| dc.contributor.advisor | 詹惠珍 博士 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Dr. Hui-chen Chan | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 魏詩婷 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Sze-ting Wei | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 魏詩婷 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Sze-ting Wei | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2002 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 18-Sep-2009 16:40:58 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 18-Sep-2009 16:40:58 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 18-Sep-2009 16:40:58 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0089555007 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35979 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 語言學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 89555007 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 91 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 國立政治大學研究所碩士論文提要 研究所別：語言學研究所 論文名稱：中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析 指導教授：詹惠珍 博士 研究生：魏詩婷 論文提要內容： 在交談情境中，當說話者(Interlocutor)無法清楚表達其訊息時就必須進行修復(Repair)。修復的種類不僅止於句法結構，在說話者發現語意不足時，就有做語意修復的必要性。而修復的種類也會依其所行使的語用功能(Pragmatic Function)而有所不同。修復的方式更有可能因交談者雙方的年齡差距大小而改變。因此，本研究針對說話者行使的語用功能及交談者的年齡差距來探討修復的語言形式與使用情形。 本研究所使用的語料來自十份日常生活會話。其中，三份來自於20-30歲的說話者，三份來自於40-55歲的說話者；其餘四份來自於跨年齡層的交談者。另外，交談者的關係若非好友則為親戚，因此較沒有距離感。每份語料長約三十至四十分鐘，主題均與日常生活相關，以便蒐集到最自然的語料。 語料又根據修復的方式分為句法層次（Syntactic Level）及語意層次(Semantic Level)。其中句法層次又包含刪除（Deletion與添加(Addition)兩重種策略；語意層次則包括替換(Replacement)及添加(Addition)兩個策略。語用功能則分為釐清(Clarification)、確認(Confirmation)、解釋(Explanation)、贊成(Agreement)、強調(Emphasis)及弱化(Alleviation)六種。 所有語料先經分類後，再加以統計檢定。研究結果發現：(一)說話者使用語意修復的頻率顯著高於句法修復，(二)在語意修復中，又以縮限(Narrowing)的使用情形最多。(三)修復大多用來行使釐清語意的功能。(四)說話對象的年齡對修復的使用有部分顯著的影響。(五)年紀小的說話者較少對年紀大的聽話者進行修復。除了量化分析之外，本研究亦追加訪談，以便雨量話分析的結果做初步比對。訪談內容發現，大部分的說話者認為他們的確會因為不同的語用目的而使用不同的修復，但交談者的年齡並不會完全影響修復的使用情形。 關鍵字：社會語言學，交談分析，語用學，修復 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | Abstract Perfect utterances do not occur all the time during the conversation. An unclear message is usually repaired to maintain the clarity of meaning. Repair forms at Syntactic and Semantic levels are examined in this study. Also, it is proposed that formal distribution of repair forms are conditioned by pragmatic and social factors. On pragmatic aspect, the principles of Clarity and Expressivity are conformed. For social constraint on repair forms, the influence of interlocutors’ age is suggested. Data analyzed in this study are collected from ten dyadic, face-to-face daily conversations, with each lasting more than 30 minutes. Subjects in the ten conversations share the same ethnic background—Taiwanese. In addition, they are from two different age groups, with half of them at the age between 20 to 30 and the other half between 40 to 55. Among the ten conversations: three of them are conducted by both interlocutors being old, three by both interlocutors being young, and four by interlocutors from different age groups. Repair forms found in the data are categorized into two linguistic categories. In Syntactic aspect, repairs are derived from Deletion and Addition strategies, the former consists of Word-Deletion, Ellipsis, and Marker Deletion, and the latter Modal Addition, Addition of Marker for Focus Changing, and Addition of Marker for Attitudinal Adjustment. As for Semantic repairs, they are those resulted from strategies of Replacement and Addition. The former includes Synonyms, Substantializatoin, Hyponymy, and Hypernymy; while the latter is composed of Narrowing. Results of quantitative analysis yield several patterns. First, repair forms at Semantic level score significantly higher than those on Syntactic level. Moreover, within the Semantic realm, Narrowing is the strategy most frequently used. Second, there seems to be a significantly stronger preference for repairs to conform Clarity principle than to comply Expressivity principle. Among pragmatic functions under Clarity principle, Clarification is the pragmatic function that recieves first priority. Interlocutors’ age is only partially influential to a speaker’s choice of repair forms with interlocutors from younger age group being noticed to be putting more emphasis on the importance of hearers’ age than those from older age group. Follow-up interviews suggest that interlocutors manifest repair differently for certain purposes. However, most interviewees point out that the consideration of both interlocutors’ age does not influence the choice of repair forms. Instead, it is hearers’ age, solely, that lay significant effects on the use of repairs for pragmatic functions. Key Words: Sociolinguistics, Conversation Analysis, Pragmatics, Repair | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….iv Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………………xiv English Abstract........................................................................................................xvi Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………….…….……1 1.1 The Problem……………………………………………………………………….1 1.2 General Goals……………………………………………………………………...2 1.3 Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………...2 Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………………………………………….4 2.1 Formalism v.s. Functionalism……………………………………………………..4 2.2 Definitions and Categorizations of Repair………………………………………...6 2.2.1 Definitions of Repair………………………………………………………...6 2.2.1.1 Repair in General…………………………………………………....6 2.2.1.2 Repair Elements………………………………………………….…7 2.2.2 Self-Repair……………………………………………………………….….8 2.2.3 Repair Forms……………………………………………………………..….9 2.2.4 Functions of Repair………………………………………………………...10 2.2.5 Error Repair versus Appropriateness Repair…………………………….…10 2.2.6 Categorizations of Repair……………………………………………….….11 2.2.6.1 Levelt’s Categorization………………………………………….…11 2.2.6.2 Chui’s Categorization……………………………………………...13 2.2.6.3 Chang’s Categorization……………………………………………14 2.3 Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………………...15 2.3.1 Slobin’s Principles………………………………………………………….16 2.3.1.1 The Clarity Principle………………………………………………15 2.3.1.2 The Expressivity Principle…………………………………….......16 2.3.1.3 The Processibility Principle……………………………………….16 2.3.1.4 The Economy Principle…………………………………………....17 2.3.2 Pragmatic Functions of Repair……………………………………………..17 2.4 Social Factors…………………………………………………………………….18 2.5 Power and Solidarity……………………………………………………………..19 2.5.1 Power……………………………………………………………………….19 2.5.2 Solidarity…………………………………………………………………...20 Chapter 3: Methodology…………………………………………………………....22 3.1 Variables………………………………………………………………………….22 3.2 Corpus of Data…………………………………………………………………...22 3.3 Sampling………………………………………………………………………….23 3.3.1 Sources of Subjects………………………………………………………...23 3.3.2 Numbers and Social Characteristics of Subjects…………………………………………………………………23 3.4 Data Transcription………………………………………………………………..26 3.5 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………….26 Chapter 4: Categorization of Repair Forms and Functions……………………..27 4.1 Repair Forms of Linguistic Aspects……………………………………………..27 4.1.1 Syntactic Level……………………………………………………………..28 4.1.2 Semantic Level……………………………………………………………..32 4.2 Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………………...37 4.2.1 Clarity……………………………………………………………………....38 4.2.2 Expressivity………………………………………………………………...40 Chapter 5: Data Analysis…………………………………………………………...43 5.1 Choices of Repair: All Subjects as a Whole……………………………………...43 5.1.1 Linguistic Aspects of Repair……………………………………………….43 5.1.1.1 Repairs on Syntactic Strategies……………………………………44 5.1.1.2 Repairs on Semantic Strategies……………………………………46 5.1.2 Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………......48 5.1.2.1 Pragmatic Functions in General…………………………………...48 5.1.2.2 Pragmatic Functions in Specific…………………………………..49 5.1.2.3 Repair Forms for Pragmatic Functions on Syntactic Aspect.........................................................................51 5.1.2.4 Repair Forms for Pragmatic Functions on Semantic Aspect……………………………………….……….52 5.1.3 The Interaction between Linguistic Aspects and Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………….54 5.1.3.1 The Interaction between Linguistic Aspects and Pragmatic Principles of Repair in General……………………54 5.1.3.2 Repair Forms at Linguistic Levels for Clarity…………………….55 5.1.3.3 Repair Forms at Linguistic Levels for Expressivity………………57 5.1.4 The Interaction between Repair Forms and Pragmatic Functions……………………………………………………….58 5.1.4.1 Syntactic Strategies for Pragmatic Functions……………………...58 5.1.4.2 Semantic Strategies for Pragmatic Functions……………………...60 5.1.4.2.1 The Interaction between Semantic Strategies and Pragmatic Functions………………………………..60 5.1.4.2.2 The Interaction between Semantic Forms and Pragmatic Principles………………………………..62 5.1.4.2.3 The Interaction between Semantic Repairs and Clarity………………………………………………64 5.1.4.2.4 The Interaction between Semantic Repairs and Expressivity………………………………………...68 5.2 Choices of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age……………………………………...70 5.3 Choices of Repair Forms by Hearers’ Age……………………………………….71 5.3.1 Choice of Repair by Hearers’ Age at Linguistic Levels……………………71 5.3.2 Choice of Repair by Hearers’ Age and Pragmatic Functions………………72 5.3.3 Repair at Different Linguistic Levels by Pragmatic Principles and Hearers’ Age…………………………………………………………..73 5.3.3.1 Choices of Repair by Hearers’ Age on Linguistic Aspect for Clarity…………………………………………………………74 5.3.3.2 Choices of Repair by Hearer’s Age on Linguistic Aspect for Expressivity…………………………………………………...75 5.3.4 Choices of Repair by Hearers’ Age on Repair Forms……………………..75 5.3.4.1 Choices of Repair by Hearer’s Age on Repair Forms for Clarity…………………………………………………………77 5.3.4.2 Choices of Repair by Hearer’s Age on Repair Forms for Expressivity…………………………………………………...79 5.3.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………..80 5.4 Choices of Repair Forms by Interaction of Speakers’ Age and Hearers’ Age……………………………………………………………………..80 Chapter 6: Summary………………………………………………………………82 6.1 General Findings………………………………………………………………....82 6.2 Limitations and Suggestions…………………………………………………….85 6.3 Applications……………………………………………………………………..85 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..87 Appendixes…………………………………………………………………………90 Section 1 Choices of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age………………………………91 Appendix 1 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age at Linguistic Levels…………………………………………………….92 Appendix 2 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Linguistic Levels and Speakers’ Age…………………………………..93 Appendix 3 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age on Pragmatic Functions………………………………………………..94 Appendix 4 Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age and Pragmatic Principles at Linguistic Levels……………………………………………………95 Appendix 5 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age at Linguistic Levels for Clarity………………………………………..96 Appendix 6 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age at Linguistic Levels for Expressivity…………………………………..97 Appendix 7 Repair Forms for Clarity by Speakers’ Age…………………………….98 Appendix 8 Repair Forms for Expressivity by Speakers’ Age……………………....99 Section 2 Choices of Repair Forms by Hearers’ Age……………………………….100 Appendix 9 The Distribution of Repair at Different Linguistic Levels for Expressivity by Hearers’ Age……………………………………...101 Appendix 10 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Expressivity by Hearers’ of Different Age…………………………………………….102 Section 3 Choices of Repair forms by Interaction of Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age……………………………………………………….……..103 Appendix 11 The Distribution of Repair Forms at Different Linguistic Level by Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age………………………………...104 Appendix 12 The Distribution of Repairs by Pragmatic Functions and Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………………..105 Appendix 13 The Distribution of Repairs for Clarity by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………………………….106 Appendix 14 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Clarification by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….107 Appendix 15 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Confirmation by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….108 Appendix 16 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Explanation by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….109 Appendix 17 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Expressivity by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….110 Appendix 18 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Agreement by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….111 Appendix 19 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Emphasis by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….112 Appendix 20 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Alleviation by both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….113 | zh_TW |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089555007 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 社會語言學 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 交談分析 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 語用學 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 修復 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Sociolinguistics | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Conversation Analysis | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Pragmatics | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Repair | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | Socio-pragmatic Analysis of Repair in Mandarin Conversation | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bibliography | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bernardi, Bernardo. (1985). Age class system. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 27-28. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Brown, Roger and Albert, Gilman. (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Thomas Sebeok, ed., Style in language. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 253-276. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth. (1992). Contextualizaing Discourse: The Prosody of Interactive Repair. In The Contextualization of language, P. Auer and A. di Luzio (eds.), 337-364. Amsterdam: Santa Barbara. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Chui, Kawai. (1996). Organization of Repair in Chinese Conversation. Text, 16.3:343-372. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Diamond, Julie. (1996). Status and power in verbal interaction: A study of discourse in a close-knit social network. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 11-15. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Fox, Barbara A., Makoto Hayashi, and Robert Jasperson. (1996). A Cross-linguistic study of syntax and repair. Interaction and Grammar, ed. By Elinor Ochs, Emanuel A. Schegloff. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Geluykens, Ronald. (1994). The pragmatic of discourse anaphora in English: evidence from conversational repair. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin; New York. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Labov, William. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York city. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Leech, Geofferey. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Levelt, Willem. (1983). Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition 14:41-104 | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Merrit, Marilyn. (1982). Repeats and reformulations in primary classrooms as window on the nature of talk engagement. Discourse process, 5:127-45. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Milroy, J. (1978). Belfast: change and variation in an urban vernacular. In P. Trudgill (ed.), Sociolinguistic patterns in British English. London: Arnold. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Milroy, J. and Milroy L. (1985). Authority in language. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Moerman, Michael. (1997). The preference for self-correction in a Tai conversational corpus. Language 53:872-882. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nakatani, Christine H. (1994). A corpus-based study of repair cues in spontaneous speech. Acoustical Society of America. 95.3:1603-16. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Norrick, Neal R. (1987). Functions if Repetition in Conversation. Text 7.3:245-264. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ochs, Elinor. (1979). Planned and unplanned discourse. In Discourse and syntax, Talmy Givon (ed.), 51-80. New York: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schegloff, Emanuel. (1979). The relevance of repair of syntax-for-conversation. In Syntax and Semantics, T. Givon (ed.), 261-286. New York: Academic Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | ----------------(1987). Recycled turn beginnings: A precise repair mechanism in conversation’s turn-taking organization. In Talk and Social organization, G. Button and J.R.E. Lee (ed.), 70-85. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schegloff, Emanuel., Sacks, H. and Jefferson, G. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organizaion of repair in conversation. Language 53(2):361-382. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | --------------------------(1992). Repair after Next turn: The last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation. AJS. 97:1295-1345. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schegloff, A. Emanuel, Gail Jefferson, and Harvey Sacks. (1977). The Preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 53:361-382. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Slobin, D. I. (1975). The more it changes…..on understanding language by watching it move through time. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 1-30. University of California, Berkley. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Tannen, Deborah. (1986). Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk among Friends. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | -------------------(1987a). Repetition in Conversation: Toward a Poetics of Talk. Language:63.3:574-601. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | ------------------(1987b). Repetition in conversation as spontaneous formulacity. Text:7.3:215-43. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | ------------------(1989). Talking voices: repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | -------------------(1993). The relativity of linguistic strategies: rethinking power and solidarity in gender and dominance. In Gender and Conversational Interaction, ed. By Deborah Tannen. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | -------------------(1994). Gender and discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | zh_TW |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Wardhaugh, Ronald. (1986). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. | zh_TW |
