1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Commerce
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 組織寬裕資源、創新與組織經營績效之關連性研究–以台灣電子產業為例
The Relationship of Organizational Slack, Innovation and Organizational Performance:A Case Study of Taiwan Electronic Industry
作者 張在今
Tsai-Chin, Chang
貢獻者 賴士葆
張在今
Tsai-Chin, Chang
關鍵詞 組織寬裕資源
創新
成長
獲利
日期 2005
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 13:31:03 (UTC+8)
摘要 創新，是近年來全球經濟的重要活動之一；對於過去多著重於代工價值活動的台灣電子產業而言，更是必須向未來邁進的一項關鍵策略活動。過去研究中指出，組織實驗的氛圍及創新的文化，為促進企業中創新的關鍵影響因素，而組織寬裕資源的存在，將能夠讓組織保有實驗之精神及文化；本研究整合過去學者在組織寬裕資源、創新及組織經營績效間的研究，對此三變數間之路徑影響關係，提出一架構模型。

本研究組織寬裕資源之定義及衡量方式採用Bourgeois & Singh (1983)所提出之三類型組織寬裕資源(可取得寬裕資源(Available Slack)、可回復寬裕資源(Recoverable Slack)、潛在寬裕資源(Potential Slack))；本研究對創新，採用Lumpkin & Dess(1996)的觀點，創新為組織對於新意念、新奇性、實驗性、及創造過程的經營及支持，而其結果將產生新產品、新服務、及新的科技。本研究採用國內電子產業為研究樣本，研究期間為2003年至2005年，並藉由結構方程模式取向(SEM Approach)的路徑分析的統計方法，對本研究模型進行研究。

研究結果指出，在研究期間內國內電子產業在可取得寬裕資源與創新呈顯著的正向關係、可回復寬裕資源與創新呈顯著的正向關係、創新對獲利呈顯著的正向關係。
參考文獻 一、 中文文獻
王怡人(1996)，「企業特性、研究發展與經營績效關係之研究─以資訊、電子、電機產業為例」，國立台灣大學商學研究所未出版碩士論文。
司徒達賢(1979)，「台灣企業之環境分析」，企銀季刊，第三卷，第一期，頁27-38。
江正信(2000)，「高階管理團隊與企業策略決策模式、組織學習傾向、創新能力及經營績之關係研究」，國立成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
吳秉恩(1994)，「策略性人力資源管理」，世界經理文摘，91，53-64。
吳思華(1979)，「企業策略的權變理論」，政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
吳思華(1998)，「知識流通對產業創新的影響」，第七屆產業管理研討會論文集，政治大學科技管理研究所，頁2-42。
吳淑靜(1992)，「影響組織創造力發展之因素研究－以新竹科學工業園區高科技公司為例」，台灣師範大學工業教育研究所碩士論文。
吳萬益、陳淑惠(1999)，「集團企業組織文化、決策模式與經營策略之研究」，交大管理學報，第八期，頁1-46。
李淑華(2003)，「產業價值鏈知識密度與企業績效」，國立台灣大學會計學系博士論文。
林世民(1995)，「訓練移轉配合人力資源政策與實務對組織績效影響之實證研究-以通過ISO9000 系列品保認證的製造業為例」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
林靈宏、劉水深、洪順慶(1994)，「消費品類型、創新類型與新產品行銷策略關係研究」， 管理評論，第13 卷，第1 期，頁57~77。
邵郁智(2004)，「從組織寬裕資源探討專案的合作能耐與新產品專案優勢之關係」，國立高雄第一科技大學行銷與流通管理學系碩士論文。
邱皓政(2003)，結構方程模式: LISREL的理論、技術與應用，台北：雙葉。
邱鉅權(1989)，「臺灣大型企業的財務績效、組織創新與管理特質」，中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
施振榮(2000)，io 連網組織－知識經濟的經營之道，台北：天下生活。
洪鉛財(1990)，「技術組合、例行化程度與技術實施績效關係研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
張文菁(2001)，「企業特性、人力資本、產業環境以及組織績效之相關性研究」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
張重昭(1990)，「技術密集企業之競爭策略技術發展政策與管理制度」，台北：中國經濟企業研究所。
張恩浩(1991)，「研究發展之影響因素及其與績效關係之研究」，國立台灣大學商學研究所未出版碩士論文。
莊立民(2002)，「組織創新模式建構與實證之研究─以台灣資訊電子業為例」，國立成功大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
莊奕琦與許碧峰(1999)，「研究發展對生產力的貢獻及產業間的外溢效果: 台灣製造業實證」，經濟論文，第27 卷，第3 期，頁407-432。
許宏明(1995)，「高科技產業的教育訓練制度與組織績效之相關性研究」，中壢：中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
許明雄(2000)，「企業生命週期特性與股利政策關聯性之探討」，政治大學會計研究所碩士論文。
陳順宇(1998)，多變量分析，台北：華泰。
陳柏彰(2002)，「創新發明能力與企業生產力以及企業價值之關連性研究-以台灣資訊電子業為例」，國立台灣大學會計學系碩士論文。
陳哲彥(1998)，「人力資源管理與組織績效之關係 – 本土及外資企業的比較」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
陳琮智(2005)，「組織寬裕、高階管理團隊特質與經營績效之關聯性-以策略相似性為中介變項」，國立東華大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
陳碧慧(2002)，「廠商激勵措施及其類型與組織創新績效的關係－以創新育成中心進駐廠商為例」，元智大學管理研究所碩士論文
曾俊堯(2003)，「創新資本對經營績效與公司價值影響之研究」，國立台北大學企業管理學系未出版博士論文。
曾智顯(2001)，「我國企業知識管理與組織創新之相關性研究」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
湯珮妤(2000)，「企業類型與研發支出、專利權成效之遞延效果研究」，國立中正大學會計學研究所碩士論文。
黃佑安(1997)，「企業創新能力對新產品研發過程影響之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
黃雅苓(1999)，「研究發展支出與經營績效關係及其費用化之探討-以台灣上市公司之電子業與非電子業為例」，國立政治大學會計學研究所碩士論文。
黃雅琪(1997)，「台灣電子業品質認證與研究發展對經營績效之影響」，國立政治大學會計研究所未出版碩士論文。
楊志與海陳忠榮(2002)，「研究發展、專利與生產力-臺灣製造業的實證研究」，經濟論文叢刊，第30 卷，第1 期，頁27-48。
熊欣華(2001)，「組織間合作的信心管理」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
劉碧琴(1998)，「個人創越、企業文化對組織創新的影響」，中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
蔡玟玲(1984)，「績優廠商出口競爭策略選擇之分析」，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文。
蔡啟通(1997)，「組織因素、組織成員整體創造性與組織創新之關係」，國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文。
諶家蘭、黃敏慧(2003)，「初探高科技產業政策與產業技術創新策略配合度之績效關聯性」，管理與資訊學報，第八卷：85-117。
賴士葆、王秉鈞、黃佑安(1997)，「創新能力與新產品研發過程關係之研究」，1997年科技管理研討會論文集。
賴士葆(1990)，科技策略與新產品發展績效相關之研究，科技管理論文集，台北，大業文教基金會。
賴士葆、謝龍發、陳松柏(2005)，科技管理，台北，華泰
賴姿蓉(1998)，「組織創新對人力資源管理角色影響之研究」，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
鍾信男(2002)，「技術來源、技術能力、技術績效關係之實證研究─以傳統產業為例」，國立中正大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
蘇奕中(2004)，創新策略之效益分析與評估─以資訊電子業為例，國立中正大學會計學研究所碩士論文。
二、 英文文獻
Aboody, D., and B. Lev (2001), R&D productivity in the chemical industry, Working Paper, New York University.
Afuah, A. (1998), Innovation Management: Strategies, Implementation , and Profits, Oxford University Press.
Amabile, T. M., (1988), “A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations,” Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123-167.
Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron (1996), “Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity,” Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 54-84.
Archibugi, D. (1992), “Patenting as an indicator of technological innovation: a review,” Science and Public Policy, 6, 357–358.
Arundel, A. and J. Kabla (1998), “What percentage of innovations are patented? Experimental estimates in European firms,” Research Policy, 27, 127–142.
Bamford C. E., T. J. Dean, P. P. McDougall (2000), “An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups,” Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 253–277.
Bergh, D. and M. Lawless (1998), “Portfolio restructuring and limits to hierarchical governance: the effects of environmental uncertainty and diversification strategy,” Organization Science, 9, 87–102.
Betz, F. (1993), Strategic Technology Management. McGraw-Hill: New York.
Boer, H. and W. E. During (2001), “Innovation, what innovation? A comparison between product, process and organizational innovation,” Int. J. Technology Management, 22 (1/2/3), 83-107.
Bond, R. S. and D. F. Lean (1977), Sales Promotion and Product Differentiation in Two Prescription Drug Markets, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Trade Commission.
Bourgeois, L. J. (1981), “On the measurement of organizational slack,” Academy of Management Review, 6, 29– 39.
Bourgeois, L. J., and J. V. Singh (1983), “Organizational slack and political behavior within top management teams,” Academic Management, 43–7.
Bouwen, R. and R. Fry (1991), “Organizational Innovation and Learning: Four Patterns of Dialog between the Dominant Logic and the New Logic,” International Studies of Management and Organization, 21(4), 37-51.
Bromiley, P. (1991), “Testing a causal model of corporate risk-taking and performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 34, 37–59.
Brouwer, E. and A. Kleinknecht (1999), “Innovative output, and a firm’s propensity to patents: an exploration of CIS micro data,” Research Policy, 28, 615–624.
Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (1991), “Organizational Learning and Communities of Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning and Innovation,” Organization Science, 2, 40-57.
Burgess, B. H. (1989), Industrial organization, Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.
Canto, J. G. D. and I. S. Gonzalez (1999), “A Resource-based Analysis of the Factors Deterrmining a Firm’s R&D Activities,” Research Policy, 28, 894-905.
Capon, N., J. U. Farley, and S. Hoenig. (1990), “Determinatns of financial performance: A meta-analysis,” Management Science, 36(10), 1143-1159.
Chacke, G. K., (1998), Technology Management-- Alications to Corporate Markets and Military Mission. Praeger.
Chakravarthy, B. S. (1986), “Measuring Strategic Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(5), 437-458.
Chandler, G. N. and S. H. Hanks(1994), “Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 77-89.
Cheng J. and I. Kesner (1997), “Organizational slack and response to environmental shifts: the impact of resource allocation patterns,” J Manage, 23, 1–18.
Child, J. (1972), ”Organization structure and strategies of control: A replication of the Aston study,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 163-177.
Cho, H. J. and V. Pucik(2005), “Relationship between Innovativeness, quality, growth, profitability and market value,” Strategic Management Journal, 26, 555–575
Cohen, M. D., J. G. March and J. P. Olsen(1972), "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice," Admin Sci Quart, 17, 1-25.
Cohen, W. M. and R. C. Levin (1989), “Empirical studies of innovation and market structure,” in R.Schmalensee, and R. Willig (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1059–1107.
Covin, J. G. and D. P. Slevin(1991), “A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol 16(1), 7-25
Cyert R. and J. March (1963), The behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.
Daft, R. L. (1978), ”A dual-core model of organization innovation,” Academy of Management Journal, 21, 193-210.
Daft, R. L. (1982), ”Bureaucratic versus nonbureaucratic structure and the process of innovation and change,” In Research in the Sociology of Organizations. S. B. Bacharach (ed.), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 129-166.
Damanpour, F. (1987), “The adoption of technological, administrative, and ancillary innovations: Impact of organizational factors,” Journal of Management, 13, 675-688.
Damanpour, F. (1991), “Organizational innovation: a meta analysis of effects of determinants and moderators,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555-590.
Damanpour, F. and W. M. Evan (1984), “Organizational innovation and performance: The problem of organizational lag,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 392-409.
Daniel, F., F. T. Lohrke, C. J. Fornaciari and R. A. Turner (2004), “Slack resources and firm performance: a mata-analysis,” Journal of Business Research, 57, 565-574.
Delaney, J. T. and M. A. Huselid (1996), “The Impact of Human Resource Managemenet Practices on Perceptions of Organizational Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 88-171.
Dess G.G. and R. B. Robinson (1984), “Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit,” Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), 265–273.
Devinney, T. M. (1993), “How well do patents measure new product activity?” Economic Letters, 41, 447–450.
Dimick, D. and V. Murray (1978), “Correlates of substantive policy decisions in organizations: The case of human resource management,” Academy of Management Journal, 21, 611–623.
Dosi, G. (1988), “Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation,” Journal of Economic Literature, 26, 1120–1171.
Drucker, P. F. (1985), Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. Heinemann, London.
Drucker, P. F. (1999), “Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge,” California Management Review, 41, 79-94.
Duysters, G. and J. Hagedoorn (2001), “Do company strategies and structures converge in global markets? Evidence from the computer industry,” Journal of International Business Studies, 32, 347–356.
Ernst, H. (2001), “Patent alications and subsequent changes of performance: evidence from time-series cross-section analyses on the firm level,” Research Policy, 30, 143–157.
Frambach, R. T. and N. Schillewaert (2002), “Organizational Innovation Adoption: A Multi-level Framework of Determinants and Oortunities for Future Research,” Journal of Business Research, 163-176,
Frankford-Nachimias, C. and D. Nachimias (1996), Research Methods in the Social Sciences. N.Y.: Saint Martin’s.
Frankle, E. G. (1990), Management of technology change. Kluwer Academic.
Freeman, C. (1991), “The nature of innovation and the evolution of the productive system,” In OECD (eds.). Technology and Productivity-the Challenge for Economic Policy. Paris: OECD.
Freeman, C. and L. Soet (1977), The economic of industrial innovation, 3rd ed, London: Francis Pinter.
Freeman, C. and L. Soete (1997), The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Pinter, London.
Garcia, R. and R. Calantone (2002), “A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review,” The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19, 110-132.
Geiger, S. W. and L. H. Cashen (2002), “A multidimensional examination of slack and its impact on innovation,” Journal of Management Issues, 14 (1), 68-84.
Grabowski, H. G. and D. C. Mueller (1978), “Industrial research and develop, intangible capital stocks, and firm profit rates,” The Bell Journal of Economics, 9, 328-343.
Griliches, Z. (1987), “R&D and productivity: measurement issues and econometric results,” Science, 237, 31-35
Griliches, Z. (1990), “Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey,” Journal of Economic Literature, 28, 1661-1707.
Griliches, Z. (1998), R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hambrick, D. C. and C. C. Snow (1977), “ A contextual model of strategic decision making in organizations,” Academy of Management Proceedings, 109-112.
Hatten, K. J., D. E. Schendel and A. C. Cooper (1978), ”A Strategic Model of the U.S. Brewing Industry: 1952-1971,” Academy of Management Journal, 21(4), 592-.
Hausman, J., B. H. Hall, and Z. Griliches (1984), “Econometric models for count data with an alication to the patents—R&D relationship,” Econometrica, 52, 909–938.
Henderson, R. and I. Cockburn (1994), “Measuring competence: exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research,” Strategic Management Journal 15, 63–84 (special issue winter).
Higgins, J. M. (1995), “Innovation: the core competence,” Planning Review, 23, 32-36.
Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson and H. Kim (1997), “International diversification: effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 40, 767–798.
Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson, R. A. Johnson and D. D. Moesel (1996), “The market for corporate control and firm innovation,” Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1084–1119.
Holt, K. (1985), ”User-Oriented Product Innovation - Some Research Findings,” Technovation, 3(3), 199-208.
Hoskisson, R. E., M. A. Hitt, R. A. Johnson, and D. D. Moesel. (1993), “Construct validity of an objective (entropy) categorical measure of diversification strategy,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 215-235.
Jelinek, M. and C. B. Schoonhoven. (1993), The Innovation Marathon: Lessons from High Technology Firms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Johannessen, J. A., and Dolva, J. O. (1994), “Competence and innovation: Identifying critical innovation factors,” Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Change, 3(3), 209-222.
Jones, G.. K., A. Lanctot and H. J. Teegen (2001), “Determinants and performance impacts of external technology acquisition,” Journal of Business Venturing, 16(3), 255.
Kalafut, P. C. and J. Low (2001), “The value creation index: Quantifying intangible value,” Strategy and Leadership, 29(5), 9-15.
Kamm, J. B. (1987), An Integrative Aroach to Managing Innovation. MA.: Lexington Books.
Kanter, R. M. (1982), “The Middle Managers as Innovator,” Harvard Business Review, 61, 95-105.
Kanter, R. M. (1983), The changemasters. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton (1996), The balanced scorecard: Translating strategy into action. Harvard College.
Kelm, K. M., V. K.Narayanan, and G. E. Pinches (1995), “Shareholder value creation during R&D innovation and commercialization stages,” Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 770-786.
Kester, W. C. (1986), “An option aroach to corporate finance,” in: E. I. Altman (Eds), Handbook of corporate finance, Wiley, New York, N.Y., 3-35.
Kimberly, J. R. (1981), “Managerial innovation,” in P. C. Nystrom and W. H. Starbuck (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Design, Oxford University Press, New York, 1, 84-104.
Kimberly, J. R., and M. Evanisko (1981), “Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational, and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations,” Academy of Management Journal, 24, 689-713.
Kleinschmidt, E. J. and R. G. Cooper (1991), The impact of product innovativeness on performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management 8(4), 240–251.
Knight, K. E. (1967), “A descriptive model of the intra-firm innovation process,” Journal of Business, 40, 478-496.
Kochhar, R., and P. David (1996), “Institutional Investors and Firm Innovation: A test of competing hypotheses,” Strategic Management Journal, 17, 73-84.
Leavitt, H. J. (1976), “Organization Change in Industry,” in J. G March (Eds.), Handbook of Organization, Chicago: Rand McNally, 144-167.
Leong, G., D. Synder, and P. Ward. (1990), “Research in the process and content of manufacturing strategy,” Omega, 18(2), 109-122.
Lev, B. and T. Sougiannis (1996), “The capitalization, amortization and value relevance of R&D,” Journal of Accounting and Economics 21(1), 107-138.
Levinthal, D., and J. G. March (1981), “A model of adaptive organizational search,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2, 307-333.
Lumpkin, G. T. and G. G. Dess (1996), “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance,” Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
MacCrimmon, K. R., and D. A. Wehrung (1986), Taking risks: The management of uncertainty. New York, Free Press.
Mansfield, E. (1961), “Technical change and the rate of imitation,” Econometrica, 29, 741-766.
Mansfield, E. (1986), “Patents and innovation: an empirical study,” Management Science, 32, 173–181.
Manu, F. A. and V. Sriram. (1996), “Innovation, marketing strategy, environment, and performance,” Journal of Business Research, 35(1), 79-91.
March, J. G. (1981), "Decisions in Organizations and Theories of Choice," in A. Van de Ven and W. F. Joyce (Eds.),” Perspectives on Organizational Design and Behavior, Wiley, New York.
March, J. G. (1991), “Explorations and exploitations in organizational learning,” Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.
March, J. G., and J. P. Olsen (1976), Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations. Universitetsforlaget, Bergen.
Marquish, D. G. (1982), The Anatomy of Successful Innovation. Winthrop Publishers, Cambridge.
Miller D. (1990), The Icarus paradox: how exceptional companies bring about their own downfall. New York: Harper Collins.
Mishina, Y., G. P. Timothy and F. P. Joseph (2004), “Are more resources always better for growth? Resources stickness in market and product expansion,” Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1179–1197.
Morbey, G. K. (1989), “R&D expenditures and profit growth,” Research Technology Management, 32(3), 20-23.
Morbey, G. K. (1990), “How R&D affects sales growth, productivity and profitability,” Research Technology Management, 33(3), 11-14.
Moses, O. D. (1992), “Organizational slack and risk-taking behavior: Tests of product pricing strategy,” Journal of Organizational Change Management, 5, 38-54.
Murphy, G. B.; J. W. Trailer and R. C. Hill (1996), “Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research,” Journal of Business Research, 36(1), 15-23.
Nelson, R. and S. Winter (1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Nkomo, S. N. (1987), “Human resource planning and organization performance: An exploratory analysis”, Strategic Management Journal, 8 July/Aug., 387-392.
Nohria, N. and R. Gulati (1996), “Is slack good or bad for innovation?” Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1245-1264.
Oates, Keith. (1997), “Innovation is everybody’s business,” Management Services, 41(5), 8-13.
OECD (1991), Technology and Productivity-the Challenge for Economic Policy. Paris: OECD.
Palmer, T. and R. Wiseman (1999), “Decoupling risk taking from income stream uncertainty: a holistic model of risk,” Strategic Management Journal, 20, 1037–1062.
Parasuraman, A. and L. M. Zeren (1983), “R&D’s relationship with profits and sales,” Research Management, Jan/Feb.
Pelham, A. M. (2000), “Market orientation and other potential influences on performance in small and medium-sized manufacturing firms,” Journal of Small Business Management, 38(1), 48-67.
Penrose, E. (1959), The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Wiley.
Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press.
Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.
Ravenscraft, D. and F. Scherer. (1982), “The lag structure of returns to research and development,” Alied Economics, 14(6), 603-620.
Reed, R., J. L. David and C. M. Joseph (1996), ”Beyond Process: TQM Content and Firm Performance,” Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 173-202.
Rosenkopf, L. and A. Nerkar (2001), “Beyond local search: boundaryspanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 22, 287–306.
Rothwell, R. (1992), “Successful Industrial Innovation: Critical Factors for the 1990s,” R&D Management, 22, 221-239.
Schoenecker, T. and L. Swanson (2002), “Indicators of Firm Technological Capability: Validity and Performance Implications,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1), Feberuary, 36-44.
Schroeder, R. G., J. C. Anderson, and G. Cleveland (1986), “The content of manufacturing strategy,” Journal of Operations Management, 6(4), 471-484.
Schumann, P. A., D. C. Prestwood, A. H. Tong and J. H. Vanston (1994), Innovate: Straight path to quality customer delight and competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The theory of economic development. Boston, MA:Harvard.
Sharfman, M. P., G. Wolf, R. B. Chase and D. A. Tansik (1988), “Antecedents of organizational slack, ” Academy of Management Review, 13(4), 601-614.
Singh J. (1986), “Performance, slack, and risk taking in organizational decision making,” Academy of Management Journal, 29, 562– 85.
Smith, B. L. R. and C. E. Barfield (1996), Technology, R&D, and the Economy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Sougiannis, T. (1994), “The accountings based valuation of corporate R&D,” Accounting Review, 69(1), 44-68.
Steensma, H. and K. Corley (2000), “On the performance of technology – sourcing partnerships: the interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes,” Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1045– 67.
Stuart, T. E. (2000), “Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: a study of growth and innovation rates in a high-technology industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 21, 791–811.
Subramanian, A. and S. Nilakanta (1996), “Organizational innovativeness: exploring the relationship between organizational determinants of innovation, types of innovations, and measures of organizational performance,” Omega, 24(6), 631–647.
Takeuchi, H. and I. Nonaka (1986), “The New New Product Development Game,” Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb., 137-146
Thompson, J. D. ( 1967 ) , Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Thompson, J. H. and S. R. Ewer (1989), “How should R&D report its expenditures?” Research and Development 31(2), 174-176.
Thurow, L. C. (1992), Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle among Japan,Europe, and America. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
Tushman, M. L. and C. A. O’Reilly (1997), Winning through innovation: a practical guide to leading organizational change and renewal. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
Tushman, N. L. and D. A. Nadler (1986), “Organizing for innovation,” California Management Review, 28, 74-92.
Van de Ven, A. H. (1986), “Central problems in the management of innovation,” Management Science, 32, 590-607.
Venkatraman, N. and V. Ramanujam (1986), “Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Aroaches,” Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814.
Vickery, S. (1991), ”A Theory of Performance Competence Revisited,” Decision Science, 3, 635-643.
Whitten, I. T. (1979), Brand Performance in the Cigarette Industry and the Advantages of Early Entry, Washington, DC: U.S. Federal Trade Commission.
Wiseman, R. and P. Bromiley (1996), “Toward a model of risk in declining organizations: an empirical examination of risk, performance, and decline,” Organization Science, 7, 524– 43.
Wolfe, R. A. (1994), ”Organizational innovation: Review, critique and suggested research directions,” Journal of Management Studies, 31(3), 405-430.
Youndt, M. A., S. A. Snell, J. W. Jr. Dean and D. P. Lepak (1996), “Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance”, Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 836-866.
Zahra, S. A. and S. Das (1993), “Innovation strategy and financial performance in manufacturing companies: An empirical analysis,” Production and Operations Management, 2(1), 15-37.
Zahra, S. A. and W. C. Bogner (1999), “Technology strategy and software new ventures’ performance: Exploring the moderating effect of the competitive environment,” Journal of Business Venturing, 15(2), 135-173.
Zajac, E. J., B. R. Golden, S. B. Shortell (1991), “New organizational forms for enhancing innovation: the case of internal corporate joint ventures,” Management Science, 37, 170–184.
Zmud, R. W. (1982), ”Diffusion of modern software practices: Influence of centralization and formalization,” Management Science, 28, 1421-1431.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
93355055
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093355055
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賴士葆zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張在今zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsai-Chin, Changen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張在今zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai-Chin, Changen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 13:31:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 13:31:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 13:31:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093355055en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34995-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93355055zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 創新，是近年來全球經濟的重要活動之一；對於過去多著重於代工價值活動的台灣電子產業而言，更是必須向未來邁進的一項關鍵策略活動。過去研究中指出，組織實驗的氛圍及創新的文化，為促進企業中創新的關鍵影響因素，而組織寬裕資源的存在，將能夠讓組織保有實驗之精神及文化；本研究整合過去學者在組織寬裕資源、創新及組織經營績效間的研究，對此三變數間之路徑影響關係，提出一架構模型。

本研究組織寬裕資源之定義及衡量方式採用Bourgeois & Singh (1983)所提出之三類型組織寬裕資源(可取得寬裕資源(Available Slack)、可回復寬裕資源(Recoverable Slack)、潛在寬裕資源(Potential Slack))；本研究對創新，採用Lumpkin & Dess(1996)的觀點，創新為組織對於新意念、新奇性、實驗性、及創造過程的經營及支持，而其結果將產生新產品、新服務、及新的科技。本研究採用國內電子產業為研究樣本，研究期間為2003年至2005年，並藉由結構方程模式取向(SEM Approach)的路徑分析的統計方法，對本研究模型進行研究。

研究結果指出，在研究期間內國內電子產業在可取得寬裕資源與創新呈顯著的正向關係、可回復寬裕資源與創新呈顯著的正向關係、創新對獲利呈顯著的正向關係。		zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄


第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景及動機 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 5
第三節 研究範圍與限制 6
一 研究範圍 6
二 研究限制 6
第四節 研究步驟 8
第二章 文獻探討 9
第一節 組織寬裕資源 9
一 組織寬裕資源的定義 9
二 組織寬裕資源的類型 11
第二節 創新 15
一 創新的定義 15
二 影響創新之因素 23
第三節 創新績效 27
一 創新績效指標 29
二 創新績效指標間的關連性 30
第四節 組織經營績效 32
第五節 組織寬裕資源、創新與組織經營績效之關連 36
一 組織寬裕資源與創新 36
二 創新與組織經營績效 38
第六節 重要文獻研究主題彙整 43
第三章 研究設計 44
第一節 研究架構 44
第二節 研究假設 46
一 組織寬裕資源與創新 46
二 創新與與經營績效 47
第三節 變數的定義與衡量 48
一 組織寬裕資源 48
二 創新 49
三 組織經營績效 50
第四節 資料來源與統計方法 52
一 資料來源 52
二 統計方法 53
第四章 實證結果分析 55
第一節 基本資料分析 55
一 樣本組成 55
二 樣本產業分佈 55
三 員工人數 56
四 成立年數 57
第二節 變數描述性分析 59
一 可取得組織寬裕資源 59
二 可回復組織寬裕資源 59
三 潛在組織寬裕資源 60
四 創新 60
五 組織經營績效之成長 61
六 組織經營績效之獲利 61
第三節 衡量模式分析 63
一 驗證型因素分析進行方式 63
二 本研究構念衡量模型配適度分析 63
第四節 假說驗證 69
一 整體模型之路徑分析 69
二 假說驗證 78
第五章 結論與建議 80
第一節 研究結論 80
一 組織寬裕資源與創新之關係 82
二 創新與組織經營績效之關係 83
三 與過去學者研究之比較 84
第二節 理論與實務意涵 85
一 理論意涵 85
二 實務意涵 87
第三節 後續研究建議 89
一 組織寬裕資源在不同產業的作用 89
二 其他創新指標的驗證 89
三 其他組織經營績效的驗證 90
參考文獻 91
一、 中文文獻 91
二、 英文文獻 93



表目錄


表 2-1 組織寬裕資源定義彙整 10
表 2-2 創新定義彙整 17
表 2-3 創新之分類彙整 19
表 2-4 組織創新之觀點與定義彙整 22
表 2-5 影響創新因素彙整 24
表 2-6 組織經營績效–財務績效構面彙整 33
表 2-7 組織經營績效–事業績效構面彙整 34
表 2-8 組織經營績效–組織績效構面彙整 34
表 2-9 創新與組織經營績效研究彙整 39
表 2-10 創新與組織經營績效延遲效應相關研究彙整 41
表 2-11 本研究重要文獻研究主題彙整 43
表 4-1 本研究採用企業樣本之產業分佈 56
表 4-2 本研究採用企業樣本之員工人數分佈 57
表 4-3 本研究採用企業樣本之成立年數分佈 58
表 4-4 可取得組織寬裕資源之描述性分析 59
表 4-5 可回復組織寬裕資源之描述性分析 60
表 4-6 潛在組織寬裕資源之描述性分析 60
表 4-7 創新之描述性分析 61
表 4-8 成長之描述性分析 61
表 4-9 獲利之描述性分析 62
表 4-10 本研究之構念衡量配適度 64
表 4-11 本研究構念收斂效度分析 67
表 4-12 本研究模型一之配適度分析 71
表 4-13 模型一自變項與依變項路徑之係數與T-Value分析 71
表 4-14 模型一各依變項與自便項之直接效果與間接效果 73
表 4-15 本研究整體模型二之配適度分析 75
表 4-16 模型二自變項與依變項路徑之係數與T-Value分析 75
表 4-17 模型二各依變項與自便項之直接效果與間接效果 77
表 4-18 研究假說驗證結果 79
表 5-1 研究假說驗證結果彙總表 81



圖目錄


圖 1-1 本研究步驟 8
圖 2-1 產品 – 製程創新 20
圖 2-2 隨技術生命週期改變之創新類型 21
圖 2-3 系統評估方法 27
圖 3-1 本研究理論架構 45
圖 4-1 本研究構念之驗證性因素分析–T值(T Value) 65
圖 4-2 本研究構念之驗證性因素分析–係數值(Lambda) 66
圖 4-3 本研究模型一之路徑圖與T值分析 70
圖 4-4 本研究模型一之路徑圖與路徑係數 72
圖 4-5 本研究模型二之路徑圖與T值分析 74
圖 4-6 本研究模型二之路徑圖與路徑係數 76		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 46326 bytes-
dc.format.extent 58916 bytes-
dc.format.extent 62459 bytes-
dc.format.extent 141705 bytes-
dc.format.extent 165327 bytes-
dc.format.extent 325169 bytes-
dc.format.extent 174968 bytes-
dc.format.extent 173434 bytes-
dc.format.extent 157815 bytes-
dc.format.extent 199770 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093355055en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 組織寬裕資源zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 創新zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 成長zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 獲利zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 組織寬裕資源、創新與組織經營績效之關連性研究–以台灣電子產業為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Relationship of Organizational Slack, Innovation and Organizational Performance:A Case Study of Taiwan Electronic Industryen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王怡人(1996)，「企業特性、研究發展與經營績效關係之研究─以資訊、電子、電機產業為例」，國立台灣大學商學研究所未出版碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 司徒達賢(1979)，「台灣企業之環境分析」，企銀季刊，第三卷，第一期，頁27-38。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 江正信(2000)，「高階管理團隊與企業策略決策模式、組織學習傾向、創新能力及經營績之關係研究」，國立成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳秉恩(1994)，「策略性人力資源管理」，世界經理文摘，91，53-64。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳思華(1979)，「企業策略的權變理論」，政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳思華(1998)，「知識流通對產業創新的影響」，第七屆產業管理研討會論文集，政治大學科技管理研究所，頁2-42。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳淑靜(1992)，「影響組織創造力發展之因素研究－以新竹科學工業園區高科技公司為例」，台灣師範大學工業教育研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳萬益、陳淑惠(1999)，「集團企業組織文化、決策模式與經營策略之研究」，交大管理學報，第八期，頁1-46。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 李淑華(2003)，「產業價值鏈知識密度與企業績效」，國立台灣大學會計學系博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林世民(1995)，「訓練移轉配合人力資源政策與實務對組織績效影響之實證研究-以通過ISO9000 系列品保認證的製造業為例」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 林靈宏、劉水深、洪順慶(1994)，「消費品類型、創新類型與新產品行銷策略關係研究」， 管理評論，第13 卷，第1 期，頁57~77。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邵郁智(2004)，「從組織寬裕資源探討專案的合作能耐與新產品專案優勢之關係」，國立高雄第一科技大學行銷與流通管理學系碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱皓政(2003)，結構方程模式: LISREL的理論、技術與應用，台北：雙葉。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邱鉅權(1989)，「臺灣大型企業的財務績效、組織創新與管理特質」，中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 施振榮(2000)，io 連網組織－知識經濟的經營之道，台北：天下生活。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 洪鉛財(1990)，「技術組合、例行化程度與技術實施績效關係研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張文菁(2001)，「企業特性、人力資本、產業環境以及組織績效之相關性研究」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張重昭(1990)，「技術密集企業之競爭策略技術發展政策與管理制度」，台北：中國經濟企業研究所。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 張恩浩(1991)，「研究發展之影響因素及其與績效關係之研究」，國立台灣大學商學研究所未出版碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 莊立民(2002)，「組織創新模式建構與實證之研究─以台灣資訊電子業為例」，國立成功大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 莊奕琦與許碧峰(1999)，「研究發展對生產力的貢獻及產業間的外溢效果: 台灣製造業實證」，經濟論文，第27 卷，第3 期，頁407-432。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 許宏明(1995)，「高科技產業的教育訓練制度與組織績效之相關性研究」，中壢：中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 許明雄(2000)，「企業生命週期特性與股利政策關聯性之探討」，政治大學會計研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳順宇(1998)，多變量分析，台北：華泰。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳柏彰(2002)，「創新發明能力與企業生產力以及企業價值之關連性研究-以台灣資訊電子業為例」，國立台灣大學會計學系碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳哲彥(1998)，「人力資源管理與組織績效之關係 – 本土及外資企業的比較」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳琮智(2005)，「組織寬裕、高階管理團隊特質與經營績效之關聯性-以策略相似性為中介變項」，國立東華大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 陳碧慧(2002)，「廠商激勵措施及其類型與組織創新績效的關係－以創新育成中心進駐廠商為例」，元智大學管理研究所碩士論文zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 曾俊堯(2003)，「創新資本對經營績效與公司價值影響之研究」，國立台北大學企業管理學系未出版博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 曾智顯(2001)，「我國企業知識管理與組織創新之相關性研究」，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 湯珮妤(2000)，「企業類型與研發支出、專利權成效之遞延效果研究」，國立中正大學會計學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃佑安(1997)，「企業創新能力對新產品研發過程影響之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃雅苓(1999)，「研究發展支出與經營績效關係及其費用化之探討-以台灣上市公司之電子業與非電子業為例」，國立政治大學會計學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 黃雅琪(1997)，「台灣電子業品質認證與研究發展對經營績效之影響」，國立政治大學會計研究所未出版碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 楊志與海陳忠榮(2002)，「研究發展、專利與生產力-臺灣製造業的實證研究」，經濟論文叢刊，第30 卷，第1 期，頁27-48。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 熊欣華(2001)，「組織間合作的信心管理」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 劉碧琴(1998)，「個人創越、企業文化對組織創新的影響」，中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡玟玲(1984)，「績優廠商出口競爭策略選擇之分析」，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蔡啟通(1997)，「組織因素、組織成員整體創造性與組織創新之關係」，國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 諶家蘭、黃敏慧(2003)，「初探高科技產業政策與產業技術創新策略配合度之績效關聯性」，管理與資訊學報，第八卷：85-117。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴士葆、王秉鈞、黃佑安(1997)，「創新能力與新產品研發過程關係之研究」，1997年科技管理研討會論文集。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴士葆(1990)，科技策略與新產品發展績效相關之研究，科技管理論文集，台北，大業文教基金會。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴士葆、謝龍發、陳松柏(2005)，科技管理，台北，華泰zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 賴姿蓉(1998)，「組織創新對人力資源管理角色影響之研究」，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 鍾信男(2002)，「技術來源、技術能力、技術績效關係之實證研究─以傳統產業為例」，國立中正大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 蘇奕中(2004)，創新策略之效益分析與評估─以資訊電子業為例，國立中正大學會計學研究所碩士論文。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 二、 英文文獻zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aboody, D., and B. Lev (2001), R&D productivity in the chemical industry, Working Paper, New York University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Afuah, A. (1998), Innovation Management: Strategies, Implementation , and Profits, Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amabile, T. M., (1988), “A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations,” Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123-167.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron (1996), “Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity,” Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 54-84.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Archibugi, D. (1992), “Patenting as an indicator of technological innovation: a review,” Science and Public Policy, 6, 357–358.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arundel, A. and J. Kabla (1998), “What percentage of innovations are patented? Experimental estimates in European firms,” Research Policy, 27, 127–142.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bamford C. E., T. J. Dean, P. P. McDougall (2000), “An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups,” Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 253–277.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bergh, D. and M. Lawless (1998), “Portfolio restructuring and limits to hierarchical governance: the effects of environmental uncertainty and diversification strategy,” Organization Science, 9, 87–102.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Betz, F. (1993), Strategic Technology Management. McGraw-Hill: New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boer, H. and W. E. During (2001), “Innovation, what innovation? A comparison between product, process and organizational innovation,” Int. J. Technology Management, 22 (1/2/3), 83-107.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bond, R. S. and D. F. Lean (1977), Sales Promotion and Product Differentiation in Two Prescription Drug Markets, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Trade Commission.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bourgeois, L. J. (1981), “On the measurement of organizational slack,” Academy of Management Review, 6, 29– 39.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bourgeois, L. J., and J. V. Singh (1983), “Organizational slack and political behavior within top management teams,” Academic Management, 43–7.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bouwen, R. and R. Fry (1991), “Organizational Innovation and Learning: Four Patterns of Dialog between the Dominant Logic and the New Logic,” International Studies of Management and Organization, 21(4), 37-51.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bromiley, P. (1991), “Testing a causal model of corporate risk-taking and performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 34, 37–59.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brouwer, E. and A. Kleinknecht (1999), “Innovative output, and a firm’s propensity to patents: an exploration of CIS micro data,” Research Policy, 28, 615–624.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (1991), “Organizational Learning and Communities of Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning and Innovation,” Organization Science, 2, 40-57.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Burgess, B. H. (1989), Industrial organization, Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Canto, J. G. D. and I. S. Gonzalez (1999), “A Resource-based Analysis of the Factors Deterrmining a Firm’s R&D Activities,” Research Policy, 28, 894-905.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Capon, N., J. U. Farley, and S. Hoenig. (1990), “Determinatns of financial performance: A meta-analysis,” Management Science, 36(10), 1143-1159.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chacke, G. K., (1998), Technology Management-- Alications to Corporate Markets and Military Mission. Praeger.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chakravarthy, B. S. (1986), “Measuring Strategic Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(5), 437-458.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chandler, G. N. and S. H. Hanks(1994), “Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 77-89.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng J. and I. Kesner (1997), “Organizational slack and response to environmental shifts: the impact of resource allocation patterns,” J Manage, 23, 1–18.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Child, J. (1972), ”Organization structure and strategies of control: A replication of the Aston study,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 163-177.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cho, H. J. and V. Pucik(2005), “Relationship between Innovativeness, quality, growth, profitability and market value,” Strategic Management Journal, 26, 555–575zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, M. D., J. G. March and J. P. Olsen(1972), "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice," Admin Sci Quart, 17, 1-25.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cohen, W. M. and R. C. Levin (1989), “Empirical studies of innovation and market structure,” in R.Schmalensee, and R. Willig (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1059–1107.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Covin, J. G. and D. P. Slevin(1991), “A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol 16(1), 7-25zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cyert R. and J. March (1963), The behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daft, R. L. (1978), ”A dual-core model of organization innovation,” Academy of Management Journal, 21, 193-210.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daft, R. L. (1982), ”Bureaucratic versus nonbureaucratic structure and the process of innovation and change,” In Research in the Sociology of Organizations. S. B. Bacharach (ed.), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 129-166.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Damanpour, F. (1987), “The adoption of technological, administrative, and ancillary innovations: Impact of organizational factors,” Journal of Management, 13, 675-688.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Damanpour, F. (1991), “Organizational innovation: a meta analysis of effects of determinants and moderators,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555-590.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Damanpour, F. and W. M. Evan (1984), “Organizational innovation and performance: The problem of organizational lag,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 392-409.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Daniel, F., F. T. Lohrke, C. J. Fornaciari and R. A. Turner (2004), “Slack resources and firm performance: a mata-analysis,” Journal of Business Research, 57, 565-574.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Delaney, J. T. and M. A. Huselid (1996), “The Impact of Human Resource Managemenet Practices on Perceptions of Organizational Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 88-171.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dess G.G. and R. B. Robinson (1984), “Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit,” Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), 265–273.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Devinney, T. M. (1993), “How well do patents measure new product activity?” Economic Letters, 41, 447–450.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dimick, D. and V. Murray (1978), “Correlates of substantive policy decisions in organizations: The case of human resource management,” Academy of Management Journal, 21, 611–623.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dosi, G. (1988), “Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation,” Journal of Economic Literature, 26, 1120–1171.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Drucker, P. F. (1985), Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. Heinemann, London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Drucker, P. F. (1999), “Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge,” California Management Review, 41, 79-94.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Duysters, G. and J. Hagedoorn (2001), “Do company strategies and structures converge in global markets? Evidence from the computer industry,” Journal of International Business Studies, 32, 347–356.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ernst, H. (2001), “Patent alications and subsequent changes of performance: evidence from time-series cross-section analyses on the firm level,” Research Policy, 30, 143–157.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frambach, R. T. and N. Schillewaert (2002), “Organizational Innovation Adoption: A Multi-level Framework of Determinants and Oortunities for Future Research,” Journal of Business Research, 163-176,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frankford-Nachimias, C. and D. Nachimias (1996), Research Methods in the Social Sciences. N.Y.: Saint Martin’s.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Frankle, E. G. (1990), Management of technology change. Kluwer Academic.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freeman, C. (1991), “The nature of innovation and the evolution of the productive system,” In OECD (eds.). Technology and Productivity-the Challenge for Economic Policy. Paris: OECD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freeman, C. and L. Soet (1977), The economic of industrial innovation, 3rd ed, London: Francis Pinter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Freeman, C. and L. Soete (1997), The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Pinter, London.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garcia, R. and R. Calantone (2002), “A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review,” The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19, 110-132.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Geiger, S. W. and L. H. Cashen (2002), “A multidimensional examination of slack and its impact on innovation,” Journal of Management Issues, 14 (1), 68-84.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Grabowski, H. G. and D. C. Mueller (1978), “Industrial research and develop, intangible capital stocks, and firm profit rates,” The Bell Journal of Economics, 9, 328-343.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Griliches, Z. (1987), “R&D and productivity: measurement issues and econometric results,” Science, 237, 31-35zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Griliches, Z. (1990), “Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey,” Journal of Economic Literature, 28, 1661-1707.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Griliches, Z. (1998), R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hambrick, D. C. and C. C. Snow (1977), “ A contextual model of strategic decision making in organizations,” Academy of Management Proceedings, 109-112.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hatten, K. J., D. E. Schendel and A. C. Cooper (1978), ”A Strategic Model of the U.S. Brewing Industry: 1952-1971,” Academy of Management Journal, 21(4), 592-.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hausman, J., B. H. Hall, and Z. Griliches (1984), “Econometric models for count data with an alication to the patents—R&D relationship,” Econometrica, 52, 909–938.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Henderson, R. and I. Cockburn (1994), “Measuring competence: exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research,” Strategic Management Journal 15, 63–84 (special issue winter).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Higgins, J. M. (1995), “Innovation: the core competence,” Planning Review, 23, 32-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson and H. Kim (1997), “International diversification: effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 40, 767–798.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson, R. A. Johnson and D. D. Moesel (1996), “The market for corporate control and firm innovation,” Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1084–1119.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Holt, K. (1985), ”User-Oriented Product Innovation - Some Research Findings,” Technovation, 3(3), 199-208.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hoskisson, R. E., M. A. Hitt, R. A. Johnson, and D. D. Moesel. (1993), “Construct validity of an objective (entropy) categorical measure of diversification strategy,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 215-235.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jelinek, M. and C. B. Schoonhoven. (1993), The Innovation Marathon: Lessons from High Technology Firms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Johannessen, J. A., and Dolva, J. O. (1994), “Competence and innovation: Identifying critical innovation factors,” Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Change, 3(3), 209-222.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jones, G.. K., A. Lanctot and H. J. Teegen (2001), “Determinants and performance impacts of external technology acquisition,” Journal of Business Venturing, 16(3), 255.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kalafut, P. C. and J. Low (2001), “The value creation index: Quantifying intangible value,” Strategy and Leadership, 29(5), 9-15.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kamm, J. B. (1987), An Integrative Aroach to Managing Innovation. MA.: Lexington Books.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kanter, R. M. (1982), “The Middle Managers as Innovator,” Harvard Business Review, 61, 95-105.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kanter, R. M. (1983), The changemasters. New York: Simon and Schuster.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kaplan, R. S. and D. P. Norton (1996), The balanced scorecard: Translating strategy into action. Harvard College.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kelm, K. M., V. K.Narayanan, and G. E. Pinches (1995), “Shareholder value creation during R&D innovation and commercialization stages,” Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 770-786.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kester, W. C. (1986), “An option aroach to corporate finance,” in: E. I. Altman (Eds), Handbook of corporate finance, Wiley, New York, N.Y., 3-35.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kimberly, J. R. (1981), “Managerial innovation,” in P. C. Nystrom and W. H. Starbuck (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Design, Oxford University Press, New York, 1, 84-104.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kimberly, J. R., and M. Evanisko (1981), “Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational, and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations,” Academy of Management Journal, 24, 689-713.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kleinschmidt, E. J. and R. G. Cooper (1991), The impact of product innovativeness on performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management 8(4), 240–251.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Knight, K. E. (1967), “A descriptive model of the intra-firm innovation process,” Journal of Business, 40, 478-496.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kochhar, R., and P. David (1996), “Institutional Investors and Firm Innovation: A test of competing hypotheses,” Strategic Management Journal, 17, 73-84.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leavitt, H. J. (1976), “Organization Change in Industry,” in J. G March (Eds.), Handbook of Organization, Chicago: Rand McNally, 144-167.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leong, G., D. Synder, and P. Ward. (1990), “Research in the process and content of manufacturing strategy,” Omega, 18(2), 109-122.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lev, B. and T. Sougiannis (1996), “The capitalization, amortization and value relevance of R&D,” Journal of Accounting and Economics 21(1), 107-138.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levinthal, D., and J. G. March (1981), “A model of adaptive organizational search,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2, 307-333.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lumpkin, G. T. and G. G. Dess (1996), “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance,” Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) MacCrimmon, K. R., and D. A. Wehrung (1986), Taking risks: The management of uncertainty. New York, Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mansfield, E. (1961), “Technical change and the rate of imitation,” Econometrica, 29, 741-766.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mansfield, E. (1986), “Patents and innovation: an empirical study,” Management Science, 32, 173–181.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Manu, F. A. and V. Sriram. (1996), “Innovation, marketing strategy, environment, and performance,” Journal of Business Research, 35(1), 79-91.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) March, J. G. (1981), "Decisions in Organizations and Theories of Choice," in A. Van de Ven and W. F. Joyce (Eds.),” Perspectives on Organizational Design and Behavior, Wiley, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) March, J. G. (1991), “Explorations and exploitations in organizational learning,” Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) March, J. G., and J. P. Olsen (1976), Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations. Universitetsforlaget, Bergen.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marquish, D. G. (1982), The Anatomy of Successful Innovation. Winthrop Publishers, Cambridge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Miller D. (1990), The Icarus paradox: how exceptional companies bring about their own downfall. New York: Harper Collins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mishina, Y., G. P. Timothy and F. P. Joseph (2004), “Are more resources always better for growth? Resources stickness in market and product expansion,” Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1179–1197.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morbey, G. K. (1989), “R&D expenditures and profit growth,” Research Technology Management, 32(3), 20-23.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morbey, G. K. (1990), “How R&D affects sales growth, productivity and profitability,” Research Technology Management, 33(3), 11-14.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moses, O. D. (1992), “Organizational slack and risk-taking behavior: Tests of product pricing strategy,” Journal of Organizational Change Management, 5, 38-54.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Murphy, G. B.; J. W. Trailer and R. C. Hill (1996), “Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research,” Journal of Business Research, 36(1), 15-23.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nelson, R. and S. Winter (1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nkomo, S. N. (1987), “Human resource planning and organization performance: An exploratory analysis”, Strategic Management Journal, 8 July/Aug., 387-392.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nohria, N. and R. Gulati (1996), “Is slack good or bad for innovation?” Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1245-1264.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oates, Keith. (1997), “Innovation is everybody’s business,” Management Services, 41(5), 8-13.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) OECD (1991), Technology and Productivity-the Challenge for Economic Policy. Paris: OECD.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Palmer, T. and R. Wiseman (1999), “Decoupling risk taking from income stream uncertainty: a holistic model of risk,” Strategic Management Journal, 20, 1037–1062.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Parasuraman, A. and L. M. Zeren (1983), “R&D’s relationship with profits and sales,” Research Management, Jan/Feb.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pelham, A. M. (2000), “Market orientation and other potential influences on performance in small and medium-sized manufacturing firms,” Journal of Small Business Management, 38(1), 48-67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Penrose, E. (1959), The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ravenscraft, D. and F. Scherer. (1982), “The lag structure of returns to research and development,” Alied Economics, 14(6), 603-620.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reed, R., J. L. David and C. M. Joseph (1996), ”Beyond Process: TQM Content and Firm Performance,” Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 173-202.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rosenkopf, L. and A. Nerkar (2001), “Beyond local search: boundaryspanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 22, 287–306.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rothwell, R. (1992), “Successful Industrial Innovation: Critical Factors for the 1990s,” R&D Management, 22, 221-239.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schoenecker, T. and L. Swanson (2002), “Indicators of Firm Technological Capability: Validity and Performance Implications,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1), Feberuary, 36-44.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schroeder, R. G., J. C. Anderson, and G. Cleveland (1986), “The content of manufacturing strategy,” Journal of Operations Management, 6(4), 471-484.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schumann, P. A., D. C. Prestwood, A. H. Tong and J. H. Vanston (1994), Innovate: Straight path to quality customer delight and competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill, New York.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The theory of economic development. Boston, MA:Harvard.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sharfman, M. P., G. Wolf, R. B. Chase and D. A. Tansik (1988), “Antecedents of organizational slack, ” Academy of Management Review, 13(4), 601-614.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Singh J. (1986), “Performance, slack, and risk taking in organizational decision making,” Academy of Management Journal, 29, 562– 85.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Smith, B. L. R. and C. E. Barfield (1996), Technology, R&D, and the Economy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sougiannis, T. (1994), “The accountings based valuation of corporate R&D,” Accounting Review, 69(1), 44-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Steensma, H. and K. Corley (2000), “On the performance of technology – sourcing partnerships: the interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes,” Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1045– 67.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stuart, T. E. (2000), “Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: a study of growth and innovation rates in a high-technology industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 21, 791–811.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Subramanian, A. and S. Nilakanta (1996), “Organizational innovativeness: exploring the relationship between organizational determinants of innovation, types of innovations, and measures of organizational performance,” Omega, 24(6), 631–647.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Takeuchi, H. and I. Nonaka (1986), “The New New Product Development Game,” Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb., 137-146zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thompson, J. D. ( 1967 ) , Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thompson, J. H. and S. R. Ewer (1989), “How should R&D report its expenditures?” Research and Development 31(2), 174-176.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Thurow, L. C. (1992), Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle among Japan,Europe, and America. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tushman, M. L. and C. A. O’Reilly (1997), Winning through innovation: a practical guide to leading organizational change and renewal. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tushman, N. L. and D. A. Nadler (1986), “Organizing for innovation,” California Management Review, 28, 74-92.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Van de Ven, A. H. (1986), “Central problems in the management of innovation,” Management Science, 32, 590-607.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Venkatraman, N. and V. Ramanujam (1986), “Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Aroaches,” Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vickery, S. (1991), ”A Theory of Performance Competence Revisited,” Decision Science, 3, 635-643.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Whitten, I. T. (1979), Brand Performance in the Cigarette Industry and the Advantages of Early Entry, Washington, DC: U.S. Federal Trade Commission.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wiseman, R. and P. Bromiley (1996), “Toward a model of risk in declining organizations: an empirical examination of risk, performance, and decline,” Organization Science, 7, 524– 43.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wolfe, R. A. (1994), ”Organizational innovation: Review, critique and suggested research directions,” Journal of Management Studies, 31(3), 405-430.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Youndt, M. A., S. A. Snell, J. W. Jr. Dean and D. P. Lepak (1996), “Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance”, Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 836-866.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zahra, S. A. and S. Das (1993), “Innovation strategy and financial performance in manufacturing companies: An empirical analysis,” Production and Operations Management, 2(1), 15-37.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zahra, S. A. and W. C. Bogner (1999), “Technology strategy and software new ventures’ performance: Exploring the moderating effect of the competitive environment,” Journal of Business Venturing, 15(2), 135-173.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zajac, E. J., B. R. Golden, S. B. Shortell (1991), “New organizational forms for enhancing innovation: the case of internal corporate joint ventures,” Management Science, 37, 170–184.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Zmud, R. W. (1982), ”Diffusion of modern software practices: Influence of centralization and formalization,” Management Science, 28, 1421-1431.zh_TW