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題名 Contrastive Rhetoric: A Study on Senior High School Students` Interlanguage in English Compositions
對比修辭:高中生英文寫作中介語言之研究
作者 彭宜秝
Peng, Yi-li
貢獻者 林啟一
Lin, Chi-yee
彭宜秝
Peng, Yi-li
關鍵詞 interlanguage
topic-prominent
subject-prominent
language awareness
日期 2002
上傳時間 18-Sep-2009 16:42:03 (UTC+8)
摘要 國立政治大學英國語文學系碩士在職專班
     碩士論文提要
     
     論文名稱:對比修辭:高中學生英文寫作中介語言之研究
     指導教授: 林啟一博士
     研究生: 彭宜秝
     論文提要內容:
     學習者的語言,中介語言,已經被視為有它自己的規則的一個獨特的語言系統。本研究旨在探討學生英文寫作上的中介語言的結構及形成原因。
     本研究蒐集了576篇高三學生模擬考英文作文,加以分析歸納出錯置的主詞和不良的虛主詞兩大類高中生中介語句型。這兩類句型正如銅板的兩面,凸顯了主題明顯的中文和主詞明顯的英文類型結構的對比,也證明學生在以英文表情達意時,不自覺的以中文主題明顯之架構為其中介語之基底結構,以致於表面上雖為主詞+動詞之英語句式卻仍有不知所云的困窘。本研究結果建議在英語教學上同時也應喚醒學生主題明顯的中文語言意識,並在生活上營造真正以英語為第二語言的情境,使學生能耳濡目染充分接觸英語,浸潤在主詞明顯的英語環境中,以利學生中介語更趨近目標語之發展。
Abstract
     Learners’ language, interlanguage, has been recognized as a unique language system with rules of its own. The purpose of this study is to figure out the constructions and causes of senior high school students’ interlanguage (termed as SSIL) in their English compositions.
     Five hundred and seventy six compositions written by seniors in senior high schools in the Taipei area, were collected and analyzed in this study. Two major SSIL constructions were derived: Misused Subjects and Ill-formed Expletives. The two constructions are like the two sides of a coin manifesting the contrast between topic-prominent Chinese and subject-prominent English. Two major factors contribute to the construction of SSIL: topicalization and poor awareness of L1 structures.
     It is suggested that students’ language awareness of their native language, Chinese, should be aroused, and that the creation of a more English conscious environment in real life situation may facilitate the development of SSIL toward the target language, English.
     
     
     
     
     
     key words: interlanguage, topic-prominence, subject-prominence, topicalization, language awareness
參考文獻 References
Aarts, Bas. (1997). English syntax and argumentation. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Asher, J. (1986). Learning another language through actions: The complete teacher’s guidebook. Los Gatos, CA.: Sky Oaks Publications.
Bley-Vromam, Robert. (1983). The comparative fallacy in interlanguage studies: The case of systematicity. Language learning, 33, 1- 17.
Brown, H. Douglas. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. London: Prentice Hall,.
Bunton, D. (1990). Common English errors of Chinese students. Hong Kong: Longman.
Canning, M.& D. (1986). Common mistakes of Chinese students in English usage. Taipei: Crane.
Celce-Murcia, M. & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1983). The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher’s course. Cambridge: Newbury House.
Chafe, Wallace. L. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In Charles N. Li (Ed), Subject and topic, (pp.25-55). New York: Academic Press.
Chao, Yuen Ren. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Chen, Chun-Yin Doris. (1992). Some differences between English and Chinese: in the case of “there-insertion”. Proceedings of the 1st ETA/ROC international symposium on E.T., Taipei, Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.
Cheng, Lisa Lai Shen. (1989). Transitivity alternations in Mandarin Chinese. In Marjorie K.M. Chan and Thomas Ernst (Eds.), Proceedings of the third Ohio state University conference on Chinese Linguistics. (pp. 81-94). Reproduced by Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications.
Chu, Chauncey C. (1989). Complementarity between formalism and functionalism in Mandarin grammar. In Marjorie K.M. Chan and Thomas Ernst (Eds.), Proceedings of the third Ohio State University conference on Chinese Linguistics. Reproduced by Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications.
______. (1998). A discourse grammar of Mandarin Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Corder, S. P. (1971). Idiosyncratic dialects and error analysis. International review of applied linguistics IX, 149-159.
______. (1982). Error analysis and interlanguage. 2nd Impression. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, Rod. (1999). Understanding second language acquisition. Twelfth impression. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fuller, Judith W. & Jeanette K. Gundel. (1987). Topic-prominence in interlanguage. Language learning 37,1-18.
Garrett, P. & Austin, C.G. (1993). The English genitive apostrophe: judgements of errors and implications for teaching. Language awareness, 2: 2, 61-75.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. 2nd edition, London: Arnold.
Hawkins, E. (1984). Awareness of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hockett, Charles. (1958). A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan.
Hong, Xin-heng. (1956). Hanyu yufa wenti yanjiu (Studies of the problems of Chinese syntax). Shanghai, China: Xin Zhi-shi chubanshi.
Hornby, Peter. (1971). Surface structure and the topic-comment distinction: A developmental study. Child development 42, 1975-1988.
Huang, C.-T. James. (1989). Existential sentences in Chinese and (in)definiteness. In Eric J. Reuland & Alice G.B. ter Meulen (Eds.) The representation of (in)definiteness. (pp.226-253). London: The MIT Press.
Huang, Li-yi (黃麗儀). (1994). A contrastive analysis of the errors made by students of Chinese and English and its significance. 行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告
Huang, Shuan Fan. (1973). Movement in Mandarin syntax. Bulletin of the college of liberal arts. National Taiwan University,22. Taipei: National Taiwan University
James, Carl. (1994). ‘Explaining grammar to its learners’, in M. Bygate, A. Tonkyn and E. Williams (Eds.),.Grammar and the language teacher. (pp. 203-223) London: Prentice-Hall.
______. (1998). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. London and New York: Longman.
______. (1999). Contrastive Analysis. Sixteenth Impression. London and New York: Longman.
Jin, Hong Gang. (1994). Topic-prominence and subject-rominence in L2 acquisition: Evidence of English-to-Chinese typological transfer. Language learning 44, 101-122.
Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Li, Audrey Y.-H. (1990). Order and constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrencht: Kluwer.
Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A. (1976). Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Charles N. Li (Ed), Subject and topic, (pp.457-489). New York: Academic Press.
______. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California press.
Light, Timothy. (1979). Word order and word order change in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese linguistics, 7, 149-180.
Liu, Yuehua et al. (1983). Modern Chinese grammar for teachers of Chinese as a second language advanced learners of modern Chinese. Reproduced by Shih-Da Bookstore, 1996, Taipei.
Li, Xiaoqi (1991). Xiandai hanyu fuju zhong guanlian ci de weizhi (The positioning of connectives in modern Chinese compound and complex sentences). Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu (Language teaching and linguistics studies) 2, 79-91.
Mitchell, Rosamond & Myles, Florence. (2001). Second language learning: Key concepts and issues in Christopher N. Candlin and Neil Mercer (Eds.) English language teaching in its social context: A reader, (pp. 17-27). New York: Routledge.
Nemser, W. (1971). Approximative systems of foreign language learners. International review of applied linguistics IX, 115-123.
Quirk, Randolph & Greenbaum, Sidney (1973). A concise grammar of contemporary English. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovish, Inc.
Richards, Jack C.; Platt, John; & Platt, Heidi; Eds., (1993). Longman dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics. Third impression, Singapore: Longman Group UK Limited.
Rutherford, William E. (1983). Language typology and language transfer. In Susan Gass & Larry Selinker (Eds), Language transfer in language learning. (pp. 358-370). London: Newbury House.
______. (1984). Description and Explanation in interlanguage syntax: State of the art. Language learning, 34, 127-155.
______. (1989). Preemption and the learning of L2 grammars. Studies in second language acquisition, 11, 441-457.
Schacchter, J. & E. Kimmell. (1983). An experiment with input. Paper given at the Seventeenth Annual TESOL Convention, Toronto.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International review of applied linguistics X, 209-30.
Tai, James H-Y. (1973). A note on the ba –construction. Paper presented at the 6th International conference on Sino-Tibetan Language and Linguistics, San Diego, California.
Teng, Shou Shin. (1985). Readings in Chinese transformational syntax. Taipei: Crane.
Tsao, Feng-fu. (1979). A functional study of topic in Chinese: The first step toward discourse analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co.
______. (1990). Clause and sentence structure in Chinese: A functional perspective. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Wardhaugh, R. (1970). The contrastive analysis hypothesis.TESOL quarterly, 4,123-130.
Yip, Po-Ching & Don, Rimmington. Eds. (1997). Chinese: An essential grammar. New York: Rougledge.
Yip, Virginia. (1995). Interlanguage and learnability: from Chinese to English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Zobl, H. (1983). Grammars in search of input and intake. Paper presented at the Tenth University of Michigan Conference on Applied Linguistics.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班
89951008
91
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089951008
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林啟一zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Chi-yeeen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 彭宜秝zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Peng, Yi-lien_US
dc.creator (作者) 彭宜秝zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Peng, Yi-lien_US
dc.date (日期) 2002en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Sep-2009 16:42:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Sep-2009 16:42:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Sep-2009 16:42:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0089951008en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35987-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系英語教學碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 89951008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 91zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國立政治大學英國語文學系碩士在職專班
     碩士論文提要
     
     論文名稱:對比修辭:高中學生英文寫作中介語言之研究
     指導教授: 林啟一博士
     研究生: 彭宜秝
     論文提要內容:
     學習者的語言,中介語言,已經被視為有它自己的規則的一個獨特的語言系統。本研究旨在探討學生英文寫作上的中介語言的結構及形成原因。
     本研究蒐集了576篇高三學生模擬考英文作文,加以分析歸納出錯置的主詞和不良的虛主詞兩大類高中生中介語句型。這兩類句型正如銅板的兩面,凸顯了主題明顯的中文和主詞明顯的英文類型結構的對比,也證明學生在以英文表情達意時,不自覺的以中文主題明顯之架構為其中介語之基底結構,以致於表面上雖為主詞+動詞之英語句式卻仍有不知所云的困窘。本研究結果建議在英語教學上同時也應喚醒學生主題明顯的中文語言意識,並在生活上營造真正以英語為第二語言的情境,使學生能耳濡目染充分接觸英語,浸潤在主詞明顯的英語環境中,以利學生中介語更趨近目標語之發展。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstract
     Learners’ language, interlanguage, has been recognized as a unique language system with rules of its own. The purpose of this study is to figure out the constructions and causes of senior high school students’ interlanguage (termed as SSIL) in their English compositions.
     Five hundred and seventy six compositions written by seniors in senior high schools in the Taipei area, were collected and analyzed in this study. Two major SSIL constructions were derived: Misused Subjects and Ill-formed Expletives. The two constructions are like the two sides of a coin manifesting the contrast between topic-prominent Chinese and subject-prominent English. Two major factors contribute to the construction of SSIL: topicalization and poor awareness of L1 structures.
     It is suggested that students’ language awareness of their native language, Chinese, should be aroused, and that the creation of a more English conscious environment in real life situation may facilitate the development of SSIL toward the target language, English.
     
     
     
     
     
     key words: interlanguage, topic-prominence, subject-prominence, topicalization, language awareness
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
     Page
     Acknowledgements iii
     Chinese Abstract vi
     English Abstract vii
     1. Introduction 1
     1.1 Motivation and Purpose 1
     1.1.1 Significance of composition writing in senior high school 1
     1.1.2 Problems with students’ English compositions 1
     1.1.3 Beyond error analysis: interlanguage as a natural language 2
     1.2 Rationale 3
     1.2.1 L2 Development 3
     1.2.2 Defining Senior High School Students’ L2 Development 3
     1.3. Thesis Question 5
     2. Literature Review 7
     2.1 SLA Theories 7
     2.2 Recognition of Interlanguage 8
     2.3 Previous Studies on the Interlanguage of Chinese Learners of English 11
     2.4 Typological Difference Between Chinese and English Structures 12
     2.5 Language Awareness 23
     2.6 The Nature of SSIL 24
     3. Research Methods 25
     3.1 Data Collection 25
     3.2 Categorizing SSIL Sentences for Analysis 26
     4. Data Analysis & Discussion 28
     4.1 Identifying SSIL Patterns 28
     4.2 Misused Subjects 32
     4.2.1 Displaced Subject 32
     4.2.2 Double Subject 36
     4.2.3 Topicalized Subject 38
     4.2.4 Time-or-Locative Subject 43
     4.3 Mistaken Expletive Patterns 51
     4.3.1 Lapse of Non-referential “It” 52
     4.3.2 Ill-fromed Existential “There be” 58
     4.3.2.1 “There be…” + Ving 59
     4.3.2.2 “There be…” + V 60
     4.4 Discussion 70
     5. Conclusion, Implications & Suggestions 75
     5.1 Conclusion 75
     5.1.1 Summary of Findings: SSIL Patterns 75
     5.1.2 Factors Contributing to SSIL Patterns 76
     5.1.3 Lack of Exposure to TL 76
     5.1.4 Influence of NL 77
     5.2 Fossilization of IL 77
     5.3 Fossilization of SSIL 78
     5.4 Implications and Suggestions 80
     5.4.1 Arousing Language Awareness 80
     5.4.2 Pedagogical Implications and Suggestions 81
     Appendixes
      I. SSIL Sentences 83
      II. Students’ Compositions 89
     References 97
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089951008en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) interlanguageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) topic-prominenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) subject-prominenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) language awarenessen_US
dc.title (題名) Contrastive Rhetoric: A Study on Senior High School Students` Interlanguage in English Compositionszh_TW
dc.title (題名) 對比修辭:高中生英文寫作中介語言之研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Referenceszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aarts, Bas. (1997). English syntax and argumentation. New York: St. Martin’s Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asher, J. (1986). Learning another language through actions: The complete teacher’s guidebook. Los Gatos, CA.: Sky Oaks Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bley-Vromam, Robert. (1983). The comparative fallacy in interlanguage studies: The case of systematicity. Language learning, 33, 1- 17.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, H. Douglas. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. London: Prentice Hall,.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bunton, D. (1990). Common English errors of Chinese students. Hong Kong: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Canning, M.& D. (1986). Common mistakes of Chinese students in English usage. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Celce-Murcia, M. & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1983). The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher’s course. Cambridge: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chafe, Wallace. L. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In Charles N. Li (Ed), Subject and topic, (pp.25-55). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Yuen Ren. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Chun-Yin Doris. (1992). Some differences between English and Chinese: in the case of “there-insertion”. Proceedings of the 1st ETA/ROC international symposium on E.T., Taipei, Taiwan. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cheng, Lisa Lai Shen. (1989). Transitivity alternations in Mandarin Chinese. In Marjorie K.M. Chan and Thomas Ernst (Eds.), Proceedings of the third Ohio state University conference on Chinese Linguistics. (pp. 81-94). Reproduced by Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chu, Chauncey C. (1989). Complementarity between formalism and functionalism in Mandarin grammar. In Marjorie K.M. Chan and Thomas Ernst (Eds.), Proceedings of the third Ohio State University conference on Chinese Linguistics. Reproduced by Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. (1998). A discourse grammar of Mandarin Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corder, S. P. (1971). Idiosyncratic dialects and error analysis. International review of applied linguistics IX, 149-159.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. (1982). Error analysis and interlanguage. 2nd Impression. Oxford: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellis, Rod. (1999). Understanding second language acquisition. Twelfth impression. New York: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fuller, Judith W. & Jeanette K. Gundel. (1987). Topic-prominence in interlanguage. Language learning 37,1-18.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garrett, P. & Austin, C.G. (1993). The English genitive apostrophe: judgements of errors and implications for teaching. Language awareness, 2: 2, 61-75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. 2nd edition, London: Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hawkins, E. (1984). Awareness of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hockett, Charles. (1958). A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hong, Xin-heng. (1956). Hanyu yufa wenti yanjiu (Studies of the problems of Chinese syntax). Shanghai, China: Xin Zhi-shi chubanshi.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hornby, Peter. (1971). Surface structure and the topic-comment distinction: A developmental study. Child development 42, 1975-1988.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C.-T. James. (1989). Existential sentences in Chinese and (in)definiteness. In Eric J. Reuland & Alice G.B. ter Meulen (Eds.) The representation of (in)definiteness. (pp.226-253). London: The MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Li-yi (黃麗儀). (1994). A contrastive analysis of the errors made by students of Chinese and English and its significance. 行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Shuan Fan. (1973). Movement in Mandarin syntax. Bulletin of the college of liberal arts. National Taiwan University,22. Taipei: National Taiwan Universityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) James, Carl. (1994). ‘Explaining grammar to its learners’, in M. Bygate, A. Tonkyn and E. Williams (Eds.),.Grammar and the language teacher. (pp. 203-223) London: Prentice-Hall.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. (1998). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. London and New York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. (1999). Contrastive Analysis. Sixteenth Impression. London and New York: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jin, Hong Gang. (1994). Topic-prominence and subject-rominence in L2 acquisition: Evidence of English-to-Chinese typological transfer. Language learning 44, 101-122.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Audrey Y.-H. (1990). Order and constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrencht: Kluwer.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A. (1976). Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Charles N. Li (Ed), Subject and topic, (pp.457-489). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Light, Timothy. (1979). Word order and word order change in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese linguistics, 7, 149-180.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Liu, Yuehua et al. (1983). Modern Chinese grammar for teachers of Chinese as a second language advanced learners of modern Chinese. Reproduced by Shih-Da Bookstore, 1996, Taipei.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Xiaoqi (1991). Xiandai hanyu fuju zhong guanlian ci de weizhi (The positioning of connectives in modern Chinese compound and complex sentences). Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu (Language teaching and linguistics studies) 2, 79-91.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mitchell, Rosamond & Myles, Florence. (2001). Second language learning: Key concepts and issues in Christopher N. Candlin and Neil Mercer (Eds.) English language teaching in its social context: A reader, (pp. 17-27). New York: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nemser, W. (1971). Approximative systems of foreign language learners. International review of applied linguistics IX, 115-123.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Quirk, Randolph & Greenbaum, Sidney (1973). A concise grammar of contemporary English. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovish, Inc.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Richards, Jack C.; Platt, John; & Platt, Heidi; Eds., (1993). Longman dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics. Third impression, Singapore: Longman Group UK Limited.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rutherford, William E. (1983). Language typology and language transfer. In Susan Gass & Larry Selinker (Eds), Language transfer in language learning. (pp. 358-370). London: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. (1984). Description and Explanation in interlanguage syntax: State of the art. Language learning, 34, 127-155.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ______. (1989). Preemption and the learning of L2 grammars. Studies in second language acquisition, 11, 441-457.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schacchter, J. & E. Kimmell. (1983). An experiment with input. Paper given at the Seventeenth Annual TESOL Convention, Toronto.zh_TW
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