dc.contributor.advisor | 劉幼琍 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.advisor | Yu-li Liu | en_US |
dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 王建雄 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Chen-hshiung Wang | en_US |
dc.creator (作者) | 王建雄 | zh_TW |
dc.creator (作者) | Chen-hshiung Wang | en_US |
dc.date (日期) | 2008 | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 8-Dec-2010 12:26:43 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.date.available | 8-Dec-2010 12:26:43 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 8-Dec-2010 12:26:43 (UTC+8) | - |
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0095941004 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri (URI) | http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49482 | - |
dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 傳播學院碩士在職專班 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 95941004 | zh_TW |
dc.description (描述) | 97 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 台灣電視新聞媒體,為了追求收視率,不顧法律和道德的規範,新聞製作上強調聳動和誇張的報導,讓議題失焦,也讓民眾失去對新聞的信任。為了維持新聞的品質,過去透過政府的法令、民間團體的監督,以及新聞同業者組成自律組織,但成效不彰。近年來,有新聞專業工作者和媒體改革人士呼籲引進國外公評人制度,盼對各台新聞自律能有所提昇。 新聞公評人制度,最早概念起源於1922年的日本朝日新聞。美國也在1967年地方報中設立了第一位新聞公評人。起初,公評人都只在平面媒體中,隨著媒體的多樣化發展,目前在國外電視、廣播或是網路媒體,都有新聞公評人出現。公評人代表閱眾,除了要對內部新聞產製監督,對外要回應來自大眾的意見和批評,盼藉由新聞公評人的角色,能達到新聞品質的改善。 在國外,新聞公評人在平面媒體居多,電視頻道仍不多見。為了因應台灣各電視台未來設立新聞公評人制度,本研究將先瞭解國外各媒體公評人的職責、角色定位和執行的情形,並深度訪談台灣各電視新聞頻道,負責新聞自律的主管和製作人,從中瞭解目前國內媒體環境,並因此來建立一套台灣電視媒體公評人制度,對其可行性進行分析,提供給未來各電視新聞媒體,在聘請新聞公評人的參考。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract (摘要) | In pursuit of high ratings, News Media in Taiwan regardless of norms of law or ethics, have overemphasized provocative and exaggerated news reports. This has given rise to the making of out-of-focus reports, which has resulted in audience’s losing confidence in the News. In the past, the way to maintain News quality was based on official regulations, on supervision from non-governmental groups and on organizations set up within the News industry to promote journalistic discipline - the problem being, it didn’t function well. In recent years, there have been many news professionals and media revolutionists calling for an adoption of the News ombudsman System, which they expect, to improve the journalistic discipline of news channels’. The News Ombudsman System’s concept, originates from Japan`s Asahi Shimbun (the influential newspapers in Japan) in 1922. In 1967, the first news ombudsman was set up for local newspapers in United States. In the early years, the news ombudsmen only existed in the print media, but over the years has developed and moved into every facet including TV, Radio and the Internet media, all now boasting their own independent news ombudsmen. The news ombudsman represents the audience, not only for internal supervision of news productions, but also acts as a mechanism for listening to the public’s opinions and criticisms, in the hope of improving the news quality. In foreign countries, more news ombudsmen are set for the print media. This research will collect data about the role, position and condition of news ombudsman in foreign countries, and conduct in-depth interviews with the directors and producers of TV news channels in Taiwan, to map out the future media environment in our country. According to these researches, the thesis will construct a system of the news ombudsman in Taiwan, and analyze its feasibility, which will give references to the implementation of news ombudsmen for TV news channels in the future. | en_US |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 第一章 緒論第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………………………………1第二節 研究問題與目的………………………………………………………4第二章 相關文獻探討第一節 新聞公評人的歷史發展………………………………………………5第二節 新聞公評人的職責探討………………………………………………13第三節 新聞公評人面臨的問題………………………………………………19第三章 研究方法第一節 研究方法與對象………………………………………………………28第二節 深度訪談的實施流程…………………………………………………32第三節 資料整理與呈現………………………………………………………34第四節 深度訪談大綱…………………………………………………………35第四章 國外媒體公評人探討第一節 平面媒體公評人………………………………………………………38第二節 電子媒體公評人………………………………………………………43第三節 網路媒體公評人………………………………………………………54第四節 不同媒體的新聞公評人分析…………………………………………56第五章 台灣電視新聞的自律發展與相關組織第一節 台灣新聞自律的發展…………………………………………………60第二節 衛星廣播電視新聞自律委員會………………………………………64第三節 台灣電視頻道的新聞自律節目………………………………………67第六章 台灣電視媒體新聞公評人制度的可行性第一節 台灣電視媒體新聞公評人所需具備的條件…………………………80第二節 產生方式和角色定位…………………………………………………86第三節 工作內容的探討………………………………………………………96第四節 公評人獨立性和新聞工作者的關係………………………………105第五節 電子媒體新聞公評人的影響力……………………………………109第六節 台灣新聞自律增設新聞公評人制度的可行性……………………111第七節 本章小結……………………………………………………………115第七章 結論與建議第一節 文獻中的新聞公評人………………………………………………126第二節 國外不同媒體下的新聞公評人……………………………………127第三節 國內公評人制度的困境和執行上的建議…………………………130第四節 研究貢獻、限制與建議……………………………………………133參考書目中文部份…………………………………………………………………………137英文部份…………………………………………………………………………139表目錄【表1】新聞公評人重要歷史進程……………………………………………10【表2】新聞公評人最重要的工作職責調查…………………………………16【表3】新聞公評人的職責……………………………………………………18【表4】受訪者基本資料………………………………………………………31【表5】深度訪談時間和地點…………………………………………………32【表6】國外媒體公評人受薪、工作角色和是否繼續運作…………………57【表7】國外公評人專欄撰寫和年度報告……………………………………58【表8】國外公評人任期和背景………………………………………………59【表9】各新聞頻道自律節目呈現方式………………………………………77【表 10】研究問題與受訪者看法對照表……………………………………116【表 11】受訪者對公評人該具備條件的看法………………………………118【表 12】受訪者對公評人產生方式和角色定位的看法……………………120【表 13】受訪者對公評人工作內容的看法…………………………………122【表 14】受訪者對公評人獨立性和內部工作者間關係的看法……………124【表 15】受訪者對公評人影響力的看………………………………………125 | zh_TW |
dc.format.extent | 96030 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 129158 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 122810 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 117313 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 209474 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 280695 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 207880 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 276325 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 848164 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 451588 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 211655 bytes | - |
dc.format.extent | 223563 bytes | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.language.iso | en_US | - |
dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095941004 | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 新聞自律 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 新聞公評人 | zh_TW |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | News Ombudsman | en_US |
dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Journalistic Discipline | en_US |
dc.title (題名) | 新聞自律機制—台灣電視媒體建立公評人制度之可行性分析 | zh_TW |
dc.title (題名) | The Mechanism of Journalistics Discipline---Analysis on the Feasibility of News Ombudsman System for Taiwan TV Media | en_US |
dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 一、中文部份 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 王文科(1990)。《質的教育研究法》。台北:師大書苑。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 王洪鈞(1971)。(十年來新聞自律的組織與活動),台北新聞記者公會編,《中華民國新聞年鑑》,95-185頁,台北:台北新聞記者公會。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 文崇一、楊國樞(2000)。《社會及行為科學研究法下冊》。台北:東華。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 中時晚報(1994)。(支持「編輯部公約」運動聲明),8月30日,版12。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 中華民國新聞評議會(1994)。《中華民國新聞評議會:簡介、組織章程、規範》。台北:新聞評議會。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 台灣媒體觀察基金會(2006)。(媒觀的聲明與公告:建立結合他律的自律機制:「電視新聞自律座談會」媒觀發言稿)。上午日期:2009年4月21日,取自 http://www.mediawatch.org.tw/modules/news/article.php?storyid=414 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 台灣廣告主協會(2001)。(宣言)。上網日期:2009年4月20日,取自 http://www.brain.com.tw/taa/manifesto/manifesto.htm。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 宋雙峰(2006)。(國外媒介批評機制研究),《新聞記者》,6: 61-63。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 宋雙峰(2006)。(媒介與媒介批評的良性互動),《今傳媒》。上網日期:2007年5月16日,取自 Hhttp://www.jinchuanmei.com/2006/12-6/105551568.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 行政院新聞局(2004)。(廣電白皮書)。上網日期:2009年4月15日,取自 http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=13303&CtNode=2087mp=1。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 朱梅芳(2005)。(自律委員會機制啟動,七家新聞台,未來五層把關),《中國時報》,8月30日,版A8。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 朱梅芳(2006)。(71家頻道成立STBA打開新生機),《中國時報》,3月30日,版D2。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 李芳甄(2002)。《虛擬攝影棚在台灣電視經營模式之關鍵成功因素探討》。國立台灣大學國際企業學研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 李瞻(1987)。《新聞學原理》。台北:國立政治大學新聞研究所。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 呂郁女(2003)。(從NCC談評鑑媒體的省思)。上網日期:2009年4月20日,取自http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/EC/092/EC-C-092.050.htm。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 呂惠敏(2005)。《專業取勝?商業至上?電視台高階主管對新聞主播的角色認知與決策探討》國立政治大學新聞學系碩士在職專班碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林振春(1992)。《社會調查》(三版)。台北市:五南圖書。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林照真(2009)。(收視率綁廣告 主宰電視內容),《媒體公民行動網》。上網日期:2009年7月12日,取自http://www.nccwatch.org.tw/news/20090717/43738 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林照真(1999)。(當前台灣近似媒體觀察組織的幾個盲點),《新聞學研究》,6: 76-171。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林淑伶(2003)。(新評會:自律營造優質媒體),中國時報,4月17日,版2。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林意玲(2003)。《新聞深度採訪報導》。基督教論壇報社內訓練。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林書煒(2008)。《電視新聞主播工作倦怠的成因與影響》。國立政治大學傳播學院在職專班碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 林麗雲(2000)。(台灣威權體制下「侍從報業」的矛盾與轉型:1949-1999),《台灣產業研究》,3: 89-148。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 胡元輝(2005)。(既是踏石,也是防火牆—從國外媒體經驗談公視建構觀眾申訴制度),《目擊者》,48。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 胡幼慧編(1996)。《質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》。台北:巨流。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 徐志明(2004)。《我國新聞自律制度之研究》。私立世新大學法學院碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 袁衷(2004)。(新聞公評人的譯法),《新聞記者》,12:45。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 唐琪珮(2002)。《影響台灣媒體代理商購買方式因素之研究》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 所在職專班碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 程宗明(1998)。(析論台灣傳播研究實務的生產(1949-1980)與未來:從政治經濟取向 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 思考對比典範的轉向),林靜伶編,《1998中華傳播學會論文集》,381-437,台北:中華傳播學會。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 傳播學生鬥陣(2008)。(傳學鬥簡介)。上網日期:2009年7月12日,取自:http://blog.roodo.com/scstw/archives/6469473.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 陳曉宜(2007)。(落實編輯室公約與公評人機制),《目擊者》,61: 4。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 曹琬凌(2002)。《電視新聞專業規範與研究》。台北:公共電視編印。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 黃俊英(1996)。《企業研究方法》。台北:東華。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 許 倩(2004)。(美國新聞公評人制度的歷史和現狀),《新聞記者》,10: 49-50。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 張錦華(2006)。(邁向自律—台灣電視台的里程碑),《大紀元》。上網日期:2009年4月25日,取自 http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/6/11/7/n1512353.htm | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 耿 曙(2007)。(深度訪談法:意義、實踐、問題),「2007政大研究生研究方法研習營」,台北市木柵。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 彭后諦(1999)。(「新聞橋」為何走入歷史?───從「新聞橋」停播看新評會重新定位) | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 《台灣新聞記者協會》,上網日期:2009年4月26日,取自http://atj.yam.org.tw/mw2175.htm | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 楊宜真(1999)。《傳播科技人才之能力需求與學程設計原則:修正式德菲研究》。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 萬文隆(2004)。(深度訪談在質性研究中的應用),《生活科技教育》,37: 17-23。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉昌德(2006)。(結構去管制下的內容再管制:台灣商營電視節目內容管制的演變),《廣播與電視》,26: 77-116。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 劉昌德(2007)。(民主參與式的共管自律—新聞自律機制之回顧與再思考),《台灣民主季刊》,1: 109-139。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 謝邦昌、柯惠新、盧傳熙(2000)。《市場調查與分析技術》。台北:曉園。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 潘淑滿(2003)。《質性研究 理論與應用》。台北市:心理。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 羅筠(2004)。(新聞公評人制度的特點與尷尬),《新聞記者》,10: 51。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 蕭蘋(1999)。(介紹國外媒體監督組織FAIR和Media Watch),《新聞學研究》,60: 63-151。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 蘇欣儀(2003)。《電視媒體品牌權益衡量指標之建構》。銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | 二、英文部份 | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Babbie, E. (2004). The Practice of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bardoel, J., L. d’Haenens (2004). Media Meet the Citizen: Beyond Market Mechanisms and | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Government Regulations. European Journal of Communication, 19,(2), 165-194. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Bertrand, C. (1997). Media Accountability Systems: An Overview. In U. Sonnenberg | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | (ed.),Organizing Media Accountability: Experience in Europe (pp. 6-16). Maastricht, | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Netherlands:European Journalism Centre. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Burns, k. (2003). Post Ombudsman Connects Readers and Journalists. Quill, 3, 4. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Case, T. (1996). Ombudsmen Overboard?. Editor & Publisher,129(21), 8-9. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Cunningham, R. (1995). Ombudsman Gives High Marks to Washington Post. Quill, 7, 16. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dorroh, J. (2005). The Ombudsman Puzzle. American Journalism Review,1(27), 48-53. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dunn, W.N. (1994). Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction.New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Dempsey, J. (2007). ESPN ombudsman knows the score. Variety,7(408), 26. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Eggerton, J. (2006). Did PBS Do the Right Thing?. Broadcasting & Cable, 32, 12. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ettema, J., & Glasser, T. (1987). Public Accountability or Public Relations? Newspaper | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ombudsmen Define Their Role. Journalism Quarterly, 64, 3-12. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Getlin, J. (2000). Ombudsman. Columbia Journalism Review, 6, | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hartung, B., JaCoby, A., & Dozier, D. (1988). Readers’ Perceptions of Purpose of Newspaper | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ombudsman Program. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 914-919. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hearn, T. (2005). Through The Wire. Multichannel News, 23, 8. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Hodges, L. (1998). Ombudsman:Effort to promote press accountability.History of the Mass Media | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | in the United States:An Encyclepedia, 484-485. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Howard, K. (2004. November 22). At NPR, Ombudded With the Troops. The Washington Post, C01. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | JaCoby, A. (2003). The Newspaper Ombudsman: A Personal Memoir of the Early Days.Retrieved December 12, 2008, from http://www.newsombudsmen.org/jacoby.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Jones, T. A, & Twiss, B. C. (1978). Forecasting Technology for Planning Decision.New York:Petrocelli Books. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Kadushin, A. (1990). The Social Work Interview: A Guide for Human Service Professionals. New York: Columbia University Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | LaMont, S. (1999). Ten Commandments of Ombudsmen. Retrieved December 12, 2008, from http://www.newsombudsmen.org/lamont5.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | MacKenna, K. (1993). The Loneliest Job in the Newsroom. American Journalism Review, 41-44. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Maezawa, T. (1999). The Controversy Over the Origins and Functions of Ombudsmanship. Retrieved December 12, 2008. from http://www.newsombudsmen.org/maezawa.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McEvoy, P. (2008). The lonely hell of the ombudsman. Retreived July 12, 2009, from http://www.newsombudsmen.org/mcevoy.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McQuail, D. (1997). Accountability of Media to Society: Principles and Means. European Journal | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | of Communication, Vol. 12, No. 4:511-529. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Michael, H. (2005, June 1). ESPN adds former newspaper sports editor as ombudsman. USA TODAY, Sports, Pg. 02c. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mishler, E. (1986). Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative.Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McLellan, M. (1999). Address to THE Association of Turkish Journalists. Retrieved December 14, 2008, from http://www.newsombudsmen.org/mclellan1.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | McNulty, H. (1993). NBC News Hires An Ombudsman. Editor & Publisher,126(2), 30. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Meyers, C. (2000). Creating an Effective Newspaper Ombudsman Position. Journal of Mass Media | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Ethics, 15, 248-256. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mills, D. (2000). New Ombudsman Named for CBC French-Language Network. Broadcaster, 2, 25. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A.M. (1994). An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative data analysis(2nd ED.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Mogavero, D. (1982). The American Press Ombudsman. Journalism Quarterly, 59, 548-580. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nauman, A. C. (1994). News Ombudsmanship: Its History and Rationale. Retrieved December 13, 2008. http://www.newsombudsmen.org/nauman2.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Neal, C. (2006). NPR`s Ombudsman Bows Out. Retrieved April 10, 2009. from database: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6XN200607061501&lang=zh-tw&site=ehost-live | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nemeth, N. (2003). News Ombudsmen in North America: Assessing An Experiment in Social | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Responsibility.Westport,CT:Praeger. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Nerone, J. (1995). Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the Press. Urbana and Chicago. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | IL:University of Illinois. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | NPR ombudsman sez Gross unfair to O`Reilly. (2003, October). Daily Variety, 11, 5. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Palzer, C. & Scheuer, A. (2003). Self-regulation, co-regulation, public regulation. Promote or Protect, 165-177. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Payne, R. L., Fineman, S., & Wall, T. D. (1976). Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction a | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Conceptual Synthesis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Pritchard, D. (1993). The Impact of Newspaper Ombudsmen on Journalists’ Attitudes. Journalism | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Quarterly, 70, 77-86. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Raymond, L. (1999). We Were Wrong. Retrieved December 12, 2008. http://www.newsombudsmen.org/raymond.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Rieder, R. (2003). Wanted: One Good Ombudsman. American Journalism Review,25(6) , 6. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Santos, M. V. (2008, May 28). New Media and New Methods. Retrieved from http://www.newsombudsmen.org/santos.html | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Schewe, S. (2008, August 5). US: The Loss of the Ombudsman; The Courier-Journal, First Paper to Have a Public Editor, Cuts Position. Retrieved | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | http://www.editorsweblog.org/newspaper/2008/08/us_the_loss_of_ombudsmen.php | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Shields, T. (2000). Ombudsman Shipp Sails Away. Editor & Publisher,43, 9. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Solomon, G. (2005). Keeping ESPN in Line. Broadcasting & Cable, 135(27), 6-6. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Starck, K., & Eisele, J.(1999). Newspaper ombudsmanship as viewed by ombudsmen and their editors. Newspaper Research Journal, 20, 37-49. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Stein, M. L. (1997). Ombudsman Offer: Conscience, Detachment. Editor and Publisher, 53. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Triplett, W., & Learmonth, M. (2005). PBS Alters Policy Amid Bias Claims. Dailey Variety, 54, 5. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Welch, M. (2003). Anything but the Ombudsman! Reason, 35(4), 16. | zh_TW |
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | Zargoria, S. (1986). The Ombudsman as a Dispute Resolver in the Newspaper Industry. Arbitration Journal, 41, 3-6. | zh_TW |