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題名 漢語兒童的非優先應答
Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Child Languag
作者 王蕙玟
貢獻者 黃瓊之
王蕙玟
關鍵詞 兒童語言習得
拒絕
異議
非優先應答
親子互動
child language acquisition
refusal
disagreement
dispreferred response
mother-child interaction
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:29:32 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究探討兒童在給予非優先應答時所採取的語用策略，以及母親在接續的對話中所給予的回應。研究的語料來自於一名以漢語為母語的四歲兒童與她的母親之間的日常對話。在分析的資料中，我們將非優先應答區分成拒絕和異議兩類，分析之後，結果發現受試兒童採取六種不同的語用策略來表達非優先應答，分別為(1)直接否定(simple negation)、(2)理由(account)、(3)挑戰(challenge)、(4)修正(correction)、(5)部分認同(partial agreement)、(6)反請求(counter-request)，而受試者的非優先應答往往結構簡單，內容直接而缺少修飾，雖然她在否定或提出異議時，能給予進一步的解釋，但是她所提出的多為以自我為中心的理由。另外，母親在面對受試者直接的拒絕或異議時，多半會以下列三種方式回應：一、再次陳述自己的要求或想法，二、提供更多的解釋來說服對方，三、提出問題要求對方進一步說明拒絕或不同意的原因，以上的三種回應策略都使母親有再一次的機會來說服受試兒童接受她的要求，或者同意她的想法。
This study investigates children’s pragmatic strategies of delivering dispreferred responses and also how the mothers reacted in the subsequent turns. The data analyzed are a Mandarin-speaking four-year-old child’s natural conversation with her mother. In the observed verbal exchanges, the subject child’s dispreferred seconds are categorized into refusals and disagreements. After careful examination, six pragmatic strategies are identified in the dispreferred turns, namely, simple negation, account, challenge, correction, partial agreement, and counter-request. The results indicate the child’s dispreferreds are generally simple in structure, direct and unmitigated in force. Though she was capable of providing accounts for her refusals or disagreements, the reasons she gave are mostly self-oriented and serve to express her non-compliance and disapproval.
As for the mother’s subsequent responses, it is found that facing the child’s direct and socially disruptive seconds, the mother generally targeted at her previous turn and attempted to carry on the prior illocutionary force. When her directive or statement was refused or denied, she tended to responded with reformulations, persuading remarks or queries, which elicited more information about the dispreferred acts. All of these three strategies provided another chance for the achievement of compliance or agreement.
參考文獻 Atkinson, Maxwell, and John Heritage. (eds.) 1984. Structures of Social Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bilmes, Jack. 1988. The concept of preference in conversation analysis. Language in Society 17, 161-181.
Blakemore, Diane. 1989. Denial and contrast: a relevance theoretical analysis of but. Linguistic and Philosophy: an International Journal 12.1, 15-37.
Boggs, Stephen T. 1978. The development of verbal disputing in part-Hawaiian children. Language in Society 7, 325-344.
Boyle, Ronald. 2000. What happened to preference organization? Journal of Pragmatics 32, 583-604.
Brenneis, Donald, and Laura Lein. 1977. “You Fruithead”: A sociolinguistic approach to children`s dispute settlement. Child Discourse, ed. by Susan Ervin-Tripp, and Claudia Mitchell-Kernan, 49-65. New York: Academic.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Corsaro, William A., and Thomas A. Rizzo. 1990. Disputes in the peer culture of American and Italian nursery-school children. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations, ed. by Allen D. Grimshaw, 21-66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davidson, Judy. 1984. Subsequent versions of invitations, offers, requests, and proposals dealing with potential or actual rejection. Structures of Social Action, ed. by Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage, 102-128. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dimitracopoulou, Ioanna. 1990. Conversational Competence and Social Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dunn, Judy. 1996. Arguing with siblings, friends and mothers: developments in relationships and understanding. Social Interaction, Social Context, and Language: Essays in Honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp, ed. by D. I. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis, and J. Guo, 191-204. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eisenberg, Ann R., and Catherine Garvey. 1981. Children’s use of verbal strategies in resolving conflicts. Discourse Processes 4, 149-70.
Ely, Richard, and Jean Berko Gleason. 1995. Socialization across contexts. The Handbook of Child Language, ed. by P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney, 251-270. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Freed, Alice F. 1994. The form and function of questions in informal dyadic conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 21, 621-644.
Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. 2001. Arguing about the future: On indirect disagreements in conversations. Journal of Pragmatics 33, 1881-1900.
Grimshaw, Allen D. 1990. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Guo, Yu-Feng. 2001. A Case Study on South-Min Pragmatic Characteristics and Development of a 2-year-old Child. M.A. Thesis, National Hsin-Chu Teachers College.
Hsu, Joseph H. 2000. A Study of the Acquisition of Communicative Competence: Social Appropriateness in Interactional Speech. National Science Council project report: NSC89-2411-H030-002.
Jacobs, Scott. 2002. Maintaining neutrality in dispute mediation: managing disagreement while managing not to disagree. Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1403-1426.
Kuo, Pinmin. 1992. On the use and function of Chinese keshi: and explanation based on the notion ‘inference system’. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 22.1, 107-122.
Kuo, Sai-hua. 1992. Formulaic opposition markers in Chinese conflict talk. Georgetown-University-Round-Table-on-Language-and-Linguistics, 388-402.
Lein, Laura, and Donald Brenneis. 1978. Children’s disputes in three speech communities. Language in Society 7, 299-323.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Charles, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: a Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lin, Chi-yi. 1999. Disagreement in Mandarin Chinese Conversation. M.A. Thesis, National Cheng-Chi University.
MacWhinney, Brian. 2000. The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk. 3rd Edition. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Maynard, Douglas W. 1985. How children start arguments. Language in Society 14, 1-29.
McCarthy, Michael. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mori, Junko. 1999. Negotiating Agreement and Disagreement in Japanese: Connective Expressions and Turn Construction. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Muntigl, Peter, and William Turnbull. 1998. Conversational structures and facework in arguing. Journal of Pragmatics 29, 225-256.
Perez-Pereira, Miguel. 1994. Imitations, repetitions, routines, and the child’s analysis of language: insights from the blind. Journal of Child Language, 21(2), 317-337.
Peterson, Carole. 1986. Semantic and pragmatic uses of ‘but’. Journal of Child Language 13, 583-590.
Pomerantz, Anita. 1975. Second Assessments: A Study of Some Features of Agreements/Disagreements. Ph. D. Dissertation: University of California, Irvine.
Pomerantz, Anita. 1984. Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. Structures of Social Action, ed. by Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage, 57-100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reeder, Susan C. 1989. How Children of Different Ages Refuse to Comply with Requests. Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Florida.
Saville-Troike, Muriel. 1986. Children`s dispute and negotiation strategies: a naturalistic approach. The Fergusonian Impact: In Honor of Charles A. Ferguson on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, I: From Phonology to Society, ed. by Charles A. Ferguson and Joshua A. Fishman, 135-152. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Schegloff, Emmanuel, and Harvey Sacks. 1973. Opening up closings. Semiotica 7.4, 289-327.
Searle, John. R. 1976. The classification of illocutionary acts. Language in society 5, 1-24.
Wang. Yu-Fang. 1997. Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Chinese Conversation. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Discourse and Syntax in Chinese and Formosan Language, 103-134. Taipei: National Taiwan University.
Wang, Yu-Fang. 1998. Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Chinese Conversation. National Science Council project report: NSC86-2411-H126-007-T.
Yang, Li-Chin. 2003. A Study of Young Children’s Production and Perception of Refusal in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.
Yang, Tsun-Ching. 2004. A Study of Refusals to Requests of Taiwanese Elementary School Children. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
92555009
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550092
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃瓊之zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王蕙玟zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 王蕙玟zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:29:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:29:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:29:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0925550092en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33404-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92555009zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究探討兒童在給予非優先應答時所採取的語用策略，以及母親在接續的對話中所給予的回應。研究的語料來自於一名以漢語為母語的四歲兒童與她的母親之間的日常對話。在分析的資料中，我們將非優先應答區分成拒絕和異議兩類，分析之後，結果發現受試兒童採取六種不同的語用策略來表達非優先應答，分別為(1)直接否定(simple negation)、(2)理由(account)、(3)挑戰(challenge)、(4)修正(correction)、(5)部分認同(partial agreement)、(6)反請求(counter-request)，而受試者的非優先應答往往結構簡單，內容直接而缺少修飾，雖然她在否定或提出異議時，能給予進一步的解釋，但是她所提出的多為以自我為中心的理由。另外，母親在面對受試者直接的拒絕或異議時，多半會以下列三種方式回應：一、再次陳述自己的要求或想法，二、提供更多的解釋來說服對方，三、提出問題要求對方進一步說明拒絕或不同意的原因，以上的三種回應策略都使母親有再一次的機會來說服受試兒童接受她的要求，或者同意她的想法。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study investigates children’s pragmatic strategies of delivering dispreferred responses and also how the mothers reacted in the subsequent turns. The data analyzed are a Mandarin-speaking four-year-old child’s natural conversation with her mother. In the observed verbal exchanges, the subject child’s dispreferred seconds are categorized into refusals and disagreements. After careful examination, six pragmatic strategies are identified in the dispreferred turns, namely, simple negation, account, challenge, correction, partial agreement, and counter-request. The results indicate the child’s dispreferreds are generally simple in structure, direct and unmitigated in force. Though she was capable of providing accounts for her refusals or disagreements, the reasons she gave are mostly self-oriented and serve to express her non-compliance and disapproval.
As for the mother’s subsequent responses, it is found that facing the child’s direct and socially disruptive seconds, the mother generally targeted at her previous turn and attempted to carry on the prior illocutionary force. When her directive or statement was refused or denied, she tended to responded with reformulations, persuading remarks or queries, which elicited more information about the dispreferred acts. All of these three strategies provided another chance for the achievement of compliance or agreement.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements........................................iv
Chinese abstract........................................viii
English abstract........................................ix

Chapter 1 Introduction..................................1
1.1 Background and Motivation...........................1
1.2 The Present Study...................................4
Chapter 2 Literature Review.............................6
2.1 Preference Organization.............................6
2.2 Dispreferred Responses in Adults’ Talk.............10
2.2.1 Turn Shapes of English Dispreferred Responses.....10
2.2.2 Turn Shapes of Mandarin Dispreferred Responses....13
2.3 Dispreferred Responses in Child Language............16
2.4 Summary.............................................24
Chapter 3 Methodology...................................26
3.1 Subject and Data....................................26
3.2 Procedures of Data Analysis.........................27
3.3 Coding System.......................................28
3.3.1 Types of Dispreferred Responses...................28
3.3.1.1 Refusals........................................29
3.3.1.2 Disagreements...................................31
3.3.2 Pragmatic Strategies in Dispreferred Responses....33
3.3.2.1 Simple Negation.................................34
3.3.2.2 Account.........................................35
3.3.2.3 Challenge.......................................36
3.3.2.4 Correction......................................37
3.3.2.5 Counter-request.................................38
3.3.2.6 Partial Agreement...............................38
3.4 Coding Reliability..................................40
Chapter 4 Data Analysis.................................41
4.1 Child’s Dispreferred Seconds.......................41
4.1.1 Refusals..........................................41
4.1.2 Disagreements.....................................52
4.2 Mother’s Subsequent Reactions......................61
4.2.1 Mother’s Reactions to Refusals................62
4.2.2 Mother’s Reactions to Disagreements...........68
Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion.....................76
5.1 Child’s Dispreferred Responses.....................76
5.2 Mother’s Subsequent Reactions......................80
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions.........................82
Appendix................................................84
References..............................................85		zh_TW
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dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550092en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒童語言習得zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 拒絕zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 異議zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非優先應答zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 親子互動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) child language acquisitionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) refusalen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) disagreementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) dispreferred responseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) mother-child interactionen_US
dc.title (題名) 漢語兒童的非優先應答zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Child Languagen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atkinson, Maxwell, and John Heritage. (eds.) 1984. Structures of Social Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bilmes, Jack. 1988. The concept of preference in conversation analysis. Language in Society 17, 161-181.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blakemore, Diane. 1989. Denial and contrast: a relevance theoretical analysis of but. Linguistic and Philosophy: an International Journal 12.1, 15-37.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boggs, Stephen T. 1978. The development of verbal disputing in part-Hawaiian children. Language in Society 7, 325-344.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boyle, Ronald. 2000. What happened to preference organization? Journal of Pragmatics 32, 583-604.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brenneis, Donald, and Laura Lein. 1977. “You Fruithead”: A sociolinguistic approach to children`s dispute settlement. Child Discourse, ed. by Susan Ervin-Tripp, and Claudia Mitchell-Kernan, 49-65. New York: Academic.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corsaro, William A., and Thomas A. Rizzo. 1990. Disputes in the peer culture of American and Italian nursery-school children. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations, ed. by Allen D. Grimshaw, 21-66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Davidson, Judy. 1984. Subsequent versions of invitations, offers, requests, and proposals dealing with potential or actual rejection. Structures of Social Action, ed. by Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage, 102-128. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dimitracopoulou, Ioanna. 1990. Conversational Competence and Social Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunn, Judy. 1996. Arguing with siblings, friends and mothers: developments in relationships and understanding. Social Interaction, Social Context, and Language: Essays in Honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp, ed. by D. I. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis, and J. Guo, 191-204. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eisenberg, Ann R., and Catherine Garvey. 1981. Children’s use of verbal strategies in resolving conflicts. Discourse Processes 4, 149-70.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ely, Richard, and Jean Berko Gleason. 1995. Socialization across contexts. The Handbook of Child Language, ed. by P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney, 251-270. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freed, Alice F. 1994. The form and function of questions in informal dyadic conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 21, 621-644.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. 2001. Arguing about the future: On indirect disagreements in conversations. Journal of Pragmatics 33, 1881-1900.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grimshaw, Allen D. 1990. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guo, Yu-Feng. 2001. A Case Study on South-Min Pragmatic Characteristics and Development of a 2-year-old Child. M.A. Thesis, National Hsin-Chu Teachers College.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsu, Joseph H. 2000. A Study of the Acquisition of Communicative Competence: Social Appropriateness in Interactional Speech. National Science Council project report: NSC89-2411-H030-002.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacobs, Scott. 2002. Maintaining neutrality in dispute mediation: managing disagreement while managing not to disagree. Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1403-1426.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuo, Pinmin. 1992. On the use and function of Chinese keshi: and explanation based on the notion ‘inference system’. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 22.1, 107-122.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuo, Sai-hua. 1992. Formulaic opposition markers in Chinese conflict talk. Georgetown-University-Round-Table-on-Language-and-Linguistics, 388-402.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lein, Laura, and Donald Brenneis. 1978. Children’s disputes in three speech communities. Language in Society 7, 299-323.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Charles, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: a Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Chi-yi. 1999. Disagreement in Mandarin Chinese Conversation. M.A. Thesis, National Cheng-Chi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) MacWhinney, Brian. 2000. The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk. 3rd Edition. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maynard, Douglas W. 1985. How children start arguments. Language in Society 14, 1-29.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, Michael. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mori, Junko. 1999. Negotiating Agreement and Disagreement in Japanese: Connective Expressions and Turn Construction. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Muntigl, Peter, and William Turnbull. 1998. Conversational structures and facework in arguing. Journal of Pragmatics 29, 225-256.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Perez-Pereira, Miguel. 1994. Imitations, repetitions, routines, and the child’s analysis of language: insights from the blind. Journal of Child Language, 21(2), 317-337.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Peterson, Carole. 1986. Semantic and pragmatic uses of ‘but’. Journal of Child Language 13, 583-590.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pomerantz, Anita. 1975. Second Assessments: A Study of Some Features of Agreements/Disagreements. Ph. D. Dissertation: University of California, Irvine.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pomerantz, Anita. 1984. Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. Structures of Social Action, ed. by Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage, 57-100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reeder, Susan C. 1989. How Children of Different Ages Refuse to Comply with Requests. Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Florida.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Saville-Troike, Muriel. 1986. Children`s dispute and negotiation strategies: a naturalistic approach. The Fergusonian Impact: In Honor of Charles A. Ferguson on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, I: From Phonology to Society, ed. by Charles A. Ferguson and Joshua A. Fishman, 135-152. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schegloff, Emmanuel, and Harvey Sacks. 1973. Opening up closings. Semiotica 7.4, 289-327.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Searle, John. R. 1976. The classification of illocutionary acts. Language in society 5, 1-24.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang. Yu-Fang. 1997. Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Chinese Conversation. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Discourse and Syntax in Chinese and Formosan Language, 103-134. Taipei: National Taiwan University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, Yu-Fang. 1998. Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Chinese Conversation. National Science Council project report: NSC86-2411-H126-007-T.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang, Li-Chin. 2003. A Study of Young Children’s Production and Perception of Refusal in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yang, Tsun-Ching. 2004. A Study of Refusals to Requests of Taiwanese Elementary School Children. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.zh_TW