1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 從格式概念的角度檢視把/被…得字句結果語意的呈現
BA/BEI…DE Constructions as a Family of Resultative Constructions:A Constructional-Conceptual Perspective
作者 馮美齡
貢獻者 賴惠玲
馮美齡
關鍵詞 結果格式
格式語法
把字句
被字句
resultative construction
Construction Grammar
BA construction
BEI construcion
日期 2004
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:28:46 (UTC+8)
摘要 單獨的「把」或「被」字本身並沒有言明「使動」語意，但是一旦加上「得」結果補語，就會帶出「使動結果」語意；是故，我們認為「把/被…得」字句是「結果格式」（resultative construction）。本文以「格式語法」（Construction Grammar）的觀點為基礎，分析「把/被…得」字句。本文提出在「把/被…得」字句出現的動詞不侷限於「處置式」動詞 (disposal verbs)；「使動結果」語意是格式和動詞之語意互動的結果。另外，本文也提出「把…得」字句和「被…得」字句均屬於「結果格式」的家族成員，因為這兩個字句包含許多共同的語意特性；例如，兩個字句都包含兩個小事件 (subevent)，一個是動詞事件 (verbal subevent)，另一個則是格式事件 (constructional subevent)，而動詞事件是促使格式事件發生的媒介 (means)。又格式事件通常決定了「把/被…得」字句整句的時態。最後，本文再透過Jackendoff的概念結構 (conceptual structure)，將「把/被…得」字句予以分解成更細部的語意單位，藉此更進一步了解「把/被…得」字句語意的構成。
The use of ba/bei alone does not imply causative meanings; however, when a de result complement is added to ba/bei constructions, the causative sense will arise concomitantly with resultivity. Therefore, ba/bei…de in the sentences, two discontinous morphemes locking together, mark the whole construction as a resultative construction.

By adopting constructional approaches, we show that ba/bei…de resultatives are not limited to disposal verbs and they are made of a family of resultative constructions. Without the inherent disposal property and the causative meaning, stative, perception, and psychological verbs are still compatible with ba/bei…de resultatives. The causative-resultative meaning comes from the integration among all the components of the construction, both structurally and semantically. Also, under such a constructional approach, we will find that many semantic properties of ba/bei…de resultatives can be predicted from their meaning structures: a resultative sentence contains a constructional subevent and a verbal subevent, and this verbal subevent serves as the means by which the constructional subevent takes place. As for their temporal relation, the verbal subevent may be cotemporal with the constructional subevent, or may overlap with it, or may entirely precede it, depending on the pragmatics of the situation. And the end-boundedness of the constructional subevent correlates with the telicity of a resultative construction.

And with some modifications of Jackendoff’s conceptual structure, we discern how a resultative concept is characterized in the human mental representation. In terms of a set of primitives, we can easily detect that ba/bei…de constructions are made of two separable subevents, and that the verbal subevent is temporally prior to the constructional subevent.
參考文獻 Boas, Hans Christian. 2003. A Constructional Approach to Resultatives. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angelos: California UP.
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Mouton: Hague.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1977. Topics in lexical semantics. Current issues in linguistic theory, ed. by R. Cole, 76-138. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1985. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica. 6. 223.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1988. The Mechanism of Construction Grammar. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, eds. by S. Axmarker, A. Jassier, and H. Singmaster, 35-55.
Gao, Qian. 1997. Resultative Verb Compounds and BA-Construction in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics (JChinL). Jan; 25(1). 84-130.
Goldberg. Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago and London: the University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg. Adele E. 1996. Jackendoff and construction-based grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 7. 3-19.
Goldberg. Adele E. and Ray Jackendoff. 2004. The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions. Language. 80. 532-568.
Her, One-Soon. 1989. An LFG Account for Chinese Bei Sentences.
Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association (JCLTA). Oct.; 24(3). 67-89.
Her, One-Soon. 2003. Chinese Inversion Constructions within a Simplified LMT, in B. Adams and K. Luke (eds.), Lexical-Functional Grammar Analysis of Chinese, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph. 19.
Her, One-Soon. 2004. Argument-Function Mismatches in Mandarin Chinese: A Lexical Mapping Account, ms., National Chengchi University.
Hopper, P. J. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56(2). 251-299.
Huang, C-T. J. 1982. Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. MIT Doctorial Dissertation.
Huang, C-T. J. 1984. Phrase Structure, Lexical Integrity, and Chinese Compounds. JCLTA. 19.2: 53-78.
Huang, C-T. J. 1989.Complex Predicates in Generalized Control. MIT Workshop on Control.
Jackendoff, R. 1983. Semantics and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jackendoff, R. 1990. Semantic Structures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jackendoff, R. 1992. Parts and Boundaries. In Beth Levin and Steven Pinker (eds) Lexical and Conceptual Semantics. 1-45. Oxford: Blackwell.
Jackendoff, R. 1997. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Jackendoff, R. 2002. Foundations of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kay, P., and C. Fillmore. 1999. Grammatical Constructions and Linguistic Generalizations: ‘The What’s X doing Y?’ Construction. Language 75:1-33.
Levin, Beth. 1993. English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
Li, Audrey. 1985. Abstract Case in Chinese. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Southern California.
Li, Charles N., and Thompson Sandra A. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: California UP.
Li, Y. 1972. Problems of Subject, Object, etc., in Chinese. Papers in linguistic in honor of A. A. Hill, eds. Charles T. C. Tang, Jefferey C. H. Tung and Anthony Y. T. Wu. 109-132.
Li, Yafei. 1990. On V-V Compounds in Chinese, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8, 177-207.
Li, Yafei. 1995. The Thematic Hierarchy and Causativity, Natural Language and Linguistic Theories 13, 255-82.
Li, Y-H. 1990. Order and constituency in Madarin Chinese. Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Li, Ying-che. 1974. What does ‘Disposal’ Mean? Features of the Verb and Noun in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2. 200-218.
Lin, Fu-wen. l990. Mandarin V-R Compounds, unpublished MA thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Liu, Feng-his. 1997. An Aspectual analysis of BA . Journal of East Asian Language 6. 51-99.
Mei, Kuang. 1978. Ba Zi Ju [Ba Sentences]. Wenshi Zhexue Bao. 27: 145-180.
Pustejovsky, J. 1991. The syntax of event structure. Cognition: International Journal of Cognitive Science. 41(1-3): 47-81.
Rappaport-Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin. 2001. An Event Structure Account of English Resultatives. Language 77.4, 766-97.
Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht, Netherlands ; Boston, Mass. : Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1977. A Semantic Study of Transitivity Relations in Chinese. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Ting, Jen. 1998. Deriving the Bei-Construction in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics (JEAL). Oct; 7(4). 319-54.
Thompson, Sandra A. 1973.Resultative Verb Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A Case for Lexical Rules. Language. 49:361-79
Thompson, Sandra A. 1973. Transitivity and some problems with the ba construction in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 15.1. 1-51.
Travis, Lisa. Parameter and Effects of Word Order Variation. MIT Doctoral Dissertation.
Tsao, Feng-fu. 1987. A Topic-Comment Approach to the Ba Construction. Journal-of-Chinese-Linguistics (JChinL). Jan.; 15(1). 1-54.
Wang, Huang. 1957. Ba Zi Ju he Bei Zi Ju [Ba sentence and Bei sentences]. Shanghai Xin Zhishi Chubanshe, Shanghai.
Wang, Li. 1945. Zhongguo Yufa Lilun [Theories of Chinese Syntax]. Zhonghua Press, Beijing.
Yang, Suying. 1995. Ba and Bei Constructions in Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association (JCLTA). Oct; 30(3). 1-36.
Ziegeler,-Debra. 2000. A Possession-Based Analysis of the Ba-Construction in Mandarin Chinese. Lingua:International Review of General Linguistics (Lingua). Nov; 110(11). 807-42.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
91555013
93
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0915550131
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賴惠玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 馮美齡zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 馮美齡zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2004en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:28:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:28:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:28:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0915550131en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33398-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91555013zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 單獨的「把」或「被」字本身並沒有言明「使動」語意，但是一旦加上「得」結果補語，就會帶出「使動結果」語意；是故，我們認為「把/被…得」字句是「結果格式」（resultative construction）。本文以「格式語法」（Construction Grammar）的觀點為基礎，分析「把/被…得」字句。本文提出在「把/被…得」字句出現的動詞不侷限於「處置式」動詞 (disposal verbs)；「使動結果」語意是格式和動詞之語意互動的結果。另外，本文也提出「把…得」字句和「被…得」字句均屬於「結果格式」的家族成員，因為這兩個字句包含許多共同的語意特性；例如，兩個字句都包含兩個小事件 (subevent)，一個是動詞事件 (verbal subevent)，另一個則是格式事件 (constructional subevent)，而動詞事件是促使格式事件發生的媒介 (means)。又格式事件通常決定了「把/被…得」字句整句的時態。最後，本文再透過Jackendoff的概念結構 (conceptual structure)，將「把/被…得」字句予以分解成更細部的語意單位，藉此更進一步了解「把/被…得」字句語意的構成。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The use of ba/bei alone does not imply causative meanings; however, when a de result complement is added to ba/bei constructions, the causative sense will arise concomitantly with resultivity. Therefore, ba/bei…de in the sentences, two discontinous morphemes locking together, mark the whole construction as a resultative construction.

By adopting constructional approaches, we show that ba/bei…de resultatives are not limited to disposal verbs and they are made of a family of resultative constructions. Without the inherent disposal property and the causative meaning, stative, perception, and psychological verbs are still compatible with ba/bei…de resultatives. The causative-resultative meaning comes from the integration among all the components of the construction, both structurally and semantically. Also, under such a constructional approach, we will find that many semantic properties of ba/bei…de resultatives can be predicted from their meaning structures: a resultative sentence contains a constructional subevent and a verbal subevent, and this verbal subevent serves as the means by which the constructional subevent takes place. As for their temporal relation, the verbal subevent may be cotemporal with the constructional subevent, or may overlap with it, or may entirely precede it, depending on the pragmatics of the situation. And the end-boundedness of the constructional subevent correlates with the telicity of a resultative construction.

And with some modifications of Jackendoff’s conceptual structure, we discern how a resultative concept is characterized in the human mental representation. In terms of a set of primitives, we can easily detect that ba/bei…de constructions are made of two separable subevents, and that the verbal subevent is temporally prior to the constructional subevent.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….i
Chinese Abstract…………………………………………….…………….ii
English Abstract………………………………………...……………..iii
Table of Contents…………………………………...……………………iv
Figures and Tables…………………………………….………………….vi

Chapter I.INTRODUCTION…………………….........……………………1
1.1 What Are Resultatives?……………………………………….....…1
1.2 Motivation and Purpose……………………………………………. .4
1.3 Layout of the Thesis………………………………………………….8
Chapter II. LITERATURE REVIEW OF BA AND BEI CONSTRUCTIONS………9
2.1 Classification of BA and BEI Constructions… …………………9
2.2 Previous Studies of BEI Constructions…………………….…..16
2.3 Previous Studies of BA Constructions……………...…………19 2.4 Remarks……………………………………………………….……….24
Chapter III. THEORECTIC FRAMEWORK……………………………......29
3.1 Construction Grammar…………………………………………………29
3.2 The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions……..32
3.3 Jackendoff’s Decompositional Theory……………………………35
3.4 Remarks…………………………………………………………….....38
Chapter IV. ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….40
4.1 A Constructional Approach to BA and BEI Constructions……40
4.1.1 Stative Cases……………………….……………………………..42
4.1.2 Activity Cases……………………………………….….…………46
4.1.3 Perception Cases……………………………….…….…………..47
4.1.4 Psychological Verb Cases………………………………………..49
4.1.5 Other Cases…………………..………………………..………….53
4.2 BA/BEI…DE Constructions as a Family of Resultative Constructions…...............................................54
4.2.1 The Structures for the Semantics of the BA/BEI…DE Constructions……………………………………………...............57
4.2.2 The Temporal Relation of the Two Subevents…………………60
4.2.3 Aspectual Properties…………………….……….………………64
4.3 Decomposing Meanings of BA/BEI…DE Resultative Constructions.…..............................................67
4.4 Summary………………………………..……………………………...72
Chapter V. CONCLUSION………………………………………………….…73
5.1 Summary of Results………………………………………………....73
5.2 Further Research Issues……….............................75
REFERENCE……………………………………………………………….....79		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 48102 bytes-
dc.format.extent 41798 bytes-
dc.format.extent 68242 bytes-
dc.format.extent 18254 bytes-
dc.format.extent 21646 bytes-
dc.format.extent 69302 bytes-
dc.format.extent 118526 bytes-
dc.format.extent 53560 bytes-
dc.format.extent 192573 bytes-
dc.format.extent 61793 bytes-
dc.format.extent 31811 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0915550131en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 結果格式zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 格式語法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 把字句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 被字句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) resultative constructionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Construction Grammaren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BA constructionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BEI construcionen_US
dc.title (題名) 從格式概念的角度檢視把/被…得字句結果語意的呈現zh_TW
dc.title (題名) BA/BEI…DE Constructions as a Family of Resultative Constructions:A Constructional-Conceptual Perspectiveen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boas, Hans Christian. 2003. A Constructional Approach to Resultatives. Stanford: CSLI Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angelos: California UP.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Mouton: Hague.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fillmore, Charles J. 1977. Topics in lexical semantics. Current issues in linguistic theory, ed. by R. Cole, 76-138. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fillmore, Charles J. 1985. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica. 6. 223.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fillmore, Charles J. 1988. The Mechanism of Construction Grammar. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, eds. by S. Axmarker, A. Jassier, and H. Singmaster, 35-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gao, Qian. 1997. Resultative Verb Compounds and BA-Construction in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics (JChinL). Jan; 25(1). 84-130.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldberg. Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago and London: the University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldberg. Adele E. 1996. Jackendoff and construction-based grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 7. 3-19.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldberg. Adele E. and Ray Jackendoff. 2004. The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions. Language. 80. 532-568.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, One-Soon. 1989. An LFG Account for Chinese Bei Sentences.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association (JCLTA). Oct.; 24(3). 67-89.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, One-Soon. 2003. Chinese Inversion Constructions within a Simplified LMT, in B. Adams and K. Luke (eds.), Lexical-Functional Grammar Analysis of Chinese, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph. 19.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Her, One-Soon. 2004. Argument-Function Mismatches in Mandarin Chinese: A Lexical Mapping Account, ms., National Chengchi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hopper, P. J. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56(2). 251-299.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C-T. J. 1982. Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. MIT Doctorial Dissertation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C-T. J. 1984. Phrase Structure, Lexical Integrity, and Chinese Compounds. JCLTA. 19.2: 53-78.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C-T. J. 1989.Complex Predicates in Generalized Control. MIT Workshop on Control.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackendoff, R. 1983. Semantics and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackendoff, R. 1990. Semantic Structures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackendoff, R. 1992. Parts and Boundaries. In Beth Levin and Steven Pinker (eds) Lexical and Conceptual Semantics. 1-45. Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackendoff, R. 1997. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cambridge: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jackendoff, R. 2002. Foundations of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kay, P., and C. Fillmore. 1999. Grammatical Constructions and Linguistic Generalizations: ‘The What’s X doing Y?’ Construction. Language 75:1-33.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levin, Beth. 1993. English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Audrey. 1985. Abstract Case in Chinese. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Southern California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Charles N., and Thompson Sandra A. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: California UP.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Y. 1972. Problems of Subject, Object, etc., in Chinese. Papers in linguistic in honor of A. A. Hill, eds. Charles T. C. Tang, Jefferey C. H. Tung and Anthony Y. T. Wu. 109-132.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Yafei. 1990. On V-V Compounds in Chinese, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8, 177-207.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Yafei. 1995. The Thematic Hierarchy and Causativity, Natural Language and Linguistic Theories 13, 255-82.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Y-H. 1990. Order and constituency in Madarin Chinese. Kluwer Academic Publisher.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Ying-che. 1974. What does ‘Disposal’ Mean? Features of the Verb and Noun in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2. 200-218.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Fu-wen. l990. Mandarin V-R Compounds, unpublished MA thesis, National Tsing Hua University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, Feng-his. 1997. An Aspectual analysis of BA . Journal of East Asian Language 6. 51-99.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mei, Kuang. 1978. Ba Zi Ju [Ba Sentences]. Wenshi Zhexue Bao. 27: 145-180.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pustejovsky, J. 1991. The syntax of event structure. Cognition: International Journal of Cognitive Science. 41(1-3): 47-81.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rappaport-Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin. 2001. An Event Structure Account of English Resultatives. Language 77.4, 766-97.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht, Netherlands ; Boston, Mass. : Kluwer Academic Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teng, Shou-hsin. 1977. A Semantic Study of Transitivity Relations in Chinese. Taipei: Student Book Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ting, Jen. 1998. Deriving the Bei-Construction in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics (JEAL). Oct; 7(4). 319-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thompson, Sandra A. 1973.Resultative Verb Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A Case for Lexical Rules. Language. 49:361-79zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thompson, Sandra A. 1973. Transitivity and some problems with the ba construction in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 15.1. 1-51.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Travis, Lisa. Parameter and Effects of Word Order Variation. MIT Doctoral Dissertation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsao, Feng-fu. 1987. A Topic-Comment Approach to the Ba Construction. Journal-of-Chinese-Linguistics (JChinL). Jan.; 15(1). 1-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, Huang. 1957. Ba Zi Ju he Bei Zi Ju [Ba sentence and Bei sentences]. Shanghai Xin Zhishi Chubanshe, Shanghai.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, Li. 1945. Zhongguo Yufa Lilun [Theories of Chinese Syntax]. Zhonghua Press, Beijing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang, Suying. 1995. Ba and Bei Constructions in Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association (JCLTA). Oct; 30(3). 1-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ziegeler,-Debra. 2000. A Possession-Based Analysis of the Ba-Construction in Mandarin Chinese. Lingua:International Review of General Linguistics (Lingua). Nov; 110(11). 807-42.zh_TW