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題名 中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析
Socio-pragmatic Analysis of Repair in Mandarin Conversation
作者 魏詩婷
Sze-ting Wei
貢獻者 詹惠珍 博士
Dr. Hui-chen Chan
魏詩婷
Sze-ting Wei
關鍵詞 社會語言學
交談分析
語用學
修復
Sociolinguistics
Conversation Analysis
Pragmatics
Repair
日期 2002
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 16:40:58 (UTC+8)
摘要 國立政治大學研究所碩士論文提要
     研究所別:語言學研究所
     論文名稱:中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析
     指導教授:詹惠珍 博士
     研究生:魏詩婷
     論文提要內容:
      在交談情境中,當說話者(Interlocutor)無法清楚表達其訊息時就必須進行修復(Repair)。修復的種類不僅止於句法結構,在說話者發現語意不足時,就有做語意修復的必要性。而修復的種類也會依其所行使的語用功能(Pragmatic Function)而有所不同。修復的方式更有可能因交談者雙方的年齡差距大小而改變。因此,本研究針對說話者行使的語用功能及交談者的年齡差距來探討修復的語言形式與使用情形。
      本研究所使用的語料來自十份日常生活會話。其中,三份來自於20-30歲的說話者,三份來自於40-55歲的說話者;其餘四份來自於跨年齡層的交談者。另外,交談者的關係若非好友則為親戚,因此較沒有距離感。每份語料長約三十至四十分鐘,主題均與日常生活相關,以便蒐集到最自然的語料。
     語料又根據修復的方式分為句法層次(Syntactic Level)及語意層次(Semantic Level)。其中句法層次又包含刪除(Deletion與添加(Addition)兩重種策略;語意層次則包括替換(Replacement)及添加(Addition)兩個策略。語用功能則分為釐清(Clarification)、確認(Confirmation)、解釋(Explanation)、贊成(Agreement)、強調(Emphasis)及弱化(Alleviation)六種。
     所有語料先經分類後,再加以統計檢定。研究結果發現:(一)說話者使用語意修復的頻率顯著高於句法修復,(二)在語意修復中,又以縮限(Narrowing)的使用情形最多。(三)修復大多用來行使釐清語意的功能。(四)說話對象的年齡對修復的使用有部分顯著的影響。(五)年紀小的說話者較少對年紀大的聽話者進行修復。除了量化分析之外,本研究亦追加訪談,以便雨量話分析的結果做初步比對。訪談內容發現,大部分的說話者認為他們的確會因為不同的語用目的而使用不同的修復,但交談者的年齡並不會完全影響修復的使用情形。
     
     關鍵字:社會語言學,交談分析,語用學,修復
Abstract
     
      Perfect utterances do not occur all the time during the conversation. An unclear message is usually repaired to maintain the clarity of meaning. Repair forms at Syntactic and Semantic levels are examined in this study. Also, it is proposed that formal distribution of repair forms are conditioned by pragmatic and social factors. On pragmatic aspect, the principles of Clarity and Expressivity are conformed. For social constraint on repair forms, the influence of interlocutors’ age is suggested.
      Data analyzed in this study are collected from ten dyadic, face-to-face daily conversations, with each lasting more than 30 minutes. Subjects in the ten conversations share the same ethnic background—Taiwanese. In addition, they are from two different age groups, with half of them at the age between 20 to 30 and the other half between 40 to 55. Among the ten conversations: three of them are conducted by both interlocutors being old, three by both interlocutors being young, and four by interlocutors from different age groups.
     Repair forms found in the data are categorized into two linguistic categories. In Syntactic aspect, repairs are derived from Deletion and Addition strategies, the former consists of Word-Deletion, Ellipsis, and Marker Deletion, and the latter Modal Addition, Addition of Marker for Focus Changing, and Addition of Marker for Attitudinal Adjustment. As for Semantic repairs, they are those resulted from strategies of Replacement and Addition. The former includes Synonyms, Substantializatoin, Hyponymy, and Hypernymy; while the latter is composed of Narrowing.
      Results of quantitative analysis yield several patterns. First, repair forms at Semantic level score significantly higher than those on Syntactic level. Moreover, within the Semantic realm, Narrowing is the strategy most frequently used. Second, there seems to be a significantly stronger preference for repairs to conform Clarity principle than to comply Expressivity principle. Among pragmatic functions under Clarity principle, Clarification is the pragmatic function that recieves first priority. Interlocutors’ age is only partially influential to a speaker’s choice of repair forms with interlocutors from younger age group being noticed to be putting more emphasis on the importance of hearers’ age than those from older age group.
      Follow-up interviews suggest that interlocutors manifest repair differently for certain purposes. However, most interviewees point out that the consideration of both interlocutors’ age does not influence the choice of repair forms. Instead, it is hearers’ age, solely, that lay significant effects on the use of repairs for pragmatic functions.
     
     Key Words: Sociolinguistics, Conversation Analysis, Pragmatics, Repair
參考文獻 Bibliography
Bernardi, Bernardo. (1985). Age class system. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 27-28.
Brown, Roger and Albert, Gilman. (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Thomas Sebeok, ed., Style in language. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 253-276.
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth. (1992). Contextualizaing Discourse: The Prosody of Interactive Repair. In The Contextualization of language, P. Auer and A. di Luzio (eds.), 337-364. Amsterdam: Santa Barbara.
Chui, Kawai. (1996). Organization of Repair in Chinese Conversation. Text, 16.3:343-372.
Diamond, Julie. (1996). Status and power in verbal interaction: A study of discourse in a close-knit social network. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 11-15.
Fox, Barbara A., Makoto Hayashi, and Robert Jasperson. (1996). A Cross-linguistic study of syntax and repair. Interaction and Grammar, ed. By Elinor Ochs, Emanuel A. Schegloff.
Geluykens, Ronald. (1994). The pragmatic of discourse anaphora in English: evidence from conversational repair. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin; New York.
Labov, William. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York city. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Leech, Geofferey. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levelt, Willem. (1983). Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition 14:41-104
Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Merrit, Marilyn. (1982). Repeats and reformulations in primary classrooms as window on the nature of talk engagement. Discourse process, 5:127-45.
Milroy, J. (1978). Belfast: change and variation in an urban vernacular. In P. Trudgill (ed.), Sociolinguistic patterns in British English. London: Arnold.
Milroy, J. and Milroy L. (1985). Authority in language. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Moerman, Michael. (1997). The preference for self-correction in a Tai conversational corpus. Language 53:872-882.
Nakatani, Christine H. (1994). A corpus-based study of repair cues in spontaneous speech. Acoustical Society of America. 95.3:1603-16.
Norrick, Neal R. (1987). Functions if Repetition in Conversation. Text 7.3:245-264.
Ochs, Elinor. (1979). Planned and unplanned discourse. In Discourse and syntax, Talmy Givon (ed.), 51-80. New York: Academic Press.
Schegloff, Emanuel. (1979). The relevance of repair of syntax-for-conversation. In Syntax and Semantics, T. Givon (ed.), 261-286. New York: Academic Press.
----------------(1987). Recycled turn beginnings: A precise repair mechanism in conversation’s turn-taking organization. In Talk and Social organization, G. Button and J.R.E. Lee (ed.), 70-85. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Schegloff, Emanuel., Sacks, H. and Jefferson, G. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organizaion of repair in conversation. Language 53(2):361-382.
--------------------------(1992). Repair after Next turn: The last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation. AJS. 97:1295-1345.
Schegloff, A. Emanuel, Gail Jefferson, and Harvey Sacks. (1977). The Preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 53:361-382.
Slobin, D. I. (1975). The more it changes…..on understanding language by watching it move through time. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 1-30. University of California, Berkley.
Tannen, Deborah. (1986). Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk among Friends. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
-------------------(1987a). Repetition in Conversation: Toward a Poetics of Talk. Language:63.3:574-601.
------------------(1987b). Repetition in conversation as spontaneous formulacity. Text:7.3:215-43.
------------------(1989). Talking voices: repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-------------------(1993). The relativity of linguistic strategies: rethinking power and solidarity in gender and dominance. In Gender and Conversational Interaction, ed. By Deborah Tannen. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-------------------(1994). Gender and discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. (1986). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
89555007
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089555007
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 詹惠珍 博士zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Dr. Hui-chen Chanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 魏詩婷zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Sze-ting Weien_US
dc.creator (作者) 魏詩婷zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Sze-ting Weien_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 16:40:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 16:40:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 16:40:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089555007en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35979-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89555007zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國立政治大學研究所碩士論文提要
     研究所別:語言學研究所
     論文名稱:中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析
     指導教授:詹惠珍 博士
     研究生:魏詩婷
     論文提要內容:
      在交談情境中,當說話者(Interlocutor)無法清楚表達其訊息時就必須進行修復(Repair)。修復的種類不僅止於句法結構,在說話者發現語意不足時,就有做語意修復的必要性。而修復的種類也會依其所行使的語用功能(Pragmatic Function)而有所不同。修復的方式更有可能因交談者雙方的年齡差距大小而改變。因此,本研究針對說話者行使的語用功能及交談者的年齡差距來探討修復的語言形式與使用情形。
      本研究所使用的語料來自十份日常生活會話。其中,三份來自於20-30歲的說話者,三份來自於40-55歲的說話者;其餘四份來自於跨年齡層的交談者。另外,交談者的關係若非好友則為親戚,因此較沒有距離感。每份語料長約三十至四十分鐘,主題均與日常生活相關,以便蒐集到最自然的語料。
     語料又根據修復的方式分為句法層次(Syntactic Level)及語意層次(Semantic Level)。其中句法層次又包含刪除(Deletion與添加(Addition)兩重種策略;語意層次則包括替換(Replacement)及添加(Addition)兩個策略。語用功能則分為釐清(Clarification)、確認(Confirmation)、解釋(Explanation)、贊成(Agreement)、強調(Emphasis)及弱化(Alleviation)六種。
     所有語料先經分類後,再加以統計檢定。研究結果發現:(一)說話者使用語意修復的頻率顯著高於句法修復,(二)在語意修復中,又以縮限(Narrowing)的使用情形最多。(三)修復大多用來行使釐清語意的功能。(四)說話對象的年齡對修復的使用有部分顯著的影響。(五)年紀小的說話者較少對年紀大的聽話者進行修復。除了量化分析之外,本研究亦追加訪談,以便雨量話分析的結果做初步比對。訪談內容發現,大部分的說話者認為他們的確會因為不同的語用目的而使用不同的修復,但交談者的年齡並不會完全影響修復的使用情形。
     
     關鍵字:社會語言學,交談分析,語用學,修復
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
     
      Perfect utterances do not occur all the time during the conversation. An unclear message is usually repaired to maintain the clarity of meaning. Repair forms at Syntactic and Semantic levels are examined in this study. Also, it is proposed that formal distribution of repair forms are conditioned by pragmatic and social factors. On pragmatic aspect, the principles of Clarity and Expressivity are conformed. For social constraint on repair forms, the influence of interlocutors’ age is suggested.
      Data analyzed in this study are collected from ten dyadic, face-to-face daily conversations, with each lasting more than 30 minutes. Subjects in the ten conversations share the same ethnic background—Taiwanese. In addition, they are from two different age groups, with half of them at the age between 20 to 30 and the other half between 40 to 55. Among the ten conversations: three of them are conducted by both interlocutors being old, three by both interlocutors being young, and four by interlocutors from different age groups.
     Repair forms found in the data are categorized into two linguistic categories. In Syntactic aspect, repairs are derived from Deletion and Addition strategies, the former consists of Word-Deletion, Ellipsis, and Marker Deletion, and the latter Modal Addition, Addition of Marker for Focus Changing, and Addition of Marker for Attitudinal Adjustment. As for Semantic repairs, they are those resulted from strategies of Replacement and Addition. The former includes Synonyms, Substantializatoin, Hyponymy, and Hypernymy; while the latter is composed of Narrowing.
      Results of quantitative analysis yield several patterns. First, repair forms at Semantic level score significantly higher than those on Syntactic level. Moreover, within the Semantic realm, Narrowing is the strategy most frequently used. Second, there seems to be a significantly stronger preference for repairs to conform Clarity principle than to comply Expressivity principle. Among pragmatic functions under Clarity principle, Clarification is the pragmatic function that recieves first priority. Interlocutors’ age is only partially influential to a speaker’s choice of repair forms with interlocutors from younger age group being noticed to be putting more emphasis on the importance of hearers’ age than those from older age group.
      Follow-up interviews suggest that interlocutors manifest repair differently for certain purposes. However, most interviewees point out that the consideration of both interlocutors’ age does not influence the choice of repair forms. Instead, it is hearers’ age, solely, that lay significant effects on the use of repairs for pragmatic functions.
     
     Key Words: Sociolinguistics, Conversation Analysis, Pragmatics, Repair
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
     
     
     
     Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….iv
     Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………………xiv
     English Abstract........................................................................................................xvi
     
     Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………….…….……1
     
     1.1 The Problem……………………………………………………………………….1
     1.2 General Goals……………………………………………………………………...2
     1.3 Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………...2
     
     Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………………………………………….4
     
     2.1 Formalism v.s. Functionalism……………………………………………………..4
     2.2 Definitions and Categorizations of Repair………………………………………...6
      2.2.1 Definitions of Repair………………………………………………………...6
      2.2.1.1 Repair in General…………………………………………………....6
      2.2.1.2 Repair Elements………………………………………………….…7
      2.2.2 Self-Repair……………………………………………………………….….8
      2.2.3 Repair Forms……………………………………………………………..….9
      2.2.4 Functions of Repair………………………………………………………...10
      2.2.5 Error Repair versus Appropriateness Repair…………………………….…10
      2.2.6 Categorizations of Repair……………………………………………….….11
      2.2.6.1 Levelt’s Categorization………………………………………….…11
      2.2.6.2 Chui’s Categorization……………………………………………...13
      2.2.6.3 Chang’s Categorization……………………………………………14
     2.3 Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………………...15
      2.3.1 Slobin’s Principles………………………………………………………….16
      2.3.1.1 The Clarity Principle………………………………………………15
      2.3.1.2 The Expressivity Principle…………………………………….......16
      2.3.1.3 The Processibility Principle……………………………………….16
      2.3.1.4 The Economy Principle…………………………………………....17
      2.3.2 Pragmatic Functions of Repair……………………………………………..17
     2.4 Social Factors…………………………………………………………………….18
     2.5 Power and Solidarity……………………………………………………………..19
      2.5.1 Power……………………………………………………………………….19
      2.5.2 Solidarity…………………………………………………………………...20
     
     Chapter 3: Methodology…………………………………………………………....22
     
     3.1 Variables………………………………………………………………………….22
     3.2 Corpus of Data…………………………………………………………………...22
     3.3 Sampling………………………………………………………………………….23
      3.3.1 Sources of Subjects………………………………………………………...23
      3.3.2 Numbers and Social Characteristics
     of Subjects…………………………………………………………………23
     3.4 Data Transcription………………………………………………………………..26
     3.5 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………….26
     
     Chapter 4: Categorization of Repair Forms and Functions……………………..27
     
     4.1 Repair Forms of Linguistic Aspects……………………………………………..27
      4.1.1 Syntactic Level……………………………………………………………..28
      4.1.2 Semantic Level……………………………………………………………..32
     4.2 Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………………...37
      4.2.1 Clarity……………………………………………………………………....38
      4.2.2 Expressivity………………………………………………………………...40
     
     Chapter 5: Data Analysis…………………………………………………………...43
     
     5.1 Choices of Repair: All Subjects as a Whole……………………………………...43
      5.1.1 Linguistic Aspects of Repair……………………………………………….43
      5.1.1.1 Repairs on Syntactic Strategies……………………………………44
      5.1.1.2 Repairs on Semantic Strategies……………………………………46
      5.1.2 Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………......48
      5.1.2.1 Pragmatic Functions in General…………………………………...48
      5.1.2.2 Pragmatic Functions in Specific…………………………………..49
      5.1.2.3 Repair Forms for Pragmatic Functions
     on Syntactic Aspect.........................................................................51
      5.1.2.4 Repair Forms for Pragmatic Functions
      on Semantic Aspect……………………………………….……….52
      5.1.3 The Interaction between Linguistic Aspects and
      Pragmatic Functions of Repair…………………………………………….54
      5.1.3.1 The Interaction between Linguistic Aspects
      and Pragmatic Principles of Repair in General……………………54
      5.1.3.2 Repair Forms at Linguistic Levels for Clarity…………………….55
      5.1.3.3 Repair Forms at Linguistic Levels for Expressivity………………57
      5.1.4 The Interaction between Repair Forms and
     Pragmatic Functions……………………………………………………….58
     5.1.4.1 Syntactic Strategies for Pragmatic Functions……………………...58
     5.1.4.2 Semantic Strategies for Pragmatic Functions……………………...60
      5.1.4.2.1 The Interaction between Semantic Strategies
      and Pragmatic Functions………………………………..60
      5.1.4.2.2 The Interaction between Semantic Forms
      and Pragmatic Principles………………………………..62
      5.1.4.2.3 The Interaction between Semantic Repairs
      and Clarity………………………………………………64
      5.1.4.2.4 The Interaction between Semantic Repairs
      and Expressivity………………………………………...68
     5.2 Choices of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age……………………………………...70
     5.3 Choices of Repair Forms by Hearers’ Age……………………………………….71
      5.3.1 Choice of Repair by Hearers’ Age at Linguistic Levels……………………71
      5.3.2 Choice of Repair by Hearers’ Age and Pragmatic Functions………………72
      5.3.3 Repair at Different Linguistic Levels by Pragmatic Principles
      and Hearers’ Age…………………………………………………………..73
      5.3.3.1 Choices of Repair by Hearers’ Age on Linguistic Aspect
      for Clarity…………………………………………………………74
      5.3.3.2 Choices of Repair by Hearer’s Age on Linguistic Aspect
      for Expressivity…………………………………………………...75
      5.3.4 Choices of Repair by Hearers’ Age on Repair Forms……………………..75
      5.3.4.1 Choices of Repair by Hearer’s Age on Repair Forms
      for Clarity…………………………………………………………77
      5.3.4.2 Choices of Repair by Hearer’s Age on Repair Forms
      for Expressivity…………………………………………………...79
      5.3.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………..80
     5.4 Choices of Repair Forms by Interaction of Speakers’ Age and
      Hearers’ Age……………………………………………………………………..80
     
     Chapter 6: Summary………………………………………………………………82
     
     6.1 General Findings………………………………………………………………....82
     6.2 Limitations and Suggestions…………………………………………………….85
     6.3 Applications……………………………………………………………………..85
     
     Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..87
     
     Appendixes…………………………………………………………………………90
     
     Section 1 Choices of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age………………………………91
     Appendix 1 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age
      at Linguistic Levels…………………………………………………….92
     Appendix 2 The Distribution of Repair Forms by
     Linguistic Levels and Speakers’ Age…………………………………..93
     Appendix 3 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age
      on Pragmatic Functions………………………………………………..94
     Appendix 4 Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age and Pragmatic Principles
      at Linguistic Levels……………………………………………………95
     Appendix 5 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age
      at Linguistic Levels for Clarity………………………………………..96
     Appendix 6 The Distribution of Repair Forms by Speakers’ Age
      at Linguistic Levels for Expressivity…………………………………..97
     Appendix 7 Repair Forms for Clarity by Speakers’ Age…………………………….98
     Appendix 8 Repair Forms for Expressivity by Speakers’ Age……………………....99
     Section 2 Choices of Repair Forms by Hearers’ Age……………………………….100
     Appendix 9 The Distribution of Repair at Different Linguistic Levels
      for Expressivity by Hearers’ Age……………………………………...101
     Appendix 10 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Expressivity by
      Hearers’ of Different Age…………………………………………….102
     Section 3 Choices of Repair forms by Interaction of Speakers’ and
      Hearers’ Age……………………………………………………….……..103
     Appendix 11 The Distribution of Repair Forms at Different Linguistic
     Level by Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age………………………………...104
     Appendix 12 The Distribution of Repairs by Pragmatic Functions and
      Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………………..105
     Appendix 13 The Distribution of Repairs for Clarity by both Speakers’
      and Hearers’ Age…………………………………………………….106
     Appendix 14 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Clarification by
      both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….107
     Appendix 15 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Confirmation by
      both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….108
     Appendix 16 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Explanation by
      both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….109
     Appendix 17 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Expressivity by
      both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….110
     Appendix 18 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Agreement by
      both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….111
     Appendix 19 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Emphasis by
      both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….112
     Appendix 20 The Distribution of Repair Forms for Alleviation by
      both Speakers’ and Hearers’ Age…………………………………….113
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089555007en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會語言學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 交談分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語用學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 修復zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sociolinguisticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Conversation Analysisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pragmaticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Repairen_US
dc.title (題名) 中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Socio-pragmatic Analysis of Repair in Mandarin Conversationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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