1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 台灣地區原住民母語教育政策之探討：以布農族為例
Evaluating the Aboriginals’ Mother-Tongue Education: Bunun as an Example
作者 劉秋雲
Liu, Chiu-yun
貢獻者 詹惠珍
Chan, Hui-chen
劉秋雲
Liu, Chiu-yun
關鍵詞 語言轉移
語言政策
母語教育
布農族
原住民
日期 2002
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:26:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 國語政策的實施造成台灣地區原住民族母語嚴重地流失，產生語言轉移的現象。2001年（九十學年度）教育部首度將鄉土語言列為正式課程，開始實施強制性每週一節的母語教學課程。然此項母語教學辦法的實施，其實施前的評估和之後的檢討均未進行，因此本論文以布農族為例，從語言政策的觀點探討台灣地區原住民的母語教育政策。一方面從語言能力、語言使用、及語言態度等層面來調查布農族人的語言轉移情形；另一方面從其對母語教育政策的態度檢討當前布農語教學的實施現況。
本論文研究方法採問卷調查和深度訪談，同時進行量化和質化的研究。探查之學校於是八個布農族為主的山地鄉，以隨機取樣的方式，各抽取兩所學校，因此共計十六個學校納入調查範圍。問卷部份，主要根據年齡和教育程度兩個社會變項，在各組中採集等量的問卷。深度訪談則針對學校行政人員（校長與教務主任）、母語老師、家長、和學生，進行母語教學相關議題的訪談。問卷調查在探查普遍性的分佈狀況，而訪談目的則在探討問卷結果背後的理由。
調查結果發現，布農族人的母語能力和母語使用均出現隨著年齡層下降、教育程度升高而衰退的情形，顯示母語轉移的痕跡。在刻板印象上，高年齡層受試者對母語的評價較國語高，低年齡層和兩個教育層的受試者對布農語和國語的刻板印象評價則不達顯著，均一致地高。在學習動機方面，受試者不分年齡或教育程度，均一致認為國語之工具性動機高過布農語。而以布農語本身的融合性動機顯著高於工具性動機，顯示布農語對布農族人的功能為象徵性強過實用性。在對母語教育政策的看法上，一般而言都支持度都相當高；但在教學內容的實行上，如教學時間、師資問題等則多有意見，受訪者指出若干問題，並提出相關建議。
本研究結果證實布農族人的母語發生轉移現象，希望日後相關單位在訂定或修正語言政策時，可以對原住民母語轉移現象的挽救提供幫助。
The implementation of Guoyu Policy in Taiwan has caused the minority groups, (in particular, the Indigenous peoples) a serious language shift, shifting from their mother tongues to Guoyu, the national language. To remedy the problem, "Mother Tongue Education" has been implemented since 1996. Unfortunately, there has never been any official evaluation on this policy. For this reason, this thesis aims at providing a preliminary evaluation of it through an investigation of the Bunun`s proficiency in their mother tongue, their use of it, their attitudes toward their mother tongue and the policy.
The research methods applied in conducting this study include both quantitative and qualitative analysis. For the former, 279 questionnaires (out of 300) were collected and analyzed, with a focus on sociolinguistic differences based on age and education level. For the latter, 36 informants (including school administrators, mother tongue teachers, students, and their parents) from 15 Bunun primary schools were interviewed.
The results of statistic tests indicate that the Bunun`s proficiency in their mother tongue and the frequency of using it decline with decrease of their age and increase of their education level. Among the various social groups, only subjects of higher education level show a positive attitude more favorable to Guoyu than to Bunun; while the other groups give equal ranking to both of the two languages. Moreover, the Bunun subjects, as a whole, consider Guoyu being more instrumental than Bunun; however, it is Bunun that receive higher score for integrative motivation, which indicates that Bunun still plays a symbolic function to the Bunun people. As to their attitudes toward the policy of mother tongue education, generally all the subjects show their support to it, although they point out, at the same time, that the policy should be modified on several aspects, such as problems related to the length of teaching hour and the sources of qualified mother tongue teachers. Most of the findings derived from quantitative analysis are confirmed by the subjects of the interviews.
The general conclusion of this thesis is that the Bunun are experiencing a language shift from their mother tongue to Guoyu. It is suggested that the government and the institutions concerned should locate effective measures to meet the imperative needs in saving the mother tongues of the minority groups.
參考文獻 Afredras, Evangelos A., 1978. Multilingualism in Malaysia: a pilot study of language choice in Panang markets. –Paper presented at 10th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Cultural Institute of Indian Languages Manasangangotri, Mysore, India, Dec. 19-21, 22p.
Agheyisi, R. and J. Fishman. 1970. “Language Attitude Studies: A Brief Survey of Methodological Approaches.” Anthropological Linguistics 12/5: 137-57.
Appel, R. and P. Muysken. 1988. Language Contact and Bilingualism. London: Edward Arnold.
Barth F. 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Differences. Little, Brown & Co., Boston.
Berg, Marien E. Van Den. 1986. Language Planning and Language Use in Taiwan. Dissertation. Crane: Taipei.
Blom, Jan-Petter and Gumperz, John. 1972. “Social Meaning in Linguistic Structure: Code-Switching in Norway.” In Gumperz and Hymes 1972:407-34.
Cacioppo, John T. and Petty, Richard E. 1982. “Language variables, attitudes, and persuasion.” In Ryan, Ellen B. & Giles, Howard (ed.): Attitudes towards Language Variation. 189-207. Arnold, London.
Chan, Hui-chen. 1994. Language Shift in Taiwan: Social and Political Determinats. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Washington D.C. Georgetown University.
Chen, Hui-ping. 1997. A sociolinguistic study of second language proficiency,language use and language attitude among the Yami in Lanyu. M.A. Thesis. Department of English Language, Literature, and Linguistics, Providence University.
Chung, Marina Chu-chi. 2002. A Bunun School and Village-Taiwanization and Aboriginal Identity. Ann Arbor. 331p.
Cooper, R. L. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge University Press.
Cooper, R. L. and J. A. Fishman. 1974. “The Study of Language Attitudes.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 3:5-19.
Cooper Robert L. and Susan Carpenter. 1976. “Language in the market.” In Language in Ethiopia, ed. by M. L. Bender, et al., 244-255. London: Oxford University Press.
Dorian, Nancy. 1981. Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Dressler Wolfgang and Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth. 1977. “Language preservation and language death in Brittany.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 12:31-44.
Eastman Carol M. and T. C. Reese. 1981. “Language planning,identity planning, and world view.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 32:45-53.
Eastman Carol M. 1984. Language Planning, an Introduction. University of Washington.
Edwards, John. Robert
1977. “Ethnic Identity and Bilingual Education,” in Language,
Ethnicity, and Intergroup Relations. London: Association Press.
1979. Language and Disadvantage. Arnold, London.
1982. “Language attitudes and their implications among the English speakers.” In Ryan, Ellen B. and Giles, Howard (ed.): Attitudes towards Language Variation. 20-33. Arnold, London.
1985. Language, Society, and Identity. Basil Blackwell.
Ehlich Konrad. 1994. “Communication Disruptions: on Benefits and Disadvantages of Language Contact.” Language Contact and Language Conflict. Ed by Martin Putz. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
Fasold, P. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society: Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Feifel, Karl-Eugen. 1994. Language Attitudes in Taiwan-A Social Evaluation of Language in Social Change. Taipei: Crane.
Ferguson, Charles A.
1959. “Diglossia”. World 15. 325-340. [Repr. In Hymes 1964, 429-439].
1968. “Language Development”. Language Problems of Developing Nations, ed. J. Fishman, C. Ferguson, J. Das Gupta (New York: Wiley), 27-36.
1971. Language Structures and Language Use. Essays. Selected and Introduced by Anwar Dil. Stanford, Gal.: Stanford University Press.
1975. “Rationale of the Language Survey in Eastern Africa, 1967-70.” Paper Presented at International Conference on the Methodology of Sociolinguistics Surveys, May 19-21, 1975, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
1991. “Diglossia revisited”, Southwest Journal of Linguistics. 10(1):214.234.
Fishman, Joshua A.
1964. “Language Maintenance and Language Shift as a Field of Inquiry.”Linguistics 9: 32-70.
1965. “Who Speaks What Language to Whom and When?” Linguistics, 2:67-8.
1967. “Bilingualism With and Without Diglossia: Diglossia With and Without Bilingualism.” Journal of Social Issues 23: 29-38.
(ed).1968. Reading in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton.
1968. “Sociolinguistic Perspective on the Study of Bilingualism.” Linguistics. 39:21-49
1971. Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
1972a. “National languages and languages of wider communication in developing nations.” In Dil, Anwar S. (ed.): Language in Sociocultural Change, Essay by Joshua A. Fishman. 191-223. Standford University Press, Stanford.
1972b. The Sociology of Language, An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Newbury House, Rowley, Mass.
2000. Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? : Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective. Clevedon [England]; Buffalo : Multilingual Matters, 116.
Fishman, Joshua A., et al. 1985. The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival: Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity. Berlin: Mouton Publishers.
Fishman Joshua A. & Marshall David F. 1991. Language Planning. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Frey, J. W. 1945. Amish “Triple Talk.” America Speech, 20:85-98.
Gal, Susan. 1979. Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press, INC.
Gardner, R. C. and Lambert, W. E. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.
Gates, Hill. 1981. “Ethnicity and Social Class,” in Ahern, Emily Martin and Hill Gates, eds.The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. Standford, CA. Standford University Press.
Giles, Howard, ed. 1977. Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press Inc.Ltd.
Giles, Howard, R. Y. Bourghis and D. M. Taylor. 1977. “Toward a Theory of Language in Ethnic Group Relation,” in Giles, Howard, ed. Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press Inc, Ltd.
Giles, Howard., and P. Johnson. 1981. “The Role of Language in Ethnic Group Relation.” In J. Turner and H. Giles, eds. Intergroup Behavior Oxford: Blackwell.
Gross, F. 1951. Language and Value Changes Among the Arapho. International Journal of American Linguistics, 17: 10-17.
Gumperz, John. 1977. “The sociolinguistics significance of conversational code-switching”. RELC Journal, 8(2): 1-34.
Haugen Einar.
1956. Bilingualism in the Americas: A Bibliography and Research Guide. (Publication No. 26 of the American Dialect Society). Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
1959. “Planning for a Standard Language in Norway.” Anthropological Linguistics 1.3: 8-21.
1967. “Language Planning, theory and practice.” –Actes du Xe Congres International des Linguistes 1967, Bucarest, 1969, 701-709.
1983. “The Implementation of Corpus Planning. Progress in Language
Planning.” Juan Cobarrubias and J. A. Fishman (eds.). Berlin: Mouton Publishers, 269-89.
1987. Blessings of Babel-Bilingualism and Language Planning. Mouton de Gruyter. Berlin. New York. Amsterdam.
Herman, Simon R. 1968. “Explorations in the Social Psychology of Language Choice,” In Fishman, J., ed. Reading in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton.
Hindley, R. 1990. The Death of the Irish Language. London: Routledge.
Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Longman Publishing, New York.
Hornberger Nancy. 1987. “Bilingual Education Success but Policy Failure.” Language in Society 16.2: 205-26.
Huang, Shuanfan. 1988. “A Sociolinguistic Profile of Taipei.” In Cheng, Robert And Shuanfan Huang (eds.), The Structure of Taiwanese: A Modern Synthesis. Taipei: Crane Publishing Co., Ltd.
Jernudd, B and Das Gupta, J. 1971. Towards a Theory of Language Planning. In J. Ruben and B. Jernudd (Eds.), Can Language be Planned? (pp.195-215). Honolulu: East-West Center Press.
Karam Francis. 1974. “Toward a Definition of Language Planning. Advances in Language Planning.” J. A. Fishman (ed.). The Hauge: Mouton Publishers, 103-24.
Kloss, Heinz. 1969. Research Possibilities on Group Bilingualism: A Report. Qeubec: International Center for Research on Bilingualism.
Lambert Wallace E.; Hodgson, R. C; Gardener, R. C.; and Fillenbaum, S. 1960. “Evaluational reactions to spoken languages.” Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, Vol.60, No1, 44-51.
Lambert Wallace E.; Anisfeld, Moshe; Yeni-Komshian, D. 1965. 1965. “Evaluational reactions of Jewish and Arab adolescents to dialect and language variation”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol.2, No.1, 84-90.
Lambert Wallace E. 1967. “A social psychology of bilingualism”, Journal of Social Issues, 23(2): 91-109.
Labov, William. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D. C.: Center of Applied Linguistics.
Lieberson, S., G. Dalto, and M. E. Johnson. 1975. “The course of mother tongue diversity in nations”, American Journal of Sociology 81(1): 34-61.
Lu Li-jung. 1988. A Study of Language Attitudes, Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Taiwan. M.A. Thesis. Graduate Institute of Linguistics, Fu Jen Catholic University.
Mackey, W. 1962. The Description of Bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 7: 51-85.
Neustupny, Jiri. 1970. “Basic Types of Treatment of Language Problems.” Linguistic Communications 1: 77-98 [Repr. In Fishman, ed. 1974, 37-48]
Nisbett, R. E.; Zukier, H.; Lemley, R. E. 1981. “The dilution effect,” Cognitive Psychology. Vol. 73” 248-77.
Osgood, Charles E. 1954. Psycholinguistics: A Survey of Theory and Research Problems. Baltimore: Waverlry Press.
Osgood, C. E. and Suci, G. J. 1955. “Factor analysis of meaning”, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Vol. 50” 325-338.
Osgood, C. E.; Suci, G. J.; and Tennenbaum, P. H. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Parasher, S. N. 1980. “Mother-tongue-English Diglossia: a Case Study of Educated Indian Bilinguals’ Language Use.”Anthropological Linguistics, 22(4):151-68
Paulstone, Christina Bratt. 1932. Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for Language Policies. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 1994.
Paulston, R. G.1977. “Separate education as an ethnic survival strategy: the Finlandssvenska case”, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 8:3.
Platt, J. T. 1977. “A model for polyglossia and multilingualism (with special reference to Singapore and Malaysia)”, Language in Society 6/3, 361-378.
Pool, Jonathan. 1979. “Language Planning and Identity Planning.” IJSL 20: 5-21.
Royce, A. P. 1982. Ethnic Identity: Strategies of Diversity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Rubin, Joan. 1968. “Bilingual usage in Paraguay.” In Fishman 1968c:512-30.
Rubin, Joan and Jernudd, Bjorn H. 1971. “Introduction: language planning as an element in Modernization.” Can Language be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developing Nations. Rubin, Joan. and Jernudd, Bjorn H. (eds.). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, pp. Xiii-xxiv.
Ruiz, Richard. 1984. “Orientations in language planning.” NABE Journal 8.2: 15-34.
Ryan, Ellen Bouchard and Carranza, Migeul A. 1975. “Evaluative reactions of adolescents toward speakers of standard English and Mexican American accented English”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 31: 855-63.
Ryan, E. B., Howard Giles, and R. J. Sebastian. 1982. “An Integrative Perspective for The Study of Attitudes Toward Language Variation.” In E. B. Ryne and H. Giles, eds, Attitudes Towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts, London: Edward Arnold.
Ryan, Ellen Bouchard; Giles, Howard and Hewstone, Miles
1987. “The measurement of language attitutdes’, in Ammon, Ulrich et al. (ed.): Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik, 1068-1081. De Gruyter, Berlin.
Sankoff, Gillian. 1980. “Language use in multilingual societies: some alternate Approaches.” In G. Sankoff, 1972. The Social Life of Language, pp. 29-46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Also in Pride and Holmes (eds.), Sociolinguistics, pp. 33-51. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.
Schermerhorn, R. A. 1970. Comparative Ethnic Relations. New York: Random House.
She Tan-su. 1994. A Study of the Needs for the Education of Native Languages in Taiwan. M.A. Thesis. Graduate Institute of Linguistics, Fu Jen Catholic University.
Shuy, Roger and Frederick Williams. 1973. “Stereotyped Attitudes of Selected English Dialect Communities,” in Shuy, R. W. and R. W. Fasold, eds. Language Attitudes: Current Trends and Prospects.
Stewart, W. A. 1968. A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism. In Readings in the Sociology of Language, ed. by J. A. Fishman. 531-45. The Hague: Mouton.
Trudgill, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell
Watson and Viney Ltd.
Van Den Berg, M. E. 1986. Language Planning and Language use in Taiwan. Taipei:
Crane.
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Language in Contact: Findings and Problems. Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, No.1. Reprinted 1963. Mouton.
Young, Russell. 1989. Language Maintenance and Language Shift among the Chinese on Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.
山胞行政局，1993，《山胞行政相關法規彙編》。
中國教育協會、中國教育學會台灣分會編印，1954，《台灣省山地教育實況調查報告書第一期》，台北：中國教育協會、中國教育協會台灣分會。
台灣省政府民政廳編印，1948，《山地行政概要》，南投：台灣省政府。
台灣省政府民政廳編印，1971，《發展中的台灣山地行政》，南投：台灣省政府。
《台灣省政府公報》，民國40年冬12期。
《台灣省政府公報》，民國41年春14期。
《台灣省政府公報》，民國60年冬71期。
《台灣省政府公報》，民國79年夏63期。
丘才廉，1994，《加拿大語言權之研究》，碩士論文，國立政治大學法律學研究所。
田哲益，1995，《台灣布農族風俗圖誌》，台北：常民文化。
江文瑜
1994，台灣母語教育現狀之探討—台北縣學生和老師對母語教學之態
度調查。發表於第四屆世界華語文教學研討會。
1995，〈台灣母語教育現狀之探討〉，《華文世界》，75：59-65。
江秀英，2001，〈台灣及美國原住民母語教學之比較研究〉，
發表於「第四屆台灣原住民訪問研究者成果發表會」。
李壬癸
1992，《台灣南島語言的語音符號系統》，台北：教育部。
1988，〈布農語方言比較研究〉，《歷史語言研究所集刊》，（卷59期2），頁479-508，台北：中央研究院。
1995，〈台灣南島語的辭典編纂技術檢討—兼評現有的幾部辭典〉，
《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁1-18，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
1997，《台灣南島民族的族群與遷徙》，台北：常民文化。
李壬癸、林英津編，1995，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
汪明輝、浦忠勇，1995，〈鄒語使用現況之初步調查分析〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁131-178，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
何大安，1995，〈現行排灣語書寫系統的檢討〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁49-56，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
宋神財，1995，〈台北縣立烏來國民中小學泰雅母語教學施行現況研究（1990∼1994）〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁597-110，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
吳天泰，1998，〈由多元文化的觀點看原民母語教學的推展〉，台東：《原民教育季刊 第十期》，頁49-63。
林金泡，1995，〈母語與文化傳承〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁203-222，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
胡榮典編，1996，《布農語學習教材〈上〉〈下〉》，台東：台東縣海端鄉加拿國民小學。
施正鋒，1997，《族群政治與政策》，台北：前衛出版有限公司。
徐晉治，1983，《台灣東部三縣市山地國語文教育現況調查研究》，花蓮：台灣省花蓮師範專科學校。
許木柱，1992，《山胞輔導措施績效之檢討》，台北：行政院研究發展考核委員會。
孫大川，1995，〈語言權力和主體性的建構—以台灣原住民母語問題為例〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，台北：教育部教育研究委會。
教育部，1992，《發展與改進山胞教育五年計畫綱要》，台北：教育部。
教育部，1995，《國民中小學台灣鄉土語言輔助教材大綱專案研究報告》，台北：教育部。
曹逢甫，1997，《族群語言政策-海峽兩岸的比較》，台北：文鶴出版有限公司。
曾思齊，1995，〈阿美語文教學構想及有關問題的探討〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁111-130，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
黃美金
1995，〈台灣地區本土語言教材編纂現況之探討〉，《華文世界》，75 : 37-45。
1995，〈台灣南島民族母語現有教材之比較和我見〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁77-96，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
黃宣範，1993，《語言、社會與族群意識》，台北：文鶴出版有限公司。
黃麗容，1999，《紐西蘭毛利語教育之研究-以小學「完全浸滲式」毛利語教學為例》，碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學教育學研究所。
陳美如，1996，《台灣光復後語言教育政策之研究》，碩士論文。台北：國立台灣師範大學教育研究所。
陳茂泰，1995，〈把有聲語言「消失」為文字語言：原住民語言文字化的理論評估〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁57-76，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
陳淑嬌，1995，〈從語言政策架構理論探討泰雅母語運動〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁223-240，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
陳勝榮，2001，〈原住民族語言教學成效模式之相關研究—以烏來鄉泰雅族語教學為例〉，發表於「第四屆台灣原住民訪問研究者成果發表會」。
張佳琳，1993，《台灣光復後原住民教育政策研究》，碩士論文。台北：國立台灣師範大學教育研究所。
張慧端，1996，《台灣省原住民社會發展方案執行成果評估報告書》，台北：國立政治大學民族學系。
張博宇主編，1987年，《慶祝台灣光復四十週年台灣地區推行國語資料彙編》，（上），南投：台灣省政府教育廳。
葉玉賢，1990，《語言政策與教育：馬來西亞與新加坡之比較研究》，碩士論文南投：暨南大學比較教育研究所。
湯廷池，1995，〈「母語教育」的理論與實際〉，《華文世界》，頁51-61
楊孝榮，1998，〈原住民教育與母語教學〉，台東：《原住民教育季刊 第十一期》，頁50-59。
鄭惠美，1998，《台灣光復後原住民語言政策演變之分析》，碩士論文，台北：國立政治大學民族學系研究所。
劉秋雲，2001，〈布農族人的語言使用與民族認同—以台東縣延平鄉桃源村為例〉，發表於「90學年度國立政治大學研究生論文發表會」。
賴阿忠，1995，〈魯凱語的現況與維護〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁179-202，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。
謝國平，1990，〈從雙語規劃看雙語教育〉，《台灣史田野研究通訊 弟十四期》，頁10-15。
謝麗君，1997，《戰後台灣語言政策之政治分析（1945-1997）》，碩士論文，台北：國立台灣大學政治學研究所。
盧慧真，1997，《屏東縣泰武鄉排灣族母語流失之調查》，碩士論文，高雄：國立高雄師範大學英語研究所。
韓世芬，1996，《台灣原住民語言能力及語言使用之調查研究》，碩士論文，新竹：國立清華大學語言學研究所。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
89555006
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895550061
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 詹惠珍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chan, Hui-chenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉秋雲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liu, Chiu-yunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 劉秋雲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liu, Chiu-yunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:26:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:26:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:26:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0895550061en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33386-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89555006zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國語政策的實施造成台灣地區原住民族母語嚴重地流失，產生語言轉移的現象。2001年（九十學年度）教育部首度將鄉土語言列為正式課程，開始實施強制性每週一節的母語教學課程。然此項母語教學辦法的實施，其實施前的評估和之後的檢討均未進行，因此本論文以布農族為例，從語言政策的觀點探討台灣地區原住民的母語教育政策。一方面從語言能力、語言使用、及語言態度等層面來調查布農族人的語言轉移情形；另一方面從其對母語教育政策的態度檢討當前布農語教學的實施現況。
本論文研究方法採問卷調查和深度訪談，同時進行量化和質化的研究。探查之學校於是八個布農族為主的山地鄉，以隨機取樣的方式，各抽取兩所學校，因此共計十六個學校納入調查範圍。問卷部份，主要根據年齡和教育程度兩個社會變項，在各組中採集等量的問卷。深度訪談則針對學校行政人員（校長與教務主任）、母語老師、家長、和學生，進行母語教學相關議題的訪談。問卷調查在探查普遍性的分佈狀況，而訪談目的則在探討問卷結果背後的理由。
調查結果發現，布農族人的母語能力和母語使用均出現隨著年齡層下降、教育程度升高而衰退的情形，顯示母語轉移的痕跡。在刻板印象上，高年齡層受試者對母語的評價較國語高，低年齡層和兩個教育層的受試者對布農語和國語的刻板印象評價則不達顯著，均一致地高。在學習動機方面，受試者不分年齡或教育程度，均一致認為國語之工具性動機高過布農語。而以布農語本身的融合性動機顯著高於工具性動機，顯示布農語對布農族人的功能為象徵性強過實用性。在對母語教育政策的看法上，一般而言都支持度都相當高；但在教學內容的實行上，如教學時間、師資問題等則多有意見，受訪者指出若干問題，並提出相關建議。
本研究結果證實布農族人的母語發生轉移現象，希望日後相關單位在訂定或修正語言政策時，可以對原住民母語轉移現象的挽救提供幫助。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The implementation of Guoyu Policy in Taiwan has caused the minority groups, (in particular, the Indigenous peoples) a serious language shift, shifting from their mother tongues to Guoyu, the national language. To remedy the problem, "Mother Tongue Education" has been implemented since 1996. Unfortunately, there has never been any official evaluation on this policy. For this reason, this thesis aims at providing a preliminary evaluation of it through an investigation of the Bunun`s proficiency in their mother tongue, their use of it, their attitudes toward their mother tongue and the policy.
The research methods applied in conducting this study include both quantitative and qualitative analysis. For the former, 279 questionnaires (out of 300) were collected and analyzed, with a focus on sociolinguistic differences based on age and education level. For the latter, 36 informants (including school administrators, mother tongue teachers, students, and their parents) from 15 Bunun primary schools were interviewed.
The results of statistic tests indicate that the Bunun`s proficiency in their mother tongue and the frequency of using it decline with decrease of their age and increase of their education level. Among the various social groups, only subjects of higher education level show a positive attitude more favorable to Guoyu than to Bunun; while the other groups give equal ranking to both of the two languages. Moreover, the Bunun subjects, as a whole, consider Guoyu being more instrumental than Bunun; however, it is Bunun that receive higher score for integrative motivation, which indicates that Bunun still plays a symbolic function to the Bunun people. As to their attitudes toward the policy of mother tongue education, generally all the subjects show their support to it, although they point out, at the same time, that the policy should be modified on several aspects, such as problems related to the length of teaching hour and the sources of qualified mother tongue teachers. Most of the findings derived from quantitative analysis are confirmed by the subjects of the interviews.
The general conclusion of this thesis is that the Bunun are experiencing a language shift from their mother tongue to Guoyu. It is suggested that the government and the institutions concerned should locate effective measures to meet the imperative needs in saving the mother tongues of the minority groups.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 謝誌……………………………………………………………………………i
目次…………………………………………………………………………iii
表目次………………………………………………………………………xii
圖目次……………………………………………………………………… ix中文摘要……………………………………………………………………..x
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………….xi

第一章　序論…………………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究動機和目的…………………………………………………………1
1.2 國語運動和原住民語言政策……………………………………………2
1.2.1 光復改制期（1945年-1949年）…………………………………… 2
1.2.2 穩定計畫期（1949年-1987年）…………………………………… 3
1.2.3 開放發展期（1987年至今）…………………………………………4
1.2.4 國語推行之成效………………………………………………………5
1.3 布農族背景介紹和母語教育實施概況…………………………………6
1.3.1 布農族背景介紹………………………………………………………6
1.3.2 布農語教育實施概況…………………………………………………7
1.4 研究假設…………………………………………………………………10

第二章　文獻回顧……………………………………………………………11
2.1 語言和民族認同…………………………………………………………11
2.1.1 民族認同………………………………………………………………11
2.1.2 語言和民族認同………………………………………………………11
2.2 語言選擇…………………………………………………………………12
2.2.1 語言接觸………………………………………………………………12
2.2.2 語言選擇………………………………………………………………13
2.2.3 語言維持或轉移………………………………………………………15
2.2.4 語言再生………………………………………………………………17
2.3 語言態度…………………………………………………………………17
2.3.1 語言態度的定義………………………………………………………18
2.3.2 評估語言態度的面向…………………………………………………19
2.3.3 測量語言態度的方法…………………………………………………19
2.4 語言規劃理論……………………………………………………………20
2.4.1 語言規劃與語言政策…………………………………………………21
2.4.1.1 語言規劃的定義…………………………………………………. 21
2.4.1.2 語言規劃的方針………………………………………......... 21
2.4.1.3 語言規劃的類型……………………………………… .........21
2.4.1.3.1 地位規劃…………………………………..................21
2.4.1.3.2 本質規劃…………………………………..................22
2.4.1.3.3 學習規劃…………………………………..................23
2.4.1.4 語言規劃的過程……………………………………… .........23
2.4.2 語言權…………………………………………………………………25
2.5 雙言結構…………………………………………………………………25
2.6 案例研究…………………………………………………………………26

第三章　研究設計……………………………………………………………29
3.1 檢測方式…………………………………………………………………29
3.1.1 問卷調查………………………………………………………………29
3.1.1.1 基本資料……………………………………………… .........29
3.1.1.2 語言使用……………………………………………… .........30
3.1.1.3 語言態度………………………………….…………….........30
3.1.1.4 母語教育政策態度…………………………………… .........31
3.1.2 訪談……………………………………………………………………31
3.2 採樣………………………………………………………………………32
3.2.1 採樣區域………………………………………………… .........32
3.2.2 受試者…………………………………………………… .........35
3.2.3 訪談對象………………………………………………… .........35
3.3 資料分析方法……………………………………………………………36

第四章 調查結果分析
4.1 語言能力…………………………………………………………………37
4.1.1 整體受試者的語言能力………………………………………………37
4.1.2 年齡和語言能力的關係………………………………………………37
4.1.3 教育程度與語言能力的關係…………………………………………38
4.2 語言使用…………………………………………………………………39
4.2.1 對不同談話對象的語言使用……………………………......... 39
4.2.1.1 對不同親密性談話對象的語言使用………..................39
4.2.1.1.1 對不同世代家人時的語言使用..........................39
4.2.1.1.1.1 整體受試者對不同世代家人時的語言使用……..........40
4.2.1.1.1.2 不同年齡層對不同世代家人時的語言使用……..........40
4.2.1.1.1.3 不同教育層對不同世代家人時的語言使用……..........42
4.2.1.1.2對不同親密性談話對象的語言使用…………………….......43
4.2.1.1.1.1 整體受試者對不同親密性對象時的語言使用…..........43
4.2.1.1.1.2 不同年齡層對不同親密性對象的語言使用……..........44
4.2.1.1.1.3 不同教育層對不同親密性對象的語言使用……..........45
4.2.1.2 對不同同群性談話對象的語言使用……………………………..47
4.2.1.2.1 整體受試者對不同同群性對象時的語言使用…………......47
4.2.1.2.2 不同年齡層受試者對不同同群性對象時的語言使用…......47
4.2.1.2.3 不同教育層受試者對不同同群性對象時的語言使用…......48
4.2.1.3 對不同親密性和同群性談話對象的語言使用討論……………..49
4.2.1.3.1 整體受試者對親密性和同群性對象的語言使用討論…......50
4.2.1.3.2 不同年齡層在親密性和同群性下語言使用的討論……......50
4.2.1.3.3 不同教育層在親密性和同群性下的語言使用討論……......51
4.2.2 談論不同談話主題的語言使用………………………………………52
4.2.2.1 整體受試者談論不同談話主題的語言使用……………………..52
4.2.2.2 不同年齡層受試者談論不同談話主題的語言使用……………..53
4.2.2.3 不同教育層受試者談論不同談話主題的語言使用……………..53
4.2.3 在不同談話場合的語言使用…………………………………………54
4.2.3.1 整體受試者在不同談話場合的語言使用………………………..55
4.2.2.2 不同年齡層受試者在不同談話場合的語言使用………………..55
4.2.2.3 不同教育層受試者在不同談話場合的語言使用………………..57
4.2.4 在不同範疇時的語言使用比較………………………………………58
4.2.4.1 整體受試者在不同範疇時的語言使用比較…………………....58
4.2.2.2 不同年齡層受試者在不同範疇時的語言使用比較……………..59
4.2.2.3 不同教育層受試者在不同範疇時的語言使用比較……………..60
4.3 語言態度…………………………………………………………………60
4.3.1 刻板印象………………………………………………………………61
4.3.1.1 整體受試者對布農語和國語的刻板印象………………………..61
4.3.1.2 不同年齡層受試者對布農語和國語的刻板印象………………..62
4.3.1.3 不同教育層受試者對布農語和國語的刻板印象………………..63
4.3.2 學習動機………………………………………………………………64
4.3.1.1 整體受試者對布農語和國語的學習動機………………………..65
4.3.1.2 不同年齡層受試者對布農語和國語的學習動機………………..65
4.3.1.3 不同教育層受試者對布農語和國語的學習動機………………..66
4.4 對母語教育政策的態度…………………………………………………67
4.4.1 教學時間………………………………………………………………67
4.4.1.1 對現行母語教學時數的看法……………………………………..67
4.4.1.2 對母語教學實施年級的看法……………………………………..69
4.4.2 師資問題……………………………………………………………..70
4.4.2.1 是否具母語教學經驗……………………………………………..70
4.4.2.2 是否曾經接受/願意參加母語教學訓練………………………….71
4.4.2.3 是否需有一套母語師資培訓……………………………………..73
4.4.2.4 母語師資來源……………………………………………………..74
4.4.2.5 是否曾經參加族語認證考試及其結果……………………….….76
4.4.3 課程方式……………………………………………………………..79
4.4.3.1 母語課程中布農語和國語的比例…...………………………….79
4.4.3.2母語課程的選擇方式……………………………………………...81
4.4.4 實施之必要性………………………………………………………..84
4.4.4.1 學校實施母語教學之必要性………………………………….….84
4.4.4.2學校母語教學應為必修或選修及其原因………………………...85
4.4.5 對母語教學之支持度………………………………………………..92
4.4.5.1 社區人士及家長的支持度…………………………………….….93
4.4.5.2 政府對母語教學的重視程度………………………………….….94
4.4.5.3 個人對母語政策的支持度…………………………………….….95
4.4.6 母語教學之成效評量………………………………………………..97
4.5 母語教育政策之檢討與建議………………………………………….100
4.5.1 母語教育政策之檢討……………………………………………….100
4.5.2 語言規劃理論對母語教育政策的探討…………………………….103

第五章 結論………………………………………………………………..107
5.1 綜合討論……………………………………………………………….107
5.2 研究限制……………………………………………………………….112
5.3 建議與應用…………………………………………………………….112

參考書目…………………………………………………………………….114
附錄一：問卷內容………………………………………………………….126
附錄二：訪談內容………………………………………………………….132		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 154964 bytes-
dc.format.extent 108906 bytes-
dc.format.extent 94319 bytes-
dc.format.extent 44299 bytes-
dc.format.extent 106680 bytes-
dc.format.extent 46437 bytes-
dc.format.extent 241996 bytes-
dc.format.extent 280264 bytes-
dc.format.extent 229093 bytes-
dc.format.extent 466716 bytes-
dc.format.extent 178865 bytes-
dc.format.extent 158414 bytes-
dc.format.extent 138788 bytes-
dc.format.extent 134491 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0895550061en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言轉移zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 母語教育zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 布農族zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 原住民zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 台灣地區原住民母語教育政策之探討：以布農族為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Evaluating the Aboriginals’ Mother-Tongue Education: Bunun as an Exampleen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Afredras, Evangelos A., 1978. Multilingualism in Malaysia: a pilot study of language choice in Panang markets. –Paper presented at 10th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Cultural Institute of Indian Languages Manasangangotri, Mysore, India, Dec. 19-21, 22p.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agheyisi, R. and J. Fishman. 1970. “Language Attitude Studies: A Brief Survey of Methodological Approaches.” Anthropological Linguistics 12/5: 137-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Appel, R. and P. Muysken. 1988. Language Contact and Bilingualism. London: Edward Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Barth F. 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Differences. Little, Brown & Co., Boston.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berg, Marien E. Van Den. 1986. Language Planning and Language Use in Taiwan. Dissertation. Crane: Taipei.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blom, Jan-Petter and Gumperz, John. 1972. “Social Meaning in Linguistic Structure: Code-Switching in Norway.” In Gumperz and Hymes 1972:407-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cacioppo, John T. and Petty, Richard E. 1982. “Language variables, attitudes, and persuasion.” In Ryan, Ellen B. & Giles, Howard (ed.): Attitudes towards Language Variation. 189-207. Arnold, London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chan, Hui-chen. 1994. Language Shift in Taiwan: Social and Political Determinats. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Washington D.C. Georgetown University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Hui-ping. 1997. A sociolinguistic study of second language proficiency,language use and language attitude among the Yami in Lanyu. M.A. Thesis. Department of English Language, Literature, and Linguistics, Providence University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chung, Marina Chu-chi. 2002. A Bunun School and Village-Taiwanization and Aboriginal Identity. Ann Arbor. 331p.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cooper, R. L. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cooper, R. L. and J. A. Fishman. 1974. “The Study of Language Attitudes.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 3:5-19.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cooper Robert L. and Susan Carpenter. 1976. “Language in the market.” In Language in Ethiopia, ed. by M. L. Bender, et al., 244-255. London: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dorian, Nancy. 1981. Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dressler Wolfgang and Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth. 1977. “Language preservation and language death in Brittany.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 12:31-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eastman Carol M. and T. C. Reese. 1981. “Language planning,identity planning, and world view.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 32:45-53.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eastman Carol M. 1984. Language Planning, an Introduction. University of Washington.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edwards, John. Robertzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1977. “Ethnic Identity and Bilingual Education,” in Language,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ethnicity, and Intergroup Relations. London: Association Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1979. Language and Disadvantage. Arnold, London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1982. “Language attitudes and their implications among the English speakers.” In Ryan, Ellen B. and Giles, Howard (ed.): Attitudes towards Language Variation. 20-33. Arnold, London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1985. Language, Society, and Identity. Basil Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ehlich Konrad. 1994. “Communication Disruptions: on Benefits and Disadvantages of Language Contact.” Language Contact and Language Conflict. Ed by Martin Putz. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Amsterdam/Philadelphia.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fasold, P. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society: Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Feifel, Karl-Eugen. 1994. Language Attitudes in Taiwan-A Social Evaluation of Language in Social Change. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ferguson, Charles A.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1959. “Diglossia”. World 15. 325-340. [Repr. In Hymes 1964, 429-439].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1968. “Language Development”. Language Problems of Developing Nations, ed. J. Fishman, C. Ferguson, J. Das Gupta (New York: Wiley), 27-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1971. Language Structures and Language Use. Essays. Selected and Introduced by Anwar Dil. Stanford, Gal.: Stanford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1975. “Rationale of the Language Survey in Eastern Africa, 1967-70.” Paper Presented at International Conference on the Methodology of Sociolinguistics Surveys, May 19-21, 1975, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1991. “Diglossia revisited”, Southwest Journal of Linguistics. 10(1):214.234.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fishman, Joshua A.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1964. “Language Maintenance and Language Shift as a Field of Inquiry.”Linguistics 9: 32-70.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1965. “Who Speaks What Language to Whom and When?” Linguistics, 2:67-8.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1967. “Bilingualism With and Without Diglossia: Diglossia With and Without Bilingualism.” Journal of Social Issues 23: 29-38.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (ed).1968. Reading in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1968. “Sociolinguistic Perspective on the Study of Bilingualism.” Linguistics. 39:21-49zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1971. Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1972a. “National languages and languages of wider communication in developing nations.” In Dil, Anwar S. (ed.): Language in Sociocultural Change, Essay by Joshua A. Fishman. 191-223. Standford University Press, Stanford.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1972b. The Sociology of Language, An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Newbury House, Rowley, Mass.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 2000. Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? : Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective. Clevedon [England]; Buffalo : Multilingual Matters, 116.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fishman, Joshua A., et al. 1985. The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival: Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity. Berlin: Mouton Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fishman Joshua A. & Marshall David F. 1991. Language Planning. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frey, J. W. 1945. Amish “Triple Talk.” America Speech, 20:85-98.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gal, Susan. 1979. Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press, INC.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R. C. and Lambert, W. E. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gates, Hill. 1981. “Ethnicity and Social Class,” in Ahern, Emily Martin and Hill Gates, eds.The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. Standford, CA. Standford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Giles, Howard, ed. 1977. Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press Inc.Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Giles, Howard, R. Y. Bourghis and D. M. Taylor. 1977. “Toward a Theory of Language in Ethnic Group Relation,” in Giles, Howard, ed. Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press Inc, Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Giles, Howard., and P. Johnson. 1981. “The Role of Language in Ethnic Group Relation.” In J. Turner and H. Giles, eds. Intergroup Behavior Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gross, F. 1951. Language and Value Changes Among the Arapho. International Journal of American Linguistics, 17: 10-17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gumperz, John. 1977. “The sociolinguistics significance of conversational code-switching”. RELC Journal, 8(2): 1-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haugen Einar.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1956. Bilingualism in the Americas: A Bibliography and Research Guide. (Publication No. 26 of the American Dialect Society). Alabama: University of Alabama Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1959. “Planning for a Standard Language in Norway.” Anthropological Linguistics 1.3: 8-21.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1967. “Language Planning, theory and practice.” –Actes du Xe Congres International des Linguistes 1967, Bucarest, 1969, 701-709.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1983. “The Implementation of Corpus Planning. Progress in Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Planning.” Juan Cobarrubias and J. A. Fishman (eds.). Berlin: Mouton Publishers, 269-89.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1987. Blessings of Babel-Bilingualism and Language Planning. Mouton de Gruyter. Berlin. New York. Amsterdam.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Herman, Simon R. 1968. “Explorations in the Social Psychology of Language Choice,” In Fishman, J., ed. Reading in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hindley, R. 1990. The Death of the Irish Language. London: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Longman Publishing, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hornberger Nancy. 1987. “Bilingual Education Success but Policy Failure.” Language in Society 16.2: 205-26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Shuanfan. 1988. “A Sociolinguistic Profile of Taipei.” In Cheng, Robert And Shuanfan Huang (eds.), The Structure of Taiwanese: A Modern Synthesis. Taipei: Crane Publishing Co., Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jernudd, B and Das Gupta, J. 1971. Towards a Theory of Language Planning. In J. Ruben and B. Jernudd (Eds.), Can Language be Planned? (pp.195-215). Honolulu: East-West Center Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Karam Francis. 1974. “Toward a Definition of Language Planning. Advances in Language Planning.” J. A. Fishman (ed.). The Hauge: Mouton Publishers, 103-24.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kloss, Heinz. 1969. Research Possibilities on Group Bilingualism: A Report. Qeubec: International Center for Research on Bilingualism.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lambert Wallace E.; Hodgson, R. C; Gardener, R. C.; and Fillenbaum, S. 1960. “Evaluational reactions to spoken languages.” Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, Vol.60, No1, 44-51.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lambert Wallace E.; Anisfeld, Moshe; Yeni-Komshian, D. 1965. 1965. “Evaluational reactions of Jewish and Arab adolescents to dialect and language variation”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol.2, No.1, 84-90.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lambert Wallace E. 1967. “A social psychology of bilingualism”, Journal of Social Issues, 23(2): 91-109.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Labov, William. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D. C.: Center of Applied Linguistics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lieberson, S., G. Dalto, and M. E. Johnson. 1975. “The course of mother tongue diversity in nations”, American Journal of Sociology 81(1): 34-61.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lu Li-jung. 1988. A Study of Language Attitudes, Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Taiwan. M.A. Thesis. Graduate Institute of Linguistics, Fu Jen Catholic University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mackey, W. 1962. The Description of Bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 7: 51-85.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Neustupny, Jiri. 1970. “Basic Types of Treatment of Language Problems.” Linguistic Communications 1: 77-98 [Repr. In Fishman, ed. 1974, 37-48]zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nisbett, R. E.; Zukier, H.; Lemley, R. E. 1981. “The dilution effect,” Cognitive Psychology. Vol. 73” 248-77.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Osgood, Charles E. 1954. Psycholinguistics: A Survey of Theory and Research Problems. Baltimore: Waverlry Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Osgood, C. E. and Suci, G. J. 1955. “Factor analysis of meaning”, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Vol. 50” 325-338.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Osgood, C. E.; Suci, G. J.; and Tennenbaum, P. H. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Parasher, S. N. 1980. “Mother-tongue-English Diglossia: a Case Study of Educated Indian Bilinguals’ Language Use.”Anthropological Linguistics, 22(4):151-68zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paulstone, Christina Bratt. 1932. Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for Language Policies. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 1994.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paulston, R. G.1977. “Separate education as an ethnic survival strategy: the Finlandssvenska case”, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 8:3.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Platt, J. T. 1977. “A model for polyglossia and multilingualism (with special reference to Singapore and Malaysia)”, Language in Society 6/3, 361-378.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pool, Jonathan. 1979. “Language Planning and Identity Planning.” IJSL 20: 5-21.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Royce, A. P. 1982. Ethnic Identity: Strategies of Diversity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rubin, Joan. 1968. “Bilingual usage in Paraguay.” In Fishman 1968c:512-30.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rubin, Joan and Jernudd, Bjorn H. 1971. “Introduction: language planning as an element in Modernization.” Can Language be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developing Nations. Rubin, Joan. and Jernudd, Bjorn H. (eds.). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, pp. Xiii-xxiv.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ruiz, Richard. 1984. “Orientations in language planning.” NABE Journal 8.2: 15-34.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ryan, Ellen Bouchard and Carranza, Migeul A. 1975. “Evaluative reactions of adolescents toward speakers of standard English and Mexican American accented English”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 31: 855-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ryan, E. B., Howard Giles, and R. J. Sebastian. 1982. “An Integrative Perspective for The Study of Attitudes Toward Language Variation.” In E. B. Ryne and H. Giles, eds, Attitudes Towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts, London: Edward Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ryan, Ellen Bouchard; Giles, Howard and Hewstone, Mileszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1987. “The measurement of language attitutdes’, in Ammon, Ulrich et al. (ed.): Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik, 1068-1081. De Gruyter, Berlin.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sankoff, Gillian. 1980. “Language use in multilingual societies: some alternate Approaches.” In G. Sankoff, 1972. The Social Life of Language, pp. 29-46. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Also in Pride and Holmes (eds.), Sociolinguistics, pp. 33-51. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schermerhorn, R. A. 1970. Comparative Ethnic Relations. New York: Random House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) She Tan-su. 1994. A Study of the Needs for the Education of Native Languages in Taiwan. M.A. Thesis. Graduate Institute of Linguistics, Fu Jen Catholic University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shuy, Roger and Frederick Williams. 1973. “Stereotyped Attitudes of Selected English Dialect Communities,” in Shuy, R. W. and R. W. Fasold, eds. Language Attitudes: Current Trends and Prospects.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stewart, W. A. 1968. A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism. In Readings in the Sociology of Language, ed. by J. A. Fishman. 531-45. The Hague: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Trudgill, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazellzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Watson and Viney Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van Den Berg, M. E. 1986. Language Planning and Language use in Taiwan. Taipei:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Language in Contact: Findings and Problems. Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, No.1. Reprinted 1963. Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Young, Russell. 1989. Language Maintenance and Language Shift among the Chinese on Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 山胞行政局，1993，《山胞行政相關法規彙編》。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中國教育協會、中國教育學會台灣分會編印，1954，《台灣省山地教育實況調查報告書第一期》，台北：中國教育協會、中國教育協會台灣分會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 台灣省政府民政廳編印，1948，《山地行政概要》，南投：台灣省政府。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 台灣省政府民政廳編印，1971，《發展中的台灣山地行政》，南投：台灣省政府。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《台灣省政府公報》，民國40年冬12期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《台灣省政府公報》，民國41年春14期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《台灣省政府公報》，民國60年冬71期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《台灣省政府公報》，民國79年夏63期。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 丘才廉，1994，《加拿大語言權之研究》，碩士論文，國立政治大學法律學研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 田哲益，1995，《台灣布農族風俗圖誌》，台北：常民文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 江文瑜zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1994，台灣母語教育現狀之探討—台北縣學生和老師對母語教學之態zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 度調查。發表於第四屆世界華語文教學研討會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995，〈台灣母語教育現狀之探討〉，《華文世界》，75：59-65。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 江秀英，2001，〈台灣及美國原住民母語教學之比較研究〉，zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 發表於「第四屆台灣原住民訪問研究者成果發表會」。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李壬癸zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1992，《台灣南島語言的語音符號系統》，台北：教育部。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1988，〈布農語方言比較研究〉，《歷史語言研究所集刊》，（卷59期2），頁479-508，台北：中央研究院。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995，〈台灣南島語的辭典編纂技術檢討—兼評現有的幾部辭典〉，zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁1-18，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1997，《台灣南島民族的族群與遷徙》，台北：常民文化。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李壬癸、林英津編，1995，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 汪明輝、浦忠勇，1995，〈鄒語使用現況之初步調查分析〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁131-178，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 何大安，1995，〈現行排灣語書寫系統的檢討〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁49-56，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 宋神財，1995，〈台北縣立烏來國民中小學泰雅母語教學施行現況研究（1990∼1994）〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁597-110，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳天泰，1998，〈由多元文化的觀點看原民母語教學的推展〉，台東：《原民教育季刊 第十期》，頁49-63。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林金泡，1995，〈母語與文化傳承〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁203-222，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 胡榮典編，1996，《布農語學習教材〈上〉〈下〉》，台東：台東縣海端鄉加拿國民小學。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 施正鋒，1997，《族群政治與政策》，台北：前衛出版有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 徐晉治，1983，《台灣東部三縣市山地國語文教育現況調查研究》，花蓮：台灣省花蓮師範專科學校。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 許木柱，1992，《山胞輔導措施績效之檢討》，台北：行政院研究發展考核委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 孫大川，1995，〈語言權力和主體性的建構—以台灣原住民母語問題為例〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，台北：教育部教育研究委會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 教育部，1992，《發展與改進山胞教育五年計畫綱要》，台北：教育部。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 教育部，1995，《國民中小學台灣鄉土語言輔助教材大綱專案研究報告》，台北：教育部。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 曹逢甫，1997，《族群語言政策-海峽兩岸的比較》，台北：文鶴出版有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 曾思齊，1995，〈阿美語文教學構想及有關問題的探討〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁111-130，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃美金zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995，〈台灣地區本土語言教材編纂現況之探討〉，《華文世界》，75 : 37-45。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1995，〈台灣南島民族母語現有教材之比較和我見〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁77-96，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃宣範，1993，《語言、社會與族群意識》，台北：文鶴出版有限公司。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃麗容，1999，《紐西蘭毛利語教育之研究-以小學「完全浸滲式」毛利語教學為例》，碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學教育學研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳美如，1996，《台灣光復後語言教育政策之研究》，碩士論文。台北：國立台灣師範大學教育研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳茂泰，1995，〈把有聲語言「消失」為文字語言：原住民語言文字化的理論評估〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁57-76，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳淑嬌，1995，〈從語言政策架構理論探討泰雅母語運動〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁223-240，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳勝榮，2001，〈原住民族語言教學成效模式之相關研究—以烏來鄉泰雅族語教學為例〉，發表於「第四屆台灣原住民訪問研究者成果發表會」。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張佳琳，1993，《台灣光復後原住民教育政策研究》，碩士論文。台北：國立台灣師範大學教育研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張慧端，1996，《台灣省原住民社會發展方案執行成果評估報告書》，台北：國立政治大學民族學系。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張博宇主編，1987年，《慶祝台灣光復四十週年台灣地區推行國語資料彙編》，（上），南投：台灣省政府教育廳。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 葉玉賢，1990，《語言政策與教育：馬來西亞與新加坡之比較研究》，碩士論文南投：暨南大學比較教育研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 湯廷池，1995，〈「母語教育」的理論與實際〉，《華文世界》，頁51-61zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 楊孝榮，1998，〈原住民教育與母語教學〉，台東：《原住民教育季刊 第十一期》，頁50-59。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鄭惠美，1998，《台灣光復後原住民語言政策演變之分析》，碩士論文，台北：國立政治大學民族學系研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉秋雲，2001，〈布農族人的語言使用與民族認同—以台東縣延平鄉桃源村為例〉，發表於「90學年度國立政治大學研究生論文發表會」。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴阿忠，1995，〈魯凱語的現況與維護〉，《台灣南島民族母語研究論文集》，頁179-202，台北：教育部教育研究委員會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 謝國平，1990，〈從雙語規劃看雙語教育〉，《台灣史田野研究通訊 弟十四期》，頁10-15。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 謝麗君，1997，《戰後台灣語言政策之政治分析（1945-1997）》，碩士論文，台北：國立台灣大學政治學研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 盧慧真，1997，《屏東縣泰武鄉排灣族母語流失之調查》，碩士論文，高雄：國立高雄師範大學英語研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 韓世芬，1996，《台灣原住民語言能力及語言使用之調查研究》，碩士論文，新竹：國立清華大學語言學研究所。zh_TW