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題名 從優選理論觀點分析台灣年輕人閩南語的國語口音
An Optimality Theory Approach to the Mandarin Accent of Southern Min Spoken by Taiwan Youngsters
作者 陳奕文
Chen, Yi-Wen
貢獻者 蕭宇超
Hsiao,Yuchau E.
陳奕文
Chen, Yi-Wen
關鍵詞 優選理論
浮動制約
音韻
閩南語
國語口音
口音
台語
Optimality Theory
OT
Floating Constraints
phonology
Taiwanese Southern Min
Taiwanese
Mandarin Accent
accent
日期 2006
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:29:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文觀察台灣年輕人說閩南語的國語口音，建立語料庫作為分析基礎，並根據優選理論中的浮動制約模型（Floating Constraint, Reynolds 1994）分析語料。
本文語料主要分為兩大組：A組及B組。除AB兩組均保留雙唇濁塞聲母 /b/之外，A組的國語口音較明顯，亦即軟顎濁塞聲母 /g/ 較常丟失、齒齦清塞音韻尾 /t/ 較常丟失、雙唇及軟顎清塞音韻尾 /p, k/ 常丟失或發為 /t/。B組的國語口音較不明顯，亦即較常保留上述輔音。
本文針對AB兩組的聲母及韻尾語料數據，各提出一組浮動制約。相較於A組，B組在聲母的浮動制約多了一個信實制約MAX-PLACE、在韻尾部分也多了另一個信實制約MAX-CONSONANT(CODA)。因此B組的信實制約有較多機會浮動至高層，也導致較多信實的輸出值。由此可見，兩組差異之關鍵在於浮動而非固定的制約，因此認為浮動制約模型適合用於處理此種語言變異現象。
This thesis establishes a corpus of Taiwan youngsters’ Mandarin-accented pronunciation of Taiwanese voiced stop onsets /b/ and /g/ and voiceless stop codas /p, t, k/. The Floating Constraint model (Reynolds 1994) within the Optimality Theory framework is adopted to analyze the corpus data.
The corpus includes two groups: Group A and Group B. Both groups retain the voiced bilabial stop onset /b/. Group A has higher percentages of omitting /g/ onset and /t/ coda, and codas /p/ and /k/ are often altered to /t/ or omitted. On the other hand, Group B tends to preserve those sounds.
For each group, a set of floating constraints is proposed to account for their onset and coda data. The differences between Group A and Group B lie essentially in the number of floating faithfulness constraints. The Group B grammar allows one more floating constraint MAX-PLACE for onsets, and one more floating constraint MAX-CONSONANT(CODA) for codas. I have shown that the Mandarin accent is better accounted for in terms of the “floating” constraints, but not the “fixed” constraints.
參考文獻 黃宣範. (1993). 語言、社會與族群意識—台灣語言社會學的研究. 台北：文鶴.
Anttila, Arto. (1997a). Deriving variation from grammar. In Frans Hinskens, Roeland van Hout & Leo Wetzels (eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory, 35-68. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Also: ROA:63.
Anttila, Arto. (1997b). Variation in Finnish Phonology and Morphology. Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Anttila, Arto. (2000). “Derived environment effects in colloquial Helsinki Finnish.” ROA: 406.
Anttila, Arto & Young-mee Cho. (1998). Variation and change in Optimality Theory. Lingua 104: 31-56. Special issue on Optimality Theory.
Berg, M.E. van den. (2000). “Southern Min: acquisition, proficiency, use and attitute formation in Fujian and Taiwan.” In – (ed.) Taiwan Yuyan ji qi Jiaoxue 2 [The languages of Taiwan and how to teach them, vol. 2].
Biber, Douglas, Susan Conrad & Randi Reppen. (1998). Corpus Linguistics: Investigating language structure and use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Broselow, Ellen & Zheng Xu. (2004). “Differential difficulty in the acquisition of second language phonology.” International Journal of English Studies, vol. 4 (2): 135-63.
Calabrese, Andrea. (1994). "A Constraint-based Theory of Phnological Inventories." In W.U. Dressler, M. Prinzhorn, & K.R. Rennison, eds. 1994. Phonologica 1992: Proceedings of the 7th International Phonology Meeting. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier, pp. 35-54.
Chen, Yi-Wen. (2004). “Mandarinized Taiwanese: Take 4 MayDay songs for example.” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Taiwanese Languages and Teaching: 323-41.
Cheng, Robert L. (1979). A study of the prediction of Mandarin character readings on the basis of Taiwanese lexicon. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.
Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
Chung, Ruang-fu. (1996). The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.
Clements, Nick. (2004). "Features and Sound Inventories." In Symposium on Phonological Theory: Representations and Arhitecture. CUNY, February 20-21, 2004.
Dinnsen, D. A. (1992). "Variation in developing and fully developed phonetic inventories." In Ferguson, C.A., L. Menn, & C. Stoel-Gammon, eds., Phonological Development: Models, Research, Implications. Timonium (MD): York Press. 191-210.
de Lacy, Paul. (2002). The formal expression of markedness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
Duanmu, San. (2004). “A corpus study of Chinese regulated verse: phrasal stress and the analysis of variability.” Phonology (2005), 21: 43-89 Cambridge University Press.
Eckman, Fred. (1977). “Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis.” Language Learning, 27: 315-30.
Flege, James. (1981). “The phonological basis of foreign accents: a hypothesis.” TESOL Quartly. 15: 443-56.
Gamkrelideze, Thomas V. (1978). “On the correlation of stops and fricatives in a phonological system.” In Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Human Language vol.2 Phonology: 9-46. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). Language Universals. 2nd edition 2002. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hamilton, Philip. (1996). Phonetic constraints and markedness in the phonotactics of Australian aboriginal languages. Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto.
Hayes, Bruce & Donca Steriade. (2004). “Introduction: the phonetic bases of phonological markedness.” In Phonetically-based phonology, eds. Bruce Hayes, Robert Kirchner & Donca Steriade. Cambride University Press: 1-32.
Hsiao, Yuchau, E. (2006). “The metrical structure of Changhua folk verse.” Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32.1: 1-29.
Huang, Shuanfan. (1988). “A sociolinguistic profile of Taipei.” In Robert Cheng and S. Huang (eds.) Studies in Taiwanese Linguistics: A Modern Synthesis. Taipei: Crane.
Itô, Junko. (1986). Syllable theory in prosodic phonology. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. (Published also in the Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics series, Garland, New York, 1988.)
Jacobson, Roman. (1941). Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze. Selected writings I, 1971: 317-40.
Jacobson, Roman. (1968). Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals. (Translation of Kindersprach, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze, Uppsala, 1941) The Hague: Mouton & Co.
Jacobson, Roman & M. Halle. (1956). Fundamentals of Language. The Hague: Mouton & Co.
Jun, Jongho. (1995). Perceptual and articulatory factors in place assimilation: An Optimality Theoretic approach. Doctoral dissertation, UCLA.
Jun, Jongho. (2004). “Place assimilation.” In Phonetically-based phonology, eds. Bruce Hayes, Robert Kirchner & Donca Steriade. Cambridge University Press: 58-86.
Kager, Rene. (1999). Optimality Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kean, M. L. (1980). The Theory of Markedness in Generative Grammar. (MIT doctoral dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1975) Distributed by the IULC, Bloomington, Indiana.
Kiparsky, Paul. (1993). “Remarks on Markedness.” (Palo Alto: Paper presented at TREND2, Stanford University)
Kubler, C. Cornelius. (1985). The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact. Taipei: Taiwan Student Books Co., Ltd.
Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics across Cultures. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Lombardi, Linda. (2002). "Markedness and the typologly of epenthetic vowels." Proceedings of Linguistics and Phonetics 2002.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1994). “The Emergence of the Unmarked: Optimality in Prosodic Morphology.” In Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS) 24, ed. by Mercè Gonzàlez, 333-79. Amherst, MA: GLSA Publications.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1995). “Faithfulness and reduplicative identity.” In J.N. Beckman, L.W. Dickey & S. Urbanczyk (eds.) University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers: Papers in Optimality Theory 18. Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association, University of Massachusetts. 249-384.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1999). “Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology.” In Rene Kager, Harry van der Hulst & Wim Zonneveld (eds.) The prosody-morphology interface. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 218-309.
Morris, E. Richard. (1998). Stylistic Variation in Spanish Phonology. Doctoral dissertation. Ohio State University.
Prince, Allen & Paul Smolensky. (1993). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science.
Reynolds, T. William. (1994). Variation and Optimality Theory. Doctoral dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.
Stevens, Kenneth N. & Samuel Jay Keyser. (1989). "On the quantal nature of speech," Jph 17: 3-46.
Steriade, Donca. (1987). "Locality and feature geometry." Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 17: 595-619.
Trubetzkoy, Nicolai. (1969). Principles of phonology. (English translation of Grundzüge der Phonologie, 1939). Berkeley: University of California Press.
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Uffman, Christian. (2004). Vowel Epenthesis in Loanword Phonology. Doctoral dissertation. Phipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany.
Wu, Keng-Chang. (2006). Monophthongization and Fricative Reconfiguration in the Taiwanese Accent of Mandarin. Master thesis. National Chengchi University.
Yin, Yuen-Mei. (1991). Some major issues in Mandarin tonal phonology. Taipei: Crane.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
92555012
95
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550121
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsiao,Yuchau E.en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳奕文zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Yi-Wenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳奕文zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Yi-Wenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2006en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:29:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:29:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:29:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0925550121en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33407-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92555012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文觀察台灣年輕人說閩南語的國語口音，建立語料庫作為分析基礎，並根據優選理論中的浮動制約模型（Floating Constraint, Reynolds 1994）分析語料。
本文語料主要分為兩大組：A組及B組。除AB兩組均保留雙唇濁塞聲母 /b/之外，A組的國語口音較明顯，亦即軟顎濁塞聲母 /g/ 較常丟失、齒齦清塞音韻尾 /t/ 較常丟失、雙唇及軟顎清塞音韻尾 /p, k/ 常丟失或發為 /t/。B組的國語口音較不明顯，亦即較常保留上述輔音。
本文針對AB兩組的聲母及韻尾語料數據，各提出一組浮動制約。相較於A組，B組在聲母的浮動制約多了一個信實制約MAX-PLACE、在韻尾部分也多了另一個信實制約MAX-CONSONANT(CODA)。因此B組的信實制約有較多機會浮動至高層，也導致較多信實的輸出值。由此可見，兩組差異之關鍵在於浮動而非固定的制約，因此認為浮動制約模型適合用於處理此種語言變異現象。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis establishes a corpus of Taiwan youngsters’ Mandarin-accented pronunciation of Taiwanese voiced stop onsets /b/ and /g/ and voiceless stop codas /p, t, k/. The Floating Constraint model (Reynolds 1994) within the Optimality Theory framework is adopted to analyze the corpus data.
The corpus includes two groups: Group A and Group B. Both groups retain the voiced bilabial stop onset /b/. Group A has higher percentages of omitting /g/ onset and /t/ coda, and codas /p/ and /k/ are often altered to /t/ or omitted. On the other hand, Group B tends to preserve those sounds.
For each group, a set of floating constraints is proposed to account for their onset and coda data. The differences between Group A and Group B lie essentially in the number of floating faithfulness constraints. The Group B grammar allows one more floating constraint MAX-PLACE for onsets, and one more floating constraint MAX-CONSONANT(CODA) for codas. I have shown that the Mandarin accent is better accounted for in terms of the “floating” constraints, but not the “fixed” constraints.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements vi
Vita viii
Table of Contents x
Chinese Abstract xiii
English Abstract xiv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Background and Motivation 1
1.2. Research Issues 3
1.3. Organization of the Study 5

Chapter 2 Phonotactic and Theoretical Background 6
2.1. Mandarin and Taiwanese Phonotactic Basics 6
2.1.1 Onset Consonants 7
2.1.2. Coda Consonants 8
2.2. Relevant Corpus Studies 9
2.3. Relevant Studies on Accent Formation 10
2.4. Theoretical Background of Optimality Theory 12
2.4.1. OT Basic Concept 12
2.4.2. OT and Linguistic Variation 14
2.4.2.1. Non-ranking 15
2.4.2.2. Constraint Re-ranking (Kiparsky 1993) 16
2.4.2.3. Partial Ordering (Anttila 2000) 16
2.4.2.4. Floating Constraint (Reynolds 1994) 18
2.5. Place Markedness Hierarchy 19

Chapter 3 The Corpus 21
3.1. Corpus Design 21
3.2. Informant Background 23
3.3. Corpus Data 24
3.3.1. Voiced Stop Onsets 24
3.3.1.1 /b/ Onset: Group A vs. Group B 26
3.3.1.2. /g/ Onset: Group A vs. Group B 27
3.3.2. Voiceless Stop Codas 29
3.3.2.1. /p/ Coda: Group A vs. Group B 31
3.3.2.2. /t/ Coda: Group A vs. Group B 32
3.3.2.3. /k/ Coda: Group A vs. Group B 33
3. 4. Corpus Summary 34

Chapter 4　FC analysis on Voiced Stop Onsets /b/ and /g/ 36
4.1. Data Summary 36
4.2. Relevant Constraints and Motivation 37
4.3. Theoretical Treatment 40
4.3.1. Group A Grammar 40
4.3.1.1. Group A: /b/ Onset Analysis 44
4.3.1.2. Group A: /g/ Onset Analysis 47
4.3.1.3. Group A summary 50
4.3.2. Group B grammar 50
4.3.2.1. Group B: /b/ Onset Analysis 53
4.3.2.2. Group B: /g/ Onset Analysis 55
4.3.2.3. Group B summary 59
4.4. Theoretical Implication 60

Chapter 5 OT Analysis on Stop Codas /p, t, k/ 61
5.1. Data Summary 61
5.2. Relevant Constraints and Motivation 62
5.3. Floating Constraint Theoretical Treatment 64
5.3.1. Group A grammar 64
5.3.1.1. Group A : /p/ coda Analysis 67
5.3.1.2. Group A: /t/ coda Analysis 69
5.3.1.3. Group A: /k/ coda Analysis 71
5.3.1.4. Group A summary 73
5.3.2. Group B grammar 73
5.3.2.1. /p/ coda 76
5.3.2.2. /t/ coda 77
5.3.2.3. /k/ coda 79
5.3.2.4. Group B summary 81
5.4. Theoretical Implication 81

Chapter 6 Conclusion 83

Appendix 90
Bibliography 98		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550121en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優選理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 浮動制約zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音韻zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 閩南語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國語口音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Optimality Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) OTen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Floating Constraintsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanese Southern Minen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwaneseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mandarin Accenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) accenten_US
dc.title (題名) 從優選理論觀點分析台灣年輕人閩南語的國語口音zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An Optimality Theory Approach to the Mandarin Accent of Southern Min Spoken by Taiwan Youngstersen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃宣範. (1993). 語言、社會與族群意識—台灣語言社會學的研究. 台北：文鶴.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, Arto. (1997a). Deriving variation from grammar. In Frans Hinskens, Roeland van Hout & Leo Wetzels (eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory, 35-68. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Also: ROA:63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, Arto. (1997b). Variation in Finnish Phonology and Morphology. Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, Arto. (2000). “Derived environment effects in colloquial Helsinki Finnish.” ROA: 406.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, Arto & Young-mee Cho. (1998). Variation and change in Optimality Theory. Lingua 104: 31-56. Special issue on Optimality Theory.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berg, M.E. van den. (2000). “Southern Min: acquisition, proficiency, use and attitute formation in Fujian and Taiwan.” In – (ed.) Taiwan Yuyan ji qi Jiaoxue 2 [The languages of Taiwan and how to teach them, vol. 2].zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Biber, Douglas, Susan Conrad & Randi Reppen. (1998). Corpus Linguistics: Investigating language structure and use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Broselow, Ellen & Zheng Xu. (2004). “Differential difficulty in the acquisition of second language phonology.” International Journal of English Studies, vol. 4 (2): 135-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Calabrese, Andrea. (1994). "A Constraint-based Theory of Phnological Inventories." In W.U. Dressler, M. Prinzhorn, & K.R. Rennison, eds. 1994. Phonologica 1992: Proceedings of the 7th International Phonology Meeting. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier, pp. 35-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Yi-Wen. (2004). “Mandarinized Taiwanese: Take 4 MayDay songs for example.” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Taiwanese Languages and Teaching: 323-41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, Robert L. (1979). A study of the prediction of Mandarin character readings on the basis of Taiwanese lexicon. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chung, Ruang-fu. (1996). The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clements, Nick. (2004). "Features and Sound Inventories." In Symposium on Phonological Theory: Representations and Arhitecture. CUNY, February 20-21, 2004.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dinnsen, D. A. (1992). "Variation in developing and fully developed phonetic inventories." In Ferguson, C.A., L. Menn, & C. Stoel-Gammon, eds., Phonological Development: Models, Research, Implications. Timonium (MD): York Press. 191-210.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) de Lacy, Paul. (2002). The formal expression of markedness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duanmu, San. (2004). “A corpus study of Chinese regulated verse: phrasal stress and the analysis of variability.” Phonology (2005), 21: 43-89 Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Eckman, Fred. (1977). “Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis.” Language Learning, 27: 315-30.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Flege, James. (1981). “The phonological basis of foreign accents: a hypothesis.” TESOL Quartly. 15: 443-56.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gamkrelideze, Thomas V. (1978). “On the correlation of stops and fricatives in a phonological system.” In Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Human Language vol.2 Phonology: 9-46. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). Language Universals. 2nd edition 2002. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hamilton, Philip. (1996). Phonetic constraints and markedness in the phonotactics of Australian aboriginal languages. Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hayes, Bruce & Donca Steriade. (2004). “Introduction: the phonetic bases of phonological markedness.” In Phonetically-based phonology, eds. Bruce Hayes, Robert Kirchner & Donca Steriade. Cambride University Press: 1-32.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hsiao, Yuchau, E. (2006). “The metrical structure of Changhua folk verse.” Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 32.1: 1-29.zh_TW
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