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題名 等待果陀的語用現象分析
A Pragmatic Analysis of Waiting for Godot
作者 文永立
貢獻者 尤雪瑛
文永立
關鍵詞 等待果陀
語用學
Waiting for Godot
Pragmatics
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:28:02 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究從語用學的角度探討荒謬劇「等待果陀」（Waiting for Godot）中種種的語言脫序現象。荒謬劇作家將戲劇形式以及內容結合起來表達荒謬的主題，並不再視語言為能夠承載意義的工具，因此「等待果陀」中充滿了違背一般日常語言使用規則的脫序現象。本文運用語用學理論規則來分析劇中人物的對話，並將其分門別類以及計算數量，以達到探究「等待果陀」的作者貝克特（Samuel Beckett）在劇中製造荒謬效果的主要語言策略。
雖然「等待果陀」充滿了脫序的語言使用，但是讀者和觀眾們依然能夠閱讀、欣賞，進而評論以及解讀這齣荒謬劇。但是在日常對話中，脫序的語言使用卻往往意味著溝通的失敗。這顯示人們在一般日常溝通和文學批評解讀中運用不同的語用原則。然而，語用學在文學批評解讀上的著墨卻極少，也無法解釋為何讀者觀眾在面對脫序的語言對話時仍有能力解讀。因此，本文提出新的語用原則－持續原則（The persistence principle）－來解釋此一現象，並架構一個文學解讀的模型來闡述文學批評解讀與日常對話的基本差異。
The present study analyzes the language use of Waiting for Godot from the pragmatic point of view. The absurd playwrights combine the form and content of play to convey the theme of absurdity, and do not trust language as a reliable vehicle to convey meaning. Therefore, the conversations of Waiting for Godot are filled with disordered and incoherent language use. The present study analyzes the conversations of the play with pragmatic principles, and categorizes the language uses in terms of the types of violation cases. In addition, the violation cases are calculated in order to reveal the main strategy that Samuel Beckett adopts for constructing the dramatic effect of absurdity.
Surprisingly, the readers and audiences of Waiting for Godot could still appreciate and interpret the play even though the play is full of nearly incomprehensible conversations. In daily life, on the contrary, communication would likely break down if the language uses are like the ones in the play. It indicates that people activate different pragmatic principles in daily communication and in literary interpretation. However, very little attention is paid to the field of literary critics and interpretation, and pragmatic principles cannot explain why the readers/audiences of Waiting for Godot could comprehend the play. Therefore, the researcher proposes the “persistence principle” to explain how the readers/audiences search for the meaning of the text. Moreover, a model of literary interpretation is constructed to illustrate the basic differences between daily communication and literature reading.
參考文獻 Reference
Austin, J. L. 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Benjamin, W. 1979. One-way street and other essays. New Left Books, London.
Bentley, Jeremy. 1956. “Waiting for Godot”, Meanjin, pp. 216-28.
Brown, G. and G. Yule. 1983. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown P and Levinson S C. 1987. Politeness. Some universal in language usage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Camus, Albert. 1942. The Stranger. Vintage International, New York.
Canale, M. & Swain, M. 1980. Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics 1, 1-47.
Chui, Kawai. 2001. Topic chain and grounding in Chinese discourse. Taipei, Taiwan: Crane publisher, Ltd.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Clark, Eve V. 2003. First Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cohen, Ruby. 1960. “Waiting is All”, Modern Drama, pp. 162-67.
Cohn, Ruby. 1965. Casebook on Waiting for Godot. Grove Press, Inc. New York.
Esslin, Martin. 1969. The theater of the absurd. Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlock Press
Gassner and Quinn. 1969. The reader`s encyclopedia of world drama. New York : Crowell
Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. Syntax and semantics, vol. 3: Speech acts, ed. by Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
Givon. T. 1983. Topic continuity in discourse: a quantitative cross-language study. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Philadelphia.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. Explorations in the functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
Holtan, Orley. 1976 Introduction to Theater: a mirror to nature. Prentice-Hall., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Hymes, Dell. 1966. On communicative competence. Paper presented at the Research Planning Conference on Language Development among Disadvantaged Children, Yeshiva University.
Jefferson, G. 1972. Side sequences. Studies in social interaction, ed. by Sudnow, D. 294-338. New York: New York: Free Press.
Jefferson, G. 1973. A case of precision timing in ordinary conversation: overlapped tag-positioned address terms in closing sequences. Semiotica 9:1. 47-96.
Kenner, Hugh. A reader’s guide to Samuel Beckett. Syracuse University Press, 1996.
Labov, W. 1970. The study of language in its social context. Studium generale 23. 30-87.
Labov, W. 1972. Rules for ritual insults. Studies in social interaction, ed. by Sudnow, D. 120-169. New York: New York: Free Press.
Lecercle, Jean-Jacques. 1999. Interpretation as pragmatics. Macmilian Press Ltd. London
Leech, Geoffrey, N. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. Longman Inc., New York.
Levinson, C. Stephen. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge.
Muriel Saville-Troike and Troike, Rudolph C. 1987. "Video recording for linguistic fieldwork." Notes on Linguistics 37: 44-51.
Pronko, LeonardC. 1958. “Beckett, Ionesco, Schehade: The Avant-Garde theater” Modern Language Forum. pp. 118-23.
Robbe-Griliet, Alain. 1965. “Samuel Beckett or presence on the stage”, For a new Novel. Grove Press, Inc. New York.
Sacks, Harvey, et. al. 1974. A simple systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50: 696-735.
Saville-Troike, Muriel. 1982. The ethnography of communication. New York: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Schegloff, E. A. 1968. Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropologist 70: 6. 1075-1095.
Schegloff, E. A. 1972. Notes on a conversational practice: formulating place. Studies in social interaction, ed. by Sudnow, D. 75-119. New York: New York: Free Press.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.
Sperber, D., and D.Wilson. 1986. Relevance: Communicative and Cognition Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Tejera, V. 1995. Literature, criticism, and the theory of signs. Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., Amsterdam
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1992. An introduction to sociolinguistics, 2nd edt. Oxford: Blackwell publishers.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
91555005
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0915550051
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 尤雪瑛zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 文永立zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 文永立zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:28:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:28:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:28:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0915550051en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33393-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91555005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究從語用學的角度探討荒謬劇「等待果陀」（Waiting for Godot）中種種的語言脫序現象。荒謬劇作家將戲劇形式以及內容結合起來表達荒謬的主題，並不再視語言為能夠承載意義的工具，因此「等待果陀」中充滿了違背一般日常語言使用規則的脫序現象。本文運用語用學理論規則來分析劇中人物的對話，並將其分門別類以及計算數量，以達到探究「等待果陀」的作者貝克特（Samuel Beckett）在劇中製造荒謬效果的主要語言策略。
雖然「等待果陀」充滿了脫序的語言使用，但是讀者和觀眾們依然能夠閱讀、欣賞，進而評論以及解讀這齣荒謬劇。但是在日常對話中，脫序的語言使用卻往往意味著溝通的失敗。這顯示人們在一般日常溝通和文學批評解讀中運用不同的語用原則。然而，語用學在文學批評解讀上的著墨卻極少，也無法解釋為何讀者觀眾在面對脫序的語言對話時仍有能力解讀。因此，本文提出新的語用原則－持續原則（The persistence principle）－來解釋此一現象，並架構一個文學解讀的模型來闡述文學批評解讀與日常對話的基本差異。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present study analyzes the language use of Waiting for Godot from the pragmatic point of view. The absurd playwrights combine the form and content of play to convey the theme of absurdity, and do not trust language as a reliable vehicle to convey meaning. Therefore, the conversations of Waiting for Godot are filled with disordered and incoherent language use. The present study analyzes the conversations of the play with pragmatic principles, and categorizes the language uses in terms of the types of violation cases. In addition, the violation cases are calculated in order to reveal the main strategy that Samuel Beckett adopts for constructing the dramatic effect of absurdity.
Surprisingly, the readers and audiences of Waiting for Godot could still appreciate and interpret the play even though the play is full of nearly incomprehensible conversations. In daily life, on the contrary, communication would likely break down if the language uses are like the ones in the play. It indicates that people activate different pragmatic principles in daily communication and in literary interpretation. However, very little attention is paid to the field of literary critics and interpretation, and pragmatic principles cannot explain why the readers/audiences of Waiting for Godot could comprehend the play. Therefore, the researcher proposes the “persistence principle” to explain how the readers/audiences search for the meaning of the text. Moreover, a model of literary interpretation is constructed to illustrate the basic differences between daily communication and literature reading.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHINESE ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………i
ENGLISH ABSTRACT………………………………………………………...……ii
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………………………..…....iii
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………..…...…….v
LIST OF TABLE……………………………………………………………..……...vi


Chapter One Introduction………………………………………….…………1

Chapter Two Literature Review………………………………………………7
2.1 The Theater of the Absurd……………………………………….……………7
2.2 Pragmatic Theories………………………………………………….…..……12
2.2.1 Communicative Competence…………………………..…………….12
2.2.2 Cooperative Principle……………………………………..………….18
2.2.3 Speech Act Theory……………………………………...……………21
2.2.4 Principle of Relevance………………………………………………..25
2.3 Models of Communication………………………………………….………..28
2.3.1 Leech’s Model……………………………………………..…………28
2.3.2 Schiffrin’s Discourse Model………………………………………….31
2.4 Pragmatics in Literary Interpretation………………………………………...36

Chapter Three Data Analysis…………………………………………………..38
3.1 Data……………………………………………………………………….…38
3.2 Procedure of Data Analysis………………………………………………….44
3.2.1 Definition of Unit……………………………………………………44
3.2.2 Categorization of Language Data………..………………………….46
3.2.3 Counting Cases of Absurd Language Use……………………………50
3.3 Quantitative Analysis……………………………………………………..…51
3.3.1 Flouting of Cooperative Principle……………………………..…….51
3.3.1.1 Flouting of Quantity……………………………….…………53
3.3.1.2 Flouting of Relation………………………………………….54
3.3.1.3 Flouting of Manner…………………………………………..57
3.3.2 Violation of Speech Act Theory………………………...……………59
3.3.3 Results of Quantitative Analysis……………………………………..63


Chapter Four Discussion………………………………………..…………….66
4.1 Application of Discourse Model………………………………..……………66
4.2 Context, Expectation and Assumption……………………………………….74
4.3 Meaning Interpretation in Communication………………………………..…77
4.3.1 The Literal Meaning in Communication………………………….….78
4.3.2 The Inferred Meaning…………………………………………….….79
4.3.3 Insufficiency of the First Two Levels……………………………..…81
4.3.4 The Constructed Meaning……………………………………………85
4.4 Persistence Principle……………………………………………………...….87
4.5 Communication Model in Literature Interpretation……………...……….….94

Chapter Five Conclusion…………………………………………………….106

References…………………………………………………………...……………..109		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0915550051en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 等待果陀zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語用學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Waiting for Godoten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pragmaticsen_US
dc.title (題名) 等待果陀的語用現象分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Pragmatic Analysis of Waiting for Godoten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referencezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Austin, J. L. 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benjamin, W. 1979. One-way street and other essays. New Left Books, London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bentley, Jeremy. 1956. “Waiting for Godot”, Meanjin, pp. 216-28.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, G. and G. Yule. 1983. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown P and Levinson S C. 1987. Politeness. Some universal in language usage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Camus, Albert. 1942. The Stranger. Vintage International, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Canale, M. & Swain, M. 1980. Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics 1, 1-47.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chui, Kawai. 2001. Topic chain and grounding in Chinese discourse. Taipei, Taiwan: Crane publisher, Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clark, Eve V. 2003. First Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, Ruby. 1960. “Waiting is All”, Modern Drama, pp. 162-67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohn, Ruby. 1965. Casebook on Waiting for Godot. Grove Press, Inc. New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Esslin, Martin. 1969. The theater of the absurd. Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlock Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gassner and Quinn. 1969. The reader`s encyclopedia of world drama. New York : Crowellzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. Syntax and semantics, vol. 3: Speech acts, ed. by Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Givon. T. 1983. Topic continuity in discourse: a quantitative cross-language study. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Philadelphia.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. Explorations in the functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Holtan, Orley. 1976 Introduction to Theater: a mirror to nature. Prentice-Hall., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hymes, Dell. 1966. On communicative competence. Paper presented at the Research Planning Conference on Language Development among Disadvantaged Children, Yeshiva University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jefferson, G. 1972. Side sequences. Studies in social interaction, ed. by Sudnow, D. 294-338. New York: New York: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jefferson, G. 1973. A case of precision timing in ordinary conversation: overlapped tag-positioned address terms in closing sequences. Semiotica 9:1. 47-96.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kenner, Hugh. A reader’s guide to Samuel Beckett. Syracuse University Press, 1996.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Labov, W. 1970. The study of language in its social context. Studium generale 23. 30-87.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Labov, W. 1972. Rules for ritual insults. Studies in social interaction, ed. by Sudnow, D. 120-169. New York: New York: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lecercle, Jean-Jacques. 1999. Interpretation as pragmatics. Macmilian Press Ltd. Londonzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leech, Geoffrey, N. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. Longman Inc., New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levinson, C. Stephen. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Muriel Saville-Troike and Troike, Rudolph C. 1987. "Video recording for linguistic fieldwork." Notes on Linguistics 37: 44-51.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pronko, LeonardC. 1958. “Beckett, Ionesco, Schehade: The Avant-Garde theater” Modern Language Forum. pp. 118-23.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Robbe-Griliet, Alain. 1965. “Samuel Beckett or presence on the stage”, For a new Novel. Grove Press, Inc. New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sacks, Harvey, et. al. 1974. A simple systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50: 696-735.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Saville-Troike, Muriel. 1982. The ethnography of communication. New York: Basil Blackwell Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schegloff, E. A. 1968. Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropologist 70: 6. 1075-1095.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schegloff, E. A. 1972. Notes on a conversational practice: formulating place. Studies in social interaction, ed. by Sudnow, D. 75-119. New York: New York: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sperber, D., and D.Wilson. 1986. Relevance: Communicative and Cognition Oxford: Basil Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tejera, V. 1995. Literature, criticism, and the theory of signs. Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., Amsterdamzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1992. An introduction to sociolinguistics, 2nd edt. Oxford: Blackwell publishers.zh_TW