1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 圖像輔助呈現時機對台灣國中生聽力之影響
The Effects of Pictures at Different Time Periods on the Listening Comprehension of Junior High School Students in Taiwan
作者 吳嘉容
Wu, Jia-rong
貢獻者 林啟一
Lin, Chi-yee
吳嘉容
Wu, Jia-rong
關鍵詞 圖像輔助
圖像式英語聽力理解測驗
圖片呈現之時
visual aids
listening comprehension test with picture format
pictures at different time periods
日期 2003
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:33:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在探討圖像輔助呈現時機對台灣國中生聽力的影響，而圖像輔助呈現時機則分為在聽力活動前與在聽力活動進行中。同時為了深入探究其效益，本研究更著重於其對高、中、低三個不同能力組別學生的影響。除此之外，並對於二份學生問卷的回答加以探討：
     （1）問卷一有關學生們先前學習英語的背景資料。
     （2）問卷一有關學生們在聽力過程中主要遭遇的問題，涵蓋聽力內容、聽者本身與外在因素等。
     （3）問卷二有關學生們對圖像式聽力測驗的反應與他們對實施聽力測驗時，圖片展示時間的看法。
      本研究以台中縣光正國中一個國三班級42位同學為對象，經過英語聽力能力測驗後，他們被分為高中低三組。實驗前，學生們先填寫第一份問卷。隨後，三組學生一起接受兩種實驗: (1)邊聽邊看圖片; (2)先展示圖片再聽。在完成所有實驗後，隨即填寫第二份問卷。本研究主要結果如下：
     （1）大多數的受試者已學習英語3年以上，卻對自己的聽力缺乏信心。此現象乃肇因於學生們有限的練習時間。也因此，他們大多不贊成將來升高中大考有聽力測驗的項目。另外，眾多的學生表達了希望獲得老師在聽力方面指導的強烈需求。
      （2）聽力能力愈差的學生，遇到更多的聽力問題，尤其在聽力內容與聽者本身方面問題為最。
      （3）以整體學生的聽力表現而言，聽前呈現圖片對學生的幫助比邊聽邊呈現圖片的效果來的顯著。
      （4）以各個組別學生的聽力表現而言，聽前呈現圖片最能彌補中低程度學生聽力的不足。
      （5）超過半數以上的學生表達較喜愛圖像式的英語聽力測驗，尤其是圖像呈現在正式的聽力活動之前為最。
      根據研究的結果，聽前呈現圖像輔助對不同程度的學生均有助益，尤其對中低程度者聽力理解的幫助更為顯著。因此，本論文呼籲，國中英語老師可在實施英語聽力測驗時，多善用圖像輔助以引發學生的學習動機並藉由聽前呈現圖片技巧來提昇學生們的英語聽力理解。
The purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of pictures as cues supplied at different time periods, the picture before listening comprehension test (BLCT) and during listening comprehension test (DLCT). More specific, it is focused on the comparisons of the effects of BLCT and DLCT on the high, middle and low proficiency groups. Also probed are students’responses to two questionnaires on the following issues.
     (1) The subjects’ previous English learning background as shown in Questionnaire One;
     (2) The main listening problems the subjects encounter in the process of listening, including the oral text, the listener and external aspects;
     (3) The subjects reactions to the listening comprehension with the picture format and their preference for the timing of picture-giving.
      The subjects of this study are 42 students of nine-grade junior high school students in Kuang-cheng Junior High School in Taichung County. They are divided into three proficiency groups—the high proficiency group (HPG), the intermediate proficiency group (MPG) and the low proficiency group (LPG) according to the scores of the listening comprehension test in the subjects’ second mid-term examination. At the beginning of the overall experiment, they are demanded to finish Questionnaire One. After that, they are assigned to take two listening comprehension tests: a listening comprehension test with a picture before listening and during listening. After receiving the two treatments, the subjects are asked to complete Questionnaire Two to reveal their attitudes toward the listening comprehension tests with visual cues.
      The major findings of the present study are summarized as follows:
     (1) Although most of the subjects have learned English for more than three years, they do not establish much confidence in their own listening ability due to the limited time of practice in listening. Many of them do not support the idea of incorporating the listening comprehension test into the future high school entrance exam. However, they express their eagerness for obtaining the teacher’s guidance in listening.
     (2) The worse the listeners achieve, the more listening difficulties they would come across, especially in the oral text and the listener himself/herself.
     (3) BLCT is more effective than DLCT. This can be proved by the mean scores and standard deviation of BLCT and DLCT respectively.
     (4) As the three different proficiency groups are taken into consideration, BLCT lends itself to the low proficiency groups (LPG) and the intermediate proficiency groups (MPG).
     (5) Most of the subjects prefer the listening comprehension test with the picture format, particularly the visual cue before the listening activity.
      Based on the results of the study, the picture before listening benefits all of the three proficiency groups, especially the lower achievers. The researcher suggests that English teachers in junior high school try to make good use of visual cues in constructing listening comprehension tests to arouse students’ motivation and thus improve students’ listening comprehension.
參考文獻 Abbott, G., & Wingard, P. (1981). The teaching of
English as an international language: A
practical guide. London: Collins.
Adam, M. J., & Collins, A. (1979). A schema-
theoretic view of reading. In R. O. Freedle
(Ed.), New directions in discourse processing
(pp. 1-22). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing
Corporation.
Anderson, A., & Lynch, T. (1988). Listening.
Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology and
Rand McNally College Publishing Company.
Chaudron, C., & Richards, J. C. (1986). The effect
of discourse markers on the comprehension of
lectures. Applied Linguistics, 7, 113-127.
Chiang, C. S., & Dunkel, P. (1992). The effect of
speech modification, prior knowledge and
listening proficiency on EFL lecture learning.
TESOL Quarterly, 26(2), 345-374.
Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology
and language: An introduction to
its implication (3 rd ed.). New York: W.H.
psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, Inc.
Cohen, A.D. (1990). Language learning: Insights for
learners, teachers, and researchers. New York:
Newbury House / Harper & Row.
Conner, U. (1984). Recall of text: Differences
between first and second language readers. TESOL
Quarterly, 18(2), 239-256.
Corria, I. L. (1999). Motivating EFL learners. Forum
, 37(2), 17.
Freeman.
Derwing, T., & Munro, M. J. (2001). What speaking
rates do non-native listeners prefer? Applied
Linguistics, 22(3), 324-337.
Dunkel, P. (1986). Developing listening fluency in
L2: Theoretical principles and pedagogical
considerations. Modern Language Journal, 70(2),
99-106.
Dunkel, P. (1991). Listening in the native and
second / foreign language: Toward an
integration of research and practice. TESOL
Arnold, J. (2000). Seeing through listening
Quarterly, 25(3), 431-457.
Dunkel, P., Henning, G., & Chaudron, C. (1993).
The assessment of a listening comprehension
construct: A tentative model for test
specifications and development. Modern Language,
77, 180-191.
Faerch, C., & Kasper, G. (1986). The role of
comprehension in second-language learning.
Applied Linguistics, 7(3), 247-257.
Fan, Y. (1993). Listening: Problems and solutions.
comprehension exam anxiety. TESOL Quarterly,
English Teaching Forum, 31(1), 16-19.
Feyten, C. M. (1991). The power of listening
ability: An overlooked dimension in language
acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 75, 173-180.
Flaherty, S. E. (1979). Rate-controlled speech in
foreign language education. Foreign Language
Annals, 12, 275-280.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second
language learning: The role of attitudes and
motivation. London: Edward Arnold Publishers.
34, 777-786.
Gardner, R. C., Lalande, R. N., Moorcroft, R., & Evers
, F. T. (1987). Second language attrition: The role
of motivation and use. Journal of Language and Social
Psychology, 6(1), 29-47.
Ginther, A. (2002). Context and content visuals and
performance on listening comprehension stimuli.
Language Testing, 19(2), 133-167.
Goodman, K. S. (1967). Reading: A psycholinguistic
guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist,
6(1), 126-135.
Bacon, S. M. (1989). Listening for real in the
Goodman, K. S. (1968). The psycholinguistic nature
of the reading process. Detroit: Wayne State
University Press.
Goss, B. (1982). Listening as information processing.
Communication Quarterly, 30(4), 304-307.
Griffith, R. (1990). Speech rate and NNS comprehension:
A preliminary study in time-benefit analysis.
Language Learning, 40(3), 311-336.
Griffiths, R. (1992). Speech rate and listening
comprehension: further evidence of the
foreign language classroom. Foreign Language
relationship. TESOL Quarterly, 26(2), 385-391.
Harmer, J. (1998). How to teach English. England:
Longman.
Hughes, A. (1989). Testing for language teachers.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hung, F. S. (1998). Word familiarity and content
schemata in EFL listening comprehension.
Studies in English Language and Literature,
4, 45-62.
Hyltenstam, K., & Pienemann, M. (Eds.). (1985).
Annals, 22, 543-551.
A role for instruction in second language
acquisition: Task-based language training.
Modelling and assessing second language
acquisition, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Jacobs, G. et al. (1988). The effects of pausing
on listening comprehension. Paper, Second
Language Research Forum, Honolulu, Hawaii,
March.
Joiner, E. G. (1984). Listening from the inside
out. Foreign Language Annals,17(4), 335-338.
Bailey, K. M. (1998). Learning about Language
Joiner, E. (1986). Listening in the foreign
language. In B.H. Wing (Ed.), Listening,
reading and writing: Analysis and application
(pp. 43-70). Middlebury, VT: Northeast
Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Kang, S. (1995). The effects of a context-embedded
approach to second-language vocabulary learning.
System, 23, 143-155.
Kelly, P. (1991). Lexical ignorance: The main obstacle
to listening comprehension with advanced FL
Assessment: Dilemmas, decisions, and
learners. IRAL, 29(2), 135-150.
King, P. E., & Behnke, R. R. (1989). The effect of
time-compressed speech on comprehensive,
interpretive, and short-term listening. Human
Communication Research, 15, 428-441.
Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in
second language acquisition. Elmsford, NY:
Pergamon Press.
Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1983). The natural
approach: Language acquisition in the classroom.
Directions. New York: Heinle & Heinle.
New York: Longman.
Lin, S. H. (2000). A study of English listening
comprehension strategies used by senior high
school students in Taiwan. Master’s Thesis,
National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan.
Long, D. (1989). Second language listening
comprehension: A schema-theoretic perspective.
Modern Language Journal, 73, 32-41.
Long, D. R. (1990). What you don’t know can`t help
you: An exploratory study of background
Baltova, I. (1994). The impact of video on the
knowledge and second language listening
comprehension. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 12(1), 65-80.
Long, D. R., & Macian, J. L. (1994). Listening
skills: Acquisition and assessment. Northeast
Conference Reports, 111-138.
Long, M. (1985). Input and second language
acquisition theory. In S. Gass & C. Madden
(Eds.), Input in second language acquisition
(pp. 337-393). Rowley: MA: Newbury House.
comprehension skills of core French students.
Long, M. H. (1983). Linguistic and conversational
adjustments to non-native speakers. Studies
in Second Language Acquisition, 5, 177-193.
Lynch, A. (1988). Grading foreign listening
comprehension materials: The use of naturally
modified interaction. Doctoral dissertation.
Edinburgh University.
Lynch, T. (1983). Study listening. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
MacWilliam, I. (1986). Video and language
The Canadian Modern Language Review, 50, 507-531.
comprehension. ELT Journal, 40, 131-135.
Mendelsohn, D. J. (1998). Teaching listening.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18,
81-101.
Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing
knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The
psychology of computer vision (pp. 211-277).
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Morley, J. (1991). Listening comprehension in
second/foreign language instruction. In M.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in
Celce-Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as a
second or foreign language (pp. 81-106).
New York: Newbury House.
Mueller, G. A. (1980). Visual contextual cues
and listening comprehension: An experiment.
Modern Language Journal, 64, 335-340.
Munro, M. J. & Derwing, T. M. (1998). The effects
of speaking rate on listener evaluation of
native and foreign-accented speech. Language
Learning, 48(2), 159-182.
Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge:
Nelson, C. H. (1989). Drawing activities as a tool
for language learning. Forum, 27(3), 33.
Nord, J. R. (1980). Developing listening fluency
before speaking: An alternative paradigm.
System, 8(1), 1-22.
Nunan, D. (1991). Language teaching methodology:
A textbook for teachers. New York: Prentice
Hall.
Omaggio, A. C. (1979). Pictures and second
language comprehension: Do they help?
Cambridge University Press.
Foreign Language Annals, 12(2), 107-116.
Omoggio, A. C. (1990). Teaching language in
context: Proficiency-oriented instruction.
Boston, MA. : Heinle & Heinle.
Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies:
What every teacher should know. New York:
Newbury House/Harper & Row.
Palij, M., & Aaronson, D. (Eds.). (1992).
Advances in psychology. The role of language
background in cognitive processing, New York:
Belasco, S. (1981). Aital cal aprene las lengas
Elsevier Science Publishers.
Phillips, E. M. (1992). The effects of language
anxiety on students’ oral test performance
and attitudes. The Modern Language Journal,
76, 14-26.
Randhawa, B. S., & Coffman, W. E. ( Eds.). (1978)
. Visual learning, thinking, and communication.
New York: Academic Press.
Richards, J. C. (1983). Listening comprehension:
Approach, design, procedure. TESOL Quarterly,
estrangieras, Comprehension: The key to second
17, 219-240.
Rijavec, M. (1991). Using visual aids appropriately.
Forum, 29(1), 50-51.
Rivers, W. M. (1973). Reading for information.
American Foreign Language Teacher, 4, 7-9.
Rivers, W. M. (1981). Teaching foreign-language
skills (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
Rivers, W. M. (1984). What practitioners say about
listening: Research implications for the
-language acquisition. In H. Winitz (Ed.), The
classroom in R.A. Gilman and L.M. Moody. Foreign
Language Annals, 17(4), 331-334.
Rixon, S. (1981). The design of materials to foster
particular listening skills. ELT Documents,
121, 68-106.
Rost, M. (1990). Listening in language learning.
London and New York: Longman.
Rost, M. (1991). Listening in Action. London:
Prentice Hall.
Rubin, J. (1990). (Eds.). (1990). Improving foreign
comprehension approach to foreign language
language listening comprehension. Washington, DC:
Georgetown University, International Research and
Studies Program.
Rubin, J. (1994). A review of second language
listening comprehension research. The Modern
Language Journal, 78(2), 199-221.
Ruhe, V. (1996). Graphics and listening
comprehension. TESL Canada Journal, 14(1),
45-60.
Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata: The building
instruction (pp. 14-33). Cambridge, MA: Newbury
blocks of cognition. In R. J. Spiro, B. C. Bruce,
& W. E. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in
reading comprehension (pp. 33-58). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1977). The
representation of knowledge in memory. In R. C.
Anderson, R. J. Spiro, and W. E. Montague (Eds.),
Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge (pp.
99-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Samuels, S. J. (1984). Factors influencing listening:
House.
Inside and outside the head. Theory into Practice,
23, 183-189.
Scarcella, R. C., & Oxford, R. L. (1992). The tapestry
of language learning: The individual in the
communicative classroom. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Schank, R. C. (1975). The structure of episodes in
memory. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.),
Representation and understanding (pp. 237-272).
New York: Academic.
Schickedanz, J. A., York, M. E., Stewart, I. S., &
Bernhardt, E., & James, C. (1987). The teaching and
White, D. (1977). Strategies for teaching young
children. London: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Schmidt-Rinehart, B. C. (1994). The effects of topic
familiarity on second language listening
comprehension. The Modern Language Journal, 78(2),
179-189.
Sheils, J. (1988). Communication in the modern
languages classroom. Strasbourg, France:
The Council of Europe.
Sherman, J. (1997). The effect of question preview in
testing of comprehension in foreign language
listening comprehension tests. Language Testing,
14, 185-213.
Shin, Y. C. (1995). Classroom listening tests. 國立北商
專學報，45期，頁461-474。
Sinatra, R. (1986). Visual literacy connections to
thinking, reading and writing. Spring field: Charles
C Thomas.
Skrzypczynska, J. (1992). Some ways to use pictures in
language teaching. Forum, 30(2), 42-44.
Snyder, H. R. (1988). Foreign language acquisition and
learning. In D.W. Birckbichler (Ed.), Proficiency,
audio-visual aids. Foreign Language Annals, 21(4),
343-348.
Su, P. Ch. (1994). The effects of visual elements on
English listening comprehension: Videotape-testing
versus audiotape-testing. Kaohsiung Normal
University Journal, 5, 263-287.
Ellis, R., Tanaka, Y., & Yamazaki, A. (1994). Classroom
interaction, comprehension and the acquisition of
L2 word meanings. Language Learning, 44, 449-491.
Taylor, S. E. (1964). Listening: What research says to
policy, and professionalism in foreign language
the teacher. Washington, DC: National Education
Association.
Teng, H. C. (1997). Schema-theoretic perspectives on
listening comprehension. Journal of Yunlin
Institute of Technology, 6(2), 181-187.
Teng, H. C. (1998). 聽前活動對英語聽力理解之成效探究。
教育研究資訊， 6卷2 期，頁133-141。
Thompson, I., & Rubin, J. (1996). Can strategy
instruction improve listening comprehension?
Foreign Language Annals, 29(3), 331-342.
education (pp. 65-81). Lincolnwood, IL: National
Tsui, A. B., & Fullilove, J. (1998). Bottom-up or top-
down processing as a discriminator of L2 listening
performance. Applied linguistics, 19(4), 432-451.
Tuttle, H. G. (1975). Using visual material in the
foreign-language classroom. Learning Resources, 2,
9.
Underhill, N. (1992). Testing spoken language: A
handbook of oral testing techniques. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Underwood, M. (1989). Teaching listening. New York:
Textbook Company.
Longman.
Ur. P. (1985). Teaching listening comprehension.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vandergrift, L. (1999). Facilitating second language
listening comprehension: Acquiring successful
strategies. ELT Journal, 53(3), 168-176.
Vogely, A. J. (1998). Listening comprehension
anxiety: Students’ reported sources and solutions.
Foreign Language Annals, 31(1), 67-75.
Vogely, A. (1999). Addressing listening comprehension
Blau, E. K. (1990). The effect of syntax, speed,
anxiety. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in foreign
language and second learning: A practical guide to
creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Voss, B. (1979). Hesitation phenomena as sources of
perceptual errors for non-native speakers. Language
and speech, 22, 129-144.
Wang, C. Y. (2000). Teaching and learning listening
comprehension in the EFL classroom: Importance,
factors, suggestions. Journal of National Taichung
and pauses on listening comprehension. TESOL
Institute of Technology, 1, 369-388.
Winitz, H. (Ed.). (1981). The comprehension approach
to foreign language instruction. Rowley, MA: Newbury
House.
Wipf, J. A. (1984). Strategies for teaching second
language listening comprehension. Foreign Language
Annals, 17(4), 345-348.
Wolff, F. I., & Marsnik, N. C. (1992). Perceptive
listening. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Wright, A. (1989). Pictures for language learning.
Quarterly, 24(4), 746-752.
Cambridge: Canbridge University Press.
Wolvin, A., & Coakley, C. (1992). Listening (4th ed.).
Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
Yorio, C. A. (1971). Some sources of reading problems
for foreign language learners. Language Learning,
21, 108-109.
Yu, C. F. (1993). The assessment of using audio and
video tapes in a lab classroom. Soochow Journal of
Foreign Languages and Literatures, 9, 53-76.
Zhao, Y. (1997). The effects of listeners’ control of
Boyle, J. P. (1984). Factors affecting listening
speech rate on second language comprehension.
Applied Linguistics, 18, 49-68.
comprehension. ELT Journal, 38(1), 34-38.
Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M.K. (1972).
Contextual prerequisites for understanding:
Some investigations of comprehension and
recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal
Behavior, 11(6), 717-726.
Braxton, M. A. (1999). Adult ESL learning
strategies: Case studies of preferred learning
styles and perceived cultural influences in
academic listening tasks. Dissertation Abstract
International, 60(02), 312A. (University
Microfilms No. AAT9919844)
Brindley, G. (1998). Assessing listening abilities.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18,
171-191.
Brown, G. (1978). Understanding spoken language.
TESOL Quarterly, 12(3), 271-284.
Brown, G. (1987). Twenty-five years of teaching
listening comprehension. English Teaching Forum,
25, 11-15.
Brown, G. (1990). Listening to spoken English. New
York: Longman.
Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Teaching the spoken
language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Buck, G. (1991). The testing of listening
comprehension: An introspective study. Language
Testing, 8, 67-91.
Burley-Allen, M. (1982). Listening: The forgotten
skill. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Byrnes, H. (1984). The role of listening
comprehension: A theoretical base. Foreign
Language Annals, 17(4), 317-329.
Call, M. E. (1985). Auditory short-term memory
listening comprehension and the input hypothesis.
TESOL Quarterly, 19(4), 765-781.
Carrell, P. L. (1983). Three components of background
knowledge in reading comprehension. Language
Learning, 33, 183-207.
Carrell, P. L., & Eisterhold, J. C. (1983). Schema
theory and ESL reading pedagogy. TESOL Quarterly,
17(4), 553-573.
Carroll, D.W. (1999). Psychology of language (3rd
ed.). New York: Books/ Cole Publishing Company.
Carroll, J. B. (1962). The prediction of success in
intensive foreign language training. In R.
Glaser (Ed.), Training research and education
(pp. 87-136). Pittsburgh: The University of
Pittsburgh Press.
Carroll, J. B. (1971). Learning from verbal
discourse in educational media: A review of the
literature. Prentice, NJ: Educational Testing
Service.
Chan, L. S., & Li, H. R. (1990). 國中英語聽力測驗
3全。 台北：康軒文教事業。
Chastain, K. (1976). Developing second-language
skills: Theory to practice (2nd ed.). Chicago:
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班
90951016
92
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090951016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林啟一zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Chi-yeeen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳嘉容zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Jia-rongen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳嘉容zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Jia-rongen_US
dc.date (日期) 2003en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:33:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:33:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:33:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0090951016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33425-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 90951016zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在探討圖像輔助呈現時機對台灣國中生聽力的影響，而圖像輔助呈現時機則分為在聽力活動前與在聽力活動進行中。同時為了深入探究其效益，本研究更著重於其對高、中、低三個不同能力組別學生的影響。除此之外，並對於二份學生問卷的回答加以探討：
     （1）問卷一有關學生們先前學習英語的背景資料。
     （2）問卷一有關學生們在聽力過程中主要遭遇的問題，涵蓋聽力內容、聽者本身與外在因素等。
     （3）問卷二有關學生們對圖像式聽力測驗的反應與他們對實施聽力測驗時，圖片展示時間的看法。
      本研究以台中縣光正國中一個國三班級42位同學為對象，經過英語聽力能力測驗後，他們被分為高中低三組。實驗前，學生們先填寫第一份問卷。隨後，三組學生一起接受兩種實驗: (1)邊聽邊看圖片; (2)先展示圖片再聽。在完成所有實驗後，隨即填寫第二份問卷。本研究主要結果如下：
     （1）大多數的受試者已學習英語3年以上，卻對自己的聽力缺乏信心。此現象乃肇因於學生們有限的練習時間。也因此，他們大多不贊成將來升高中大考有聽力測驗的項目。另外，眾多的學生表達了希望獲得老師在聽力方面指導的強烈需求。
      （2）聽力能力愈差的學生，遇到更多的聽力問題，尤其在聽力內容與聽者本身方面問題為最。
      （3）以整體學生的聽力表現而言，聽前呈現圖片對學生的幫助比邊聽邊呈現圖片的效果來的顯著。
      （4）以各個組別學生的聽力表現而言，聽前呈現圖片最能彌補中低程度學生聽力的不足。
      （5）超過半數以上的學生表達較喜愛圖像式的英語聽力測驗，尤其是圖像呈現在正式的聽力活動之前為最。
      根據研究的結果，聽前呈現圖像輔助對不同程度的學生均有助益，尤其對中低程度者聽力理解的幫助更為顯著。因此，本論文呼籲，國中英語老師可在實施英語聽力測驗時，多善用圖像輔助以引發學生的學習動機並藉由聽前呈現圖片技巧來提昇學生們的英語聽力理解。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of pictures as cues supplied at different time periods, the picture before listening comprehension test (BLCT) and during listening comprehension test (DLCT). More specific, it is focused on the comparisons of the effects of BLCT and DLCT on the high, middle and low proficiency groups. Also probed are students’responses to two questionnaires on the following issues.
     (1) The subjects’ previous English learning background as shown in Questionnaire One;
     (2) The main listening problems the subjects encounter in the process of listening, including the oral text, the listener and external aspects;
     (3) The subjects reactions to the listening comprehension with the picture format and their preference for the timing of picture-giving.
      The subjects of this study are 42 students of nine-grade junior high school students in Kuang-cheng Junior High School in Taichung County. They are divided into three proficiency groups—the high proficiency group (HPG), the intermediate proficiency group (MPG) and the low proficiency group (LPG) according to the scores of the listening comprehension test in the subjects’ second mid-term examination. At the beginning of the overall experiment, they are demanded to finish Questionnaire One. After that, they are assigned to take two listening comprehension tests: a listening comprehension test with a picture before listening and during listening. After receiving the two treatments, the subjects are asked to complete Questionnaire Two to reveal their attitudes toward the listening comprehension tests with visual cues.
      The major findings of the present study are summarized as follows:
     (1) Although most of the subjects have learned English for more than three years, they do not establish much confidence in their own listening ability due to the limited time of practice in listening. Many of them do not support the idea of incorporating the listening comprehension test into the future high school entrance exam. However, they express their eagerness for obtaining the teacher’s guidance in listening.
     (2) The worse the listeners achieve, the more listening difficulties they would come across, especially in the oral text and the listener himself/herself.
     (3) BLCT is more effective than DLCT. This can be proved by the mean scores and standard deviation of BLCT and DLCT respectively.
     (4) As the three different proficiency groups are taken into consideration, BLCT lends itself to the low proficiency groups (LPG) and the intermediate proficiency groups (MPG).
     (5) Most of the subjects prefer the listening comprehension test with the picture format, particularly the visual cue before the listening activity.
      Based on the results of the study, the picture before listening benefits all of the three proficiency groups, especially the lower achievers. The researcher suggests that English teachers in junior high school try to make good use of visual cues in constructing listening comprehension tests to arouse students’ motivation and thus improve students’ listening comprehension.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................iii
     TABLE OF CONTENTS....................iv
     LIST OF TABLES.......................viii
     LIST OF FIGURES......................x
     CHINESE ABSTRUCT.....................xi
     ENGLISH ABSTRUCT.....................xiii
     CHAPTER
     1. INTRODUCTION......................1
     1.1 Motivation.......................1
     1.2 Purpose of the Study.............6
     1.3 Significance of the Study........6
     1.4 Research Questions of the Study..7
     2. LITERATURE REVIEW
     2.1 The Importance of Listening in
      Language Learning................10
     2.2 Nature of Listening..............13
     2.3 The Difficulties in Listening
      Comprehension....................16
     2.3.1 Factors Affecting Listening
      Comprehension....................17
     2.3.1.1 Speaker Factors..............17
     2.3.1.1.1 Speech Rate................18
     2.3.1.1.2 Accent.....................19
     2.3.1.1.3 Pause......................19
     2.3.1.1.4 Intonation.................20
     2.3.1.1.5 Redundancy.................20
     2.3.1.2 Oral Text Factors............21
     2.3.1.2.1 Complexity of the Lexis and
      Syntax.....................22
     2.3.1.2.2 Topic Familiarity..........22
     2.3.1.2.3 Discourse Signals..........22
     2.3.1.2.4 Word Familiarity...........23
     2.3.1.2.5 Level of Difficulty........23
     2.3.1.3 Listener Factors.............23
     2.3.1.3.1 Background Knowledge.......24
     2.3.1.3.1.1 Schema-Theoretic
      Perspectives on
      comprehension............25
     2.3.1.3.1.1.1 Definitions of Schema..25
     2.3.1.3.1.1.2 Functions of Schemata
      in Comprehension.......27
     2.3.1.3.2 Motivation.................32
     2.3.1.3.3 Attention..................33
     2.3.1.3.4 Anxiety....................34
     2.4 Visual Aids in Listening
      Comprehension....................35
     2.4.1 The Advantages of Picture
      Format in Listening
      Comprehension..................35
     2.4.2 The Principles of Using Visual
      Aids...........................39
     2.4.3 The Advantages of Visual-Before
      Treatment in Listening
      Comprehension..................40
     3. METHODOLOGY.......................42
     3.1 Subjects.........................42
     3.2 Instruments......................44
     3.2.1 Questionnaires.................44
     3.2.2 Listening Comprehension
      Tests..........................45
     3.2.2.1 Oral Texts...................45
     3.2.2.2 Visual Aids..................46
     3.2.2.3 Listening Comprehension
      Questions....................47
     3.3 The Pilot Study..................48
     3.4 Procedures.......................49
     3.5 Data Analysis....................52
     4. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION...........54
     4.1 Subjects’Former Listening
      Experience.......................54
     4.1.1 Subjects’ Learning English
      Background.....................54
     4.1.2 Subjects’ Listening Time......56
     4.1.3 Subjects’ Language Competence
      in the Four Language Skills....57
     4.1.4 Subjects’Listening Strategies.58
     4.1.5 Subjects’Replies to Listening
      Guidance.......................60
     4.1.6 Subjects’ Responses to the
      English Listening Comprehension
      Test Being Incorporated into
      the Joint High School Entrance
      Exam..........................62
     4.2 Dominant Listening Comprehension
      Difficulties of Various
      Proficiency Groups..............63
     4.2.1 Listening Comprehension
      Problems in Oral Texts........63
     4.2.2 Listening Comprehension
      Problems in Listeners.........67
     4.2.3 Listening Comprehension
      Problems in External Factors..69
     4.3 Effects of Picture Format During
      Listening Comprehension Test and
      Before Listening Comprehension
      Test on the Subjects............71
     4.4 Comparisons of the Effects of
      Two Strategies on the Subjects
      at Different Proficiency Levels.73
     4.5 Subjects’ Responses to the
      Listening Comprehension with
      Picture Format..................75
     4.5.1 Subjects’ Responses to the
      Visual Aids.....................76
     4.5.2 Subjects’ Responses to the
      Visual Aids at different Time
      Periods.......................79
     5. CONCLUSIONS......................81
     5.1 Summary of the Findings.........81
     5.2 Pedagogical Implications........83
     5.3 Suggestions for Future Research.85
     APPENDIX A Division of English
     Proficiency Groups..................86
     APPENDIX B Questionnaire One.......90
     APPENDIX C Questionnaire Two.......93
     APPENDIX D Listening Comprehension
     Tests...............................95
     REFERENCES..........................103		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 39153 bytes-
dc.format.extent 15361 bytes-
dc.format.extent 22576 bytes-
dc.format.extent 29312 bytes-
dc.format.extent 24414 bytes-
dc.format.extent 16445 bytes-
dc.format.extent 117011 bytes-
dc.format.extent 27114 bytes-
dc.format.extent 52309 bytes-
dc.format.extent 126266 bytes-
dc.format.extent 61844 bytes-
dc.format.extent 122801 bytes-
dc.format.extent 39619 bytes-
dc.format.extent 30004 bytes-
dc.format.extent 155502 bytes-
dc.format.extent 87494 bytes-
dc.format.extent 2831648 bytes-
dc.format.extent 89333 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0090951016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 圖像輔助zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 圖像式英語聽力理解測驗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 圖片呈現之時zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) visual aidsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) listening comprehension test with picture formaten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) pictures at different time periodsen_US
dc.title (題名) 圖像輔助呈現時機對台灣國中生聽力之影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Effects of Pictures at Different Time Periods on the Listening Comprehension of Junior High School Students in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abbott, G., & Wingard, P. (1981). The teaching ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) English as an international language: Azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) practical guide. London: Collins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adam, M. J., & Collins, A. (1979). A schema-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) theoretic view of reading. In R. O. Freedlezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (Ed.), New directions in discourse processingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (pp. 1-22). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corporation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, A., & Lynch, T. (1988). Listening.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oxford:Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rand McNally College Publishing Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chaudron, C., & Richards, J. C. (1986). The effectzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of discourse markers on the comprehension ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) lectures. Applied Linguistics, 7, 113-127.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chiang, C. S., & Dunkel, P. (1992). The effect ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) speech modification, prior knowledge andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening proficiency on EFL lecture learning.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) TESOL Quarterly, 26(2), 345-374.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychologyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and language: An introduction tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) its implication (3 rd ed.). New York: W.H.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Bracezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jovanovich, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, A.D. (1990). Language learning: Insights forzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) learners, teachers, and researchers. New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Newbury House / Harper & Row.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Conner, U. (1984). Recall of text: Differenceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) between first and second language readers. TESOLzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Quarterly, 18(2), 239-256.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corria, I. L. (1999). Motivating EFL learners. Forumzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) , 37(2), 17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freeman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Derwing, T., & Munro, M. J. (2001). What speakingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) rates do non-native listeners prefer? Appliedzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Linguistics, 22(3), 324-337.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunkel, P. (1986). Developing listening fluency inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) L2: Theoretical principles and pedagogicalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) considerations. Modern Language Journal, 70(2),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 99-106.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunkel, P. (1991). Listening in the native andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) second / foreign language: Toward anzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) integration of research and practice. TESOLzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arnold, J. (2000). Seeing through listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Quarterly, 25(3), 431-457.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dunkel, P., Henning, G., & Chaudron, C. (1993).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The assessment of a listening comprehensionzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) construct: A tentative model for testzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) specifications and development. Modern Language,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 77, 180-191.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Faerch, C., & Kasper, G. (1986). The role ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension in second-language learning.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Applied Linguistics, 7(3), 247-257.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fan, Y. (1993). Listening: Problems and solutions.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension exam anxiety. TESOL Quarterly,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) English Teaching Forum, 31(1), 16-19.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Feyten, C. M. (1991). The power of listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ability: An overlooked dimension in languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 75, 173-180.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Flaherty, S. E. (1979). Rate-controlled speech inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) foreign language education. Foreign Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annals, 12, 275-280.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and secondzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language learning: The role of attitudes andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) motivation. London: Edward Arnold Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 34, 777-786.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gardner, R. C., Lalande, R. N., Moorcroft, R., & Everszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) , F. T. (1987). Second language attrition: The rolezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of motivation and use. Journal of Language and Socialzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Psychology, 6(1), 29-47.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ginther, A. (2002). Context and content visuals andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) performance on listening comprehension stimuli.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language Testing, 19(2), 133-167.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goodman, K. S. (1967). Reading: A psycholinguisticzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 6(1), 126-135.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bacon, S. M. (1989). Listening for real in thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goodman, K. S. (1968). The psycholinguistic naturezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of the reading process. Detroit: Wayne Statezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goss, B. (1982). Listening as information processing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Communication Quarterly, 30(4), 304-307.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Griffith, R. (1990). Speech rate and NNS comprehension:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A preliminary study in time-benefit analysis.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language Learning, 40(3), 311-336.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Griffiths, R. (1992). Speech rate and listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension: further evidence of thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) foreign language classroom. Foreign Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) relationship. TESOL Quarterly, 26(2), 385-391.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Harmer, J. (1998). How to teach English. England:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hughes, A. (1989). Testing for language teachers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hung, F. S. (1998). Word familiarity and contentzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) schemata in EFL listening comprehension.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Studies in English Language and Literature,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 4, 45-62.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hyltenstam, K., & Pienemann, M. (Eds.). (1985).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annals, 22, 543-551.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A role for instruction in second languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) acquisition: Task-based language training.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Modelling and assessing second languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) acquisition, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacobs, G. et al. (1988). The effects of pausingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) on listening comprehension. Paper, Secondzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language Research Forum, Honolulu, Hawaii,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) March.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Joiner, E. G. (1984). Listening from the insidezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) out. Foreign Language Annals,17(4), 335-338.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bailey, K. M. (1998). Learning about Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Joiner, E. (1986). Listening in the foreignzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language. In B.H. Wing (Ed.), Listening,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) reading and writing: Analysis and applicationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (pp. 43-70). Middlebury, VT: Northeastzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kang, S. (1995). The effects of a context-embeddedzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) approach to second-language vocabulary learning.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) System, 23, 143-155.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kelly, P. (1991). Lexical ignorance: The main obstaclezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) to listening comprehension with advanced FLzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Assessment: Dilemmas, decisions, andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) learners. IRAL, 29(2), 135-150.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) King, P. E., & Behnke, R. R. (1989). The effect ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) time-compressed speech on comprehensive,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) interpretive, and short-term listening. Humanzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Communication Research, 15, 428-441.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) second language acquisition. Elmsford, NY:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pergamon Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1983). The naturalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) approach: Language acquisition in the classroom.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Directions. New York: Heinle & Heinle.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) New York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, S. H. (2000). A study of English listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension strategies used by senior highzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) school students in Taiwan. Master’s Thesis,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Long, D. (1989). Second language listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension: A schema-theoretic perspective.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Modern Language Journal, 73, 32-41.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Long, D. R. (1990). What you don’t know can`t helpzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) you: An exploratory study of backgroundzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baltova, I. (1994). The impact of video on thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) knowledge and second language listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension. Studies in Second Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Acquisition, 12(1), 65-80.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Long, D. R., & Macian, J. L. (1994). Listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) skills: Acquisition and assessment. Northeastzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Conference Reports, 111-138.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Long, M. (1985). Input and second languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) acquisition theory. In S. Gass & C. Maddenzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (Eds.), Input in second language acquisitionzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (pp. 337-393). Rowley: MA: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension skills of core French students.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Long, M. H. (1983). Linguistic and conversationalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) adjustments to non-native speakers. Studieszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) in Second Language Acquisition, 5, 177-193.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lynch, A. (1988). Grading foreign listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension materials: The use of naturallyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) modified interaction. Doctoral dissertation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Edinburgh University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lynch, T. (1983). Study listening. New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) MacWilliam, I. (1986). Video and languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The Canadian Modern Language Review, 50, 507-531.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension. ELT Journal, 40, 131-135.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mendelsohn, D. J. (1998). Teaching listening.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 81-101.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) psychology of computer vision (pp. 211-277).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) New York: McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morley, J. (1991). Listening comprehension inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) second/foreign language instruction. In M.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Celce-Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) second or foreign language (pp. 81-106).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) New York: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mueller, G. A. (1980). Visual contextual cueszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and listening comprehension: An experiment.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Modern Language Journal, 64, 335-340.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Munro, M. J. & Derwing, T. M. (1998). The effectszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of speaking rate on listener evaluation ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) native and foreign-accented speech. Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Learning, 48(2), 159-182.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nelson, C. H. (1989). Drawing activities as a toolzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) for language learning. Forum, 27(3), 33.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nord, J. R. (1980). Developing listening fluencyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) before speaking: An alternative paradigm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) System, 8(1), 1-22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nunan, D. (1991). Language teaching methodology:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A textbook for teachers. New York: Prenticezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Omaggio, A. C. (1979). Pictures and secondzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language comprehension: Do they help?zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foreign Language Annals, 12(2), 107-116.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Omoggio, A. C. (1990). Teaching language inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) context: Proficiency-oriented instruction.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boston, MA. : Heinle & Heinle.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) What every teacher should know. New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Newbury House/Harper & Row.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Palij, M., & Aaronson, D. (Eds.). (1992).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Advances in psychology. The role of languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) background in cognitive processing, New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Belasco, S. (1981). Aital cal aprene las lengaszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elsevier Science Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Phillips, E. M. (1992). The effects of languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) anxiety on students’ oral test performancezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and attitudes. The Modern Language Journal,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 76, 14-26.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Randhawa, B. S., & Coffman, W. E. ( Eds.). (1978)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) . Visual learning, thinking, and communication.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richards, J. C. (1983). Listening comprehension:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Approach, design, procedure. TESOL Quarterly,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) estrangieras, Comprehension: The key to secondzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17, 219-240.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rijavec, M. (1991). Using visual aids appropriately.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Forum, 29(1), 50-51.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rivers, W. M. (1973). Reading for information.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) American Foreign Language Teacher, 4, 7-9.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rivers, W. M. (1981). Teaching foreign-languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) skills (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rivers, W. M. (1984). What practitioners say aboutzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening: Research implications for thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -language acquisition. In H. Winitz (Ed.), Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) classroom in R.A. Gilman and L.M. Moody. Foreignzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language Annals, 17(4), 331-334.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rixon, S. (1981). The design of materials to fosterzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) particular listening skills. ELT Documents,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 121, 68-106.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rost, M. (1990). Listening in language learning.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) London and New York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rost, M. (1991). Listening in Action. London:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Prentice Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rubin, J. (1990). (Eds.). (1990). Improving foreignzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension approach to foreign languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language listening comprehension. Washington, DC:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Georgetown University, International Research andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Studies Program.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rubin, J. (1994). A review of second languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening comprehension research. The Modernzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language Journal, 78(2), 199-221.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ruhe, V. (1996). Graphics and listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension. TESL Canada Journal, 14(1),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 45-60.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata: The buildingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) instruction (pp. 14-33). Cambridge, MA: Newburyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) blocks of cognition. In R. J. Spiro, B. C. Bruce,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) & W. E. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) reading comprehension (pp. 33-58). Hillsdale, NJ:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1977). Thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) representation of knowledge in memory. In R. C.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, R. J. Spiro, and W. E. Montague (Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge (pp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 99-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Samuels, S. J. (1984). Factors influencing listening:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Inside and outside the head. Theory into Practice,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 23, 183-189.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Scarcella, R. C., & Oxford, R. L. (1992). The tapestryzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) of language learning: The individual in thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) communicative classroom. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schank, R. C. (1975). The structure of episodes inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) memory. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Representation and understanding (pp. 237-272).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) New York: Academic.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schickedanz, J. A., York, M. E., Stewart, I. S., &zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bernhardt, E., & James, C. (1987). The teaching andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) White, D. (1977). Strategies for teaching youngzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) children. London: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schmidt-Rinehart, B. C. (1994). The effects of topiczh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) familiarity on second language listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension. The Modern Language Journal, 78(2),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 179-189.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sheils, J. (1988). Communication in the modernzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) languages classroom. Strasbourg, France:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) The Council of Europe.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sherman, J. (1997). The effect of question preview inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) testing of comprehension in foreign languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening comprehension tests. Language Testing,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 14, 185-213.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shin, Y. C. (1995). Classroom listening tests. 國立北商zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 專學報，45期，頁461-474。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sinatra, R. (1986). Visual literacy connections tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) thinking, reading and writing. Spring field: Charleszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) C Thomas.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Skrzypczynska, J. (1992). Some ways to use pictures inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language teaching. Forum, 30(2), 42-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Snyder, H. R. (1988). Foreign language acquisition andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) learning. In D.W. Birckbichler (Ed.), Proficiency,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) audio-visual aids. Foreign Language Annals, 21(4),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 343-348.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Su, P. Ch. (1994). The effects of visual elements onzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) English listening comprehension: Videotape-testingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) versus audiotape-testing. Kaohsiung Normalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University Journal, 5, 263-287.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellis, R., Tanaka, Y., & Yamazaki, A. (1994). Classroomzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) interaction, comprehension and the acquisition ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) L2 word meanings. Language Learning, 44, 449-491.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Taylor, S. E. (1964). Listening: What research says tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) policy, and professionalism in foreign languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the teacher. Washington, DC: National Educationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Association.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teng, H. C. (1997). Schema-theoretic perspectives onzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening comprehension. Journal of Yunlinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Institute of Technology, 6(2), 181-187.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Teng, H. C. (1998). 聽前活動對英語聽力理解之成效探究。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 教育研究資訊， 6卷2 期，頁133-141。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thompson, I., & Rubin, J. (1996). Can strategyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) instruction improve listening comprehension?zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foreign Language Annals, 29(3), 331-342.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) education (pp. 65-81). Lincolnwood, IL: Nationalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsui, A. B., & Fullilove, J. (1998). Bottom-up or top-zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) down processing as a discriminator of L2 listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) performance. Applied linguistics, 19(4), 432-451.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tuttle, H. G. (1975). Using visual material in thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) foreign-language classroom. Learning Resources, 2,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 9.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Underhill, N. (1992). Testing spoken language: Azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) handbook of oral testing techniques. Cambridge:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Underwood, M. (1989). Teaching listening. New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Textbook Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ur. P. (1985). Teaching listening comprehension.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vandergrift, L. (1999). Facilitating second languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening comprehension: Acquiring successfulzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) strategies. ELT Journal, 53(3), 168-176.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vogely, A. J. (1998). Listening comprehensionzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) anxiety: Students’ reported sources and solutions.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foreign Language Annals, 31(1), 67-75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vogely, A. (1999). Addressing listening comprehensionzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Blau, E. K. (1990). The effect of syntax, speed,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) anxiety. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in foreignzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language and second learning: A practical guide tozh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere. Newzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) York: McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Voss, B. (1979). Hesitation phenomena as sources ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) perceptual errors for non-native speakers. Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and speech, 22, 129-144.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wang, C. Y. (2000). Teaching and learning listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension in the EFL classroom: Importance,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) factors, suggestions. Journal of National Taichungzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and pauses on listening comprehension. TESOLzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Institute of Technology, 1, 369-388.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Winitz, H. (Ed.). (1981). The comprehension approachzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) to foreign language instruction. Rowley, MA: Newburyzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wipf, J. A. (1984). Strategies for teaching secondzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language listening comprehension. Foreign Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annals, 17(4), 345-348.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wolff, F. I., & Marsnik, N. C. (1992). Perceptivezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wright, A. (1989). Pictures for language learning.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Quarterly, 24(4), 746-752.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge: Canbridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wolvin, A., & Coakley, C. (1992). Listening (4th ed.).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yorio, C. A. (1971). Some sources of reading problemszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) for foreign language learners. Language Learning,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 21, 108-109.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yu, C. F. (1993). The assessment of using audio andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) video tapes in a lab classroom. Soochow Journal ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Foreign Languages and Literatures, 9, 53-76.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zhao, Y. (1997). The effects of listeners’ control ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boyle, J. P. (1984). Factors affecting listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) speech rate on second language comprehension.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Applied Linguistics, 18, 49-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension. ELT Journal, 38(1), 34-38.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M.K. (1972).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Contextual prerequisites for understanding:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Some investigations of comprehension andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Behavior, 11(6), 717-726.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Braxton, M. A. (1999). Adult ESL learningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) strategies: Case studies of preferred learningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) styles and perceived cultural influences inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) academic listening tasks. Dissertation Abstractzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) International, 60(02), 312A. (Universityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Microfilms No. AAT9919844)zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brindley, G. (1998). Assessing listening abilities.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 171-191.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, G. (1978). Understanding spoken language.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) TESOL Quarterly, 12(3), 271-284.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, G. (1987). Twenty-five years of teachingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening comprehension. English Teaching Forum,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 25, 11-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, G. (1990). Listening to spoken English. Newzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Teaching the spokenzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buck, G. (1991). The testing of listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension: An introspective study. Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Testing, 8, 67-91.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burley-Allen, M. (1982). Listening: The forgottenzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) skill. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Byrnes, H. (1984). The role of listeningzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) comprehension: A theoretical base. Foreignzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Language Annals, 17(4), 317-329.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Call, M. E. (1985). Auditory short-term memoryzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) listening comprehension and the input hypothesis.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) TESOL Quarterly, 19(4), 765-781.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carrell, P. L. (1983). Three components of backgroundzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) knowledge in reading comprehension. Languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Learning, 33, 183-207.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carrell, P. L., & Eisterhold, J. C. (1983). Schemazh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) theory and ESL reading pedagogy. TESOL Quarterly,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 17(4), 553-573.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carroll, D.W. (1999). Psychology of language (3rdzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ed.). New York: Books/ Cole Publishing Company.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carroll, J. B. (1962). The prediction of success inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) intensive foreign language training. In R.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Glaser (Ed.), Training research and educationzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (pp. 87-136). Pittsburgh: The University ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pittsburgh Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Carroll, J. B. (1971). Learning from verbalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) discourse in educational media: A review of thezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) literature. Prentice, NJ: Educational Testingzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Service.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chan, L. S., & Li, H. R. (1990). 國中英語聽力測驗zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 3全。 台北：康軒文教事業。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chastain, K. (1976). Developing second-languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) skills: Theory to practice (2nd ed.). Chicago:zh_TW