Review 5, 345-376.
Xu, L.-J. 1994. Phenomena in Chinese grammar related to empty categories. Zhongguo Yuwen 5, 321-329.
Yeung, K.-W. 2006. On the Status of the Complementizer WAA6 in Cantonese. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 4(1), 1-48.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
95555008
96
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何萬順<br>Her, One-soonzh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 何郁瑩zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 何郁瑩zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2007en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:26:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:26:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:26:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095555008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33385-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95555008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 提 要

研究所別：語言學研究所

論文名稱：論台灣華語中的限定與非限定子句的區分

指導教授：何萬順 博士

研究生：何郁瑩

論文提要內容：〈共一冊，20013字，分七章〉

本篇論文藉由三段邏輯論證法推翻漢語沒有限定與非限定子句之分的論證；反之，支持此區分在台灣華語中的有效性。鑑於「時式」的普遍性，表現在構詞方面的限定與非限定區分在綜合型語言當中是顯而易見的。雖然台灣華語缺乏明顯的構詞標記，但此限定與非限定的區分透過句法類目以及句法現象的限制依然成立。此外，我們亦將次劃分子句為補語的動詞進ㄧ步區分為三類─限定補語動詞、非限定補語動詞、雙類動詞。限定補語動詞可同時次劃分有明顯主語的限定子句以及經由代詞刪略現象後無主語的限定子句，而非限定補語動詞僅能次劃分不帶主語的非限定子句。至於雙類動詞，一類從舊有文獻中劃分出來的新類動詞，擁有同時次劃分限定子句與非限定子句的能力。當雙類動詞次劃分限定子句為補語時，有兩個條件必須被滿足：一是情狀動詞的出現，此為必要條件；二是明顯主語的出現，此為充分條件。再者，子句主語的出現與否端視於主要句謂語與子句謂語間的緩衝詞是否出現。在詞彙功能語法的架構之下，情狀動詞的出現之所以為雙類動詞次劃分限定子句為補語的必要條件是由於雙類動詞要求其子句補語擁有「非實現貌」的元素，而此元素便是由情狀動詞所提供。基於本篇論文中強而有力的論述，我們強烈主張此限定與非限定子句的區分在台灣華語中是存在的，甚至普及於全人類的語言。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis provides robust argumentation via syllogisms so as to deny the argument that the distinction between finiteness and non-finiteness does not exist in Mandarin Chinese; on the contrary, to defend the proposition that this finite vs. non-finite distinction does exist in Taiwan Mandarin. In virtue of the universality of the category tense, the finite vs. non-finite distinction, morphologically manifested in synthetic languages, is taken for granted. Opaque as it is in Taiwan Mandarin, there still exist other ways for distinction, such as constraints on syntactic categories and operations. Furthermore, we re-classify verbs subcategorizing sentential complements into three types—finite-complement verb (FC verb), non-finite-complement verb (NC verb), dual-listing verb (DL verb). FC verbs can subcategorize not only finite clauses with overt subjects, but also those with covert counterparts left after pro-drop processes, while NC verbs can only subcategorize non-finite clauses as sentential complement. As for DL verbs, a neonatal one extracted from the so-called persuade-type verbs in the literature, has the capability of subcategorizing dual sentential complements, namely, finite clauses and non-finite clauses. When DL verbs subcategorize finite clauses as complement, two conditions must be satisfied to ensure the grammaticality. They are the presence of modals and the presence of overt subjects. The former is a necessary condition; the latter is a sufficient condition. Moreover, the presence of embedded overt subjects hinges on the presence of proper buffers between main predicates and embedded overt subjects. In LFG’s framework, the reason for the presence of modals being the necessary condition is that DL verbs require their sentential complements to have the value IRREALIS, which is denoted by modals obviously. On account of the tenable criteria mentioned in this thesis, we assert with confidence that this finite vs. non-finite distinction does exist in Taiwan Mandarin and that this distinction is considered universal.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements……………………………… ……………………..iv
Table of Contents…………… ……………………………………….v
Chinese Abstract…………… ……………………………………….vii
English Abstract……………………………………………………...ix
Chapter
1.Introduction……………………………………………………………01
1.1 Motivation andPurpose……………………………………….03
1.2 Information about the Data.………………………………07
1.3 Organization of this Thesis………………………………07
2.Literature Review…………………………………………….....09
2.1 Huang (1982)…………………………………………………….09
2.2 Li (1990)…………………………………………………………13
2.3 Tang (1990)………………………………………………………16
2.4 Hu et al. (2001)………………………………………………19
2.4.1 Aspectual Markers and Modals………………………20
2.4.2 Structural Barriers: the Co-occurrence
Relation, the Licensingof Negative Polarity
Items and the Unbounded Dependency………………23
2.4.3 Obligatory Null Subjects………………………………27
2.4.4 Syntactic Structures Reserved for Finite
Clauses and the Interpretation and the
Distribution of WH-words ……………………………29
3. Remarks on Hu et al.’s Argumentation……………………33
3.1 The Stance behind the Tensedness Parameter………33
3.2 Logical Invalidity……………………………………………34
3.3 Theory-internal Discrepancies……………………………40
3.3.1 GB-framework………………………………………………40
3.3.2 LFG-framework………………………………………………45
4. Verbs Subcategorizing Sentential Complements…………51
4.1 Parallels between English and Taiwan Mandarin……51
4.2 Verbs Classifications in Taiwan Mandarin……………53
4.2.1 Finite-complement (FC) Verbs………………………53
4.2.2 Dual-listing (DL) Verbs………………………………55
4.2.3 Non-finite-complement (NC) Verbs…………………58
5. Manifestations of Finiteness and Non-finiteness in
Taiwan Mandarin………………………………………………………61
5.1 Subcategorizations of FC Verbs…………………………61
5.2 Subcategorizations of DL Verbs……………………………64
5.2.1 DL Verbs Subcategorizing Finite-clauses as
Complement……………………………………………………64
5.2.2 DL Verbs Subcategorizing Non-finite-clauses as
Complement…………………………………………………75
5.3 Subcategorizations of NC Verbs…………………………78
6. Other Proposed Criteria for Non-finiteness……………81
6.1 The Co-occurrence Relation and the Licensing of
Negative Polarity Items……………………………………81
6.2 Tang’s Other Five Criteria for Non-finiteness…88
7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………93
References…………………………………………………………………97		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095555008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 限定與非限定子句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 次劃分zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情狀動詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 緩衝詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙功能語法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非實現貌zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) finiteness and non-finitenessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) subcategorizeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) FC verben_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) NC verben_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) DL verben_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) modalsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) IRREALISen_US
dc.title (題名) 論台灣華語中的限定與非限定子句的區分zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Defending the Finite vs. Non-finite Distinction in Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bickerton, D. 1990. Language and Species. The University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bickerton, D. 1995. Language and Human Behavior. Seattle: University of Washington Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, R. 1985. A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61(2), 352-377.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, N. 1982. Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binging. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chui, K. 1994. Grammaticalization of the Saying Verb Wa in Cantonese. Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, v.5, eds. by S. Iwasaki et al., 1-15. CA: University of California, Santa Barbara.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cook, V. and Newson, M. 1988. Chomsky’s Universal Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ernst, T. 1994. Functional categories and the Chinese Infl. Linguistics 32, 191-212.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Falk, Y. 2001. Lexical-Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Parallel Constraint-Based Syntax. Standford, CA: CSLI.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fukuda, S. 2008. Two Syntactic Positions for English Aspectual Verbs. Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. Charles B. Chang and Hannah J. Haynie, 172-180. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gasde, H. and Paul, W. 1996. Functional categories, topic prominence, and complex sentences in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 34, 263-294.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haegeman, L. 1991. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, O.-S. 1990. Grammatical functions and verb subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Published Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii. Taipei: Crane Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hu, J.-H, Pan, H.-H and Xu, L.-J. (2001). Is There a Finite vs. Nonfinite Distinction in Chinese?, Linguistics, 39(6), 1117-1148.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. 1982. Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistics Inquiry 15, 531-574.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. 1987. Remarks on empty categories. Linguistics Inquiry 18, 321-337.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. 1989. Pro-drop in Chinese: a generalized control theory. In Osvaldo Jaeggli and Kenneth Safir (eds.), The Null Subject Parameter, 185-214. Dordrecht: Kluwer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. 1999. Chinese Passives in Comparative Perspective. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 29, 423-509.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Y. 1994. The Syntax and Pragmatics of Anaphora: A study with Special Reference to Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huppe, B. and Kaminsky, J. 1956. Logic & Language. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hwang, J-L. 1998. A Comparative Study on the Grammaticalization of Saying Verbs in Chinese. NACCL 10: 10th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, ed. by Chaofen Sun, 574-584.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hwang, J-L. 2000. On Grammaticalization of Saying Verbs in Serial Verb Constructions in Chinese. Hawaii: University of Hawaii, Ph.D. Dissertation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Katamba, F. and Stonham, J. 2006. Morphology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Y.-H. 1985. Abstract casein Chinese. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Y.-H. 1990. Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, J.-W. 2003. Selectional restrictions of tenses and temporal reference of Chinese bare sentences. Lingua 113, 271-302.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, J.-W. 2006. Time in a language without Tense: The case of Chinese. Journal of Semantics 23(1), 1-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, C.-S. 1999. Anaphora in Mandarin Chinese and binding at the interface. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Palmer, F. 2001. Mood and Modality. Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Park, T. 2006. Seeking the Mother Tongue: Proto-world and Creoles.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) http://www.mail-archive.com/mythfolk@yahoogroups.com/msg00676.htmlzh_TW
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