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題名 從優選理論分析英文縮詞與混合詞之音韻保留形式
Phonological Preservation of English Clips and Blends: An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis
作者 林綠茜
Lin,Lu Chien
貢獻者 蕭宇超
Hsiao,Yuchau E.
林綠茜
Lin,Lu Chien
關鍵詞 優選理論
並存音韻理論
制約層級
縮詞
混合詞
Optimality Theory
Cophonology
constraints
clipping
blending
日期 2009
上傳時間 11-Oct-2011 16:46:40 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文以優選理論的觀點分析英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留形式。音韻保留形式分為:來源詞之聲母保留、來源詞之單音節保留以及來源詞之雙音節保留。本研究認為英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留策略不只一種,應用不同的策略會產生不同類型的縮詞及混合詞,筆者透過並存音韻理論(Cophonology Theory)來說明英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留策略是多個次語法的運作結果。縮詞的音韻保留策略有四種,可分為左邊保留及右邊保留,其中又以左邊保留佔多數,在這兩種保留中又分別有兩種模組(template)保留策略。混合詞的音韻保留策略有三種,主要由MAXS2這條可移動制約的位置來決定,當它在層級中移動到不同的位置會形成不同的保留策略。此外,本文也提供了跨語言分析,發現西班牙混合詞與英文混合詞可由相似的制約透過不同排序來解釋,表示不同語言的混合詞,其行為相當類似。簡言之,本篇論文藉由優選理論的觀點,首度就英文縮詞與混合詞提出了一個整體分析。
This thesis examines the nature of English clipping and blending from the perspective of Optimality Theory. Clipped and blended words may use phonological strategies to preserve part of the source such as the preservation of the onset, syllable, or foot. Different strategies of preservation form different patterns of clipped or blended words. This thesis illustrates that these phonological strategies are determined by the different cophonologies. There are four strategies in forming clipped words. Clipped words can be preserved from the left edge or the right edge of the source, each of which follows either a bimoraic template or a disyllabic template. There are three strategies in forming blended words, depending on the ranking of the unspecified constraint MAXS2. In addition, the present study offers cross-linguistic evidence from Spanish blends, showing that Spanish blending and English blending share certain similarities. To conclude, this thesis has provided a theoretical generalization of English clipping and blending, taking a constraint-based approach.
參考文獻 Adams, V. (1973). An introduction to Modern English Word Formation. London:Longman
Algeo, J. (1977). Blends, a structural and systematic view. American Speech, 52, 47-64.
Anttila, A. (1997). Deriving variation from grammar. In Variation, Change and Phonological Theory, Frans Hinskens, Roeland Van Hout, and W. Leo Wetzels (eds.), 35-68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Anttila, A. (2002). Morphologically conditioned phonological alternations. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20, 1-42.
Anttila, A. and Cho, Young-mee Y. (1998). Variation and change in Optimality Theory. Lingua 104, 31-36.
Archangeli, D. (1997). Optimality Theory: An Introduction to Linguistics in the 1990S. In D. Archangeli, & D.T. Langendoen (Eds.), Optimality Theory: an overview (pp. 1-32). Oxford: Blackwell.
Bat-El, O. (1996). Selecting the best of the worse: The grammar of Hebrew blends. Phonology 13, 283-328.
Bauer, L. (1983). English Word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bauer, L. (1988). Introducing linguistic morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
Benua, L. (1995). Identity Effects in Morphological Truncation. In J.Beckman, L. Dickey, & S. Urbanczyk (Eds.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory (pp. 77-136 ). Amherst, MA: GLSA, University of Massachusetts.
Berman, R. (1989). The role of blends in Modern Hebrew word-formation. In P. Wexler, A. Borg & S. Somekh (eds.) Studia linguistic et orientalia memoriae Haim Blanc dedicate. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 45-61.
Broselow, E., Chen, S. I. and Huffman, M. (1997). Syllable Weight: Convergence of Phonology and Phonetics. Phonology 14, 47-82.
Cannon, G. (1986). Blends in English Word Formation. Linguistics, 24(4), 725-753.
Chomsky, N. and Halle, M. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
Fraier, M. (2006). Output-Output Faithfulness to Moraic Structure: Evidence from American English. In Proceedings of NELS 36 (1), Christopher Davis, Amy Rose Deal and Youri Zabbal (eds.), 1-14. Amherst, MA: GLSA.
Gries, S. (2004). Shouldn’t it be breakfunch? A quantitative analysis of blend structure in English. Linguistics 42(3), 639-667.
Hayes, B. (1989). Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 20, 253-306.
Inkelas, S. and Zoll, C. (2007). Is grammar dependence real? A comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology. Linguistics 45, 133-171.
Itô, Junko and Mester, A. (1993). Japanese phonology: constraint domains and structure preservation. LRC–93–06, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Itô, Junko and Mester, A. (1999). The phonological lexicon. ROA-256. 1-33.
Kelly, Michael H. (1998). To ‘brunch’ or to ‘brench’: some aspects of blend structure. Linguistics 36, 579-590.
Kemmer, S. (2003). Schemas and lexical blends. In Motivation in Language, Cuyckens, Hubert, Thomas Berg, René Dirven and Klaus-Uwe Panther (eds.), 69-97.
Kubozono, H. (1989). The mora and syllable structure in Japanese: Evidence from speech errors. Language and Speech 32(3), 249-278.
Kubozono, H. (1990). Phonological constraints on blending in English as a case for phonology–morphology interface. Yearbook of Morphology 3, 1-20.
Lappe, S. (2008). English Prosodic Morphology. Springer Verlag.
Lombardi, L. (1996). Positional faithfulness and voicing assimilation in Optimal. To appear in NLLT.

Lunden, A. (2004). Reduplicant placement, anchoring and locality. ROA 885.
Marantz, A. (1982). Re Reduplication. Linguistic Inquiry 13, 435-482.
McCarthy, J. J. and Prince, A. (1993). Prosodic Morphology I: Constraint Interaction and Satisfaction. Technical Report #3, Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science.
McCarthy, J. J. and Prince, A. (1995b). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In J.Beckman, L. Dickey, & S. Urbanczyk (Eds.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory (pp. 249-384 ).
McCarthy, J. J. and Prince, A. (1999). Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology. In The Prosody-Morphology Interface, ed. Rene Kager, Harry van der Hulst, and Wim Zonneveld, 218-309. Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, J. J. (2008). Doing Optimality Theory. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Minkova, D. and Stockwell, R. (2001). English Words: History and Structure. Cambridge University Press
Morén, B. (2003). Weight Typology: an Optimality Theoretic Approach. The Linguistic Review 20, 281-304.
Nelson, N. (1998). Right anchor, aweigh. Ms., Rutgers University, ROA-284-0998.
Nelson, N. (2003). Asymmetric anchoring. Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
Pulleyblank, D. (n.d.). Optimality Theory and Features. In D. Archangeli, & D.T. Langendoen (Eds.), Optimality Theory: an overview (pp. 59-101). Oxford: Blackwell.
Terao, Y. (1984). On blends. Tsukuba Working Papers in Linguistics 3, 15-31.
University Press.
Orgun, C. O. (1996). Sign-based morphology and phonology: with special attention to Optimality Theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
96555012
98
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096555012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsiao,Yuchau E.en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林綠茜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin,Lu Chienen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林綠茜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin,Lu Chienen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 11-Oct-2011 16:46:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 11-Oct-2011 16:46:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Oct-2011 16:46:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096555012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51536-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96555012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文以優選理論的觀點分析英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留形式。音韻保留形式分為:來源詞之聲母保留、來源詞之單音節保留以及來源詞之雙音節保留。本研究認為英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留策略不只一種,應用不同的策略會產生不同類型的縮詞及混合詞,筆者透過並存音韻理論(Cophonology Theory)來說明英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留策略是多個次語法的運作結果。縮詞的音韻保留策略有四種,可分為左邊保留及右邊保留,其中又以左邊保留佔多數,在這兩種保留中又分別有兩種模組(template)保留策略。混合詞的音韻保留策略有三種,主要由MAXS2這條可移動制約的位置來決定,當它在層級中移動到不同的位置會形成不同的保留策略。此外,本文也提供了跨語言分析,發現西班牙混合詞與英文混合詞可由相似的制約透過不同排序來解釋,表示不同語言的混合詞,其行為相當類似。簡言之,本篇論文藉由優選理論的觀點,首度就英文縮詞與混合詞提出了一個整體分析。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis examines the nature of English clipping and blending from the perspective of Optimality Theory. Clipped and blended words may use phonological strategies to preserve part of the source such as the preservation of the onset, syllable, or foot. Different strategies of preservation form different patterns of clipped or blended words. This thesis illustrates that these phonological strategies are determined by the different cophonologies. There are four strategies in forming clipped words. Clipped words can be preserved from the left edge or the right edge of the source, each of which follows either a bimoraic template or a disyllabic template. There are three strategies in forming blended words, depending on the ranking of the unspecified constraint MAXS2. In addition, the present study offers cross-linguistic evidence from Spanish blends, showing that Spanish blending and English blending share certain similarities. To conclude, this thesis has provided a theoretical generalization of English clipping and blending, taking a constraint-based approach.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research Questions 3
1.3 Thesis Organization 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Optimality Theory 5
2.1.1 Basic Concepts of Classic OT 5
2.1.2 Correspondence Theory 8
2.1.3 The schema of Output-to-Output Correspondence 10
2.1.4 Anchoring 10
2.1.5 Cophonology Theory 12
2.2 Clipping as Word-Formation 14
2.3 Blending as Word-Formation 14
2.4 Bat-El (1996) 16
2.5 Lappe (2008) 19
2.6 Summary 20

CHAPTER 3 ENGLISH CLIPPING: AN OT ANALYSIS 23
3.1 An OT Account for Morphological Clipping 24
3.2 An OT Account for Phonological Clipping 29
3.2.1 Left-edge Preservation 31
3.2.2 Right-edge Preservation 46
3.3 A Cophonology Theory for Clipping Variations 50
3.4 Summary 57
CHAPTER 4 ENGLISH BLENDING: AN OT ANALYSIS 59
4.1 An OT Account for Morphological Blending 60
4.2 An OT Account for Phonological Blending 64
4.3 Left-Anchoring Constraints in a Stringency Relation 73
4.4 A Cophonology Theory for Blending Variations 75
4.5 Cross-Linguistic Evidence: Spanish Blending 81
4.5.1 Spanish Blends 81
4.5.2 Constraints and Rankings 83
4.6 Summary 87
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 89
References 93
zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096555012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優選理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 並存音韻理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 制約層級zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 縮詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 混合詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Optimality Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cophonologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) constraintsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) clippingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) blendingen_US
dc.title (題名) 從優選理論分析英文縮詞與混合詞之音韻保留形式zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Phonological Preservation of English Clips and Blends: An Optimality-Theoretic Analysisen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adams, V. (1973). An introduction to Modern English Word Formation. London:Longmanzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Algeo, J. (1977). Blends, a structural and systematic view. American Speech, 52, 47-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, A. (1997). Deriving variation from grammar. In Variation, Change and Phonological Theory, Frans Hinskens, Roeland Van Hout, and W. Leo Wetzels (eds.), 35-68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, A. (2002). Morphologically conditioned phonological alternations. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20, 1-42.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, A. and Cho, Young-mee Y. (1998). Variation and change in Optimality Theory. Lingua 104, 31-36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Archangeli, D. (1997). Optimality Theory: An Introduction to Linguistics in the 1990S. In D. Archangeli, & D.T. Langendoen (Eds.), Optimality Theory: an overview (pp. 1-32). Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bat-El, O. (1996). Selecting the best of the worse: The grammar of Hebrew blends. Phonology 13, 283-328.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bauer, L. (1983). English Word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bauer, L. (1988). Introducing linguistic morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburghzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benua, L. (1995). Identity Effects in Morphological Truncation. In J.Beckman, L. Dickey, & S. Urbanczyk (Eds.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory (pp. 77-136 ). Amherst, MA: GLSA, University of Massachusetts.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berman, R. (1989). The role of blends in Modern Hebrew word-formation. In P. Wexler, A. Borg & S. Somekh (eds.) Studia linguistic et orientalia memoriae Haim Blanc dedicate. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 45-61.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Broselow, E., Chen, S. I. and Huffman, M. (1997). Syllable Weight: Convergence of Phonology and Phonetics. Phonology 14, 47-82.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cannon, G. (1986). Blends in English Word Formation. Linguistics, 24(4), 725-753.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chomsky, N. and Halle, M. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fraier, M. (2006). Output-Output Faithfulness to Moraic Structure: Evidence from American English. In Proceedings of NELS 36 (1), Christopher Davis, Amy Rose Deal and Youri Zabbal (eds.), 1-14. Amherst, MA: GLSA.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gries, S. (2004). Shouldn’t it be breakfunch? A quantitative analysis of blend structure in English. Linguistics 42(3), 639-667.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hayes, B. (1989). Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 20, 253-306.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Inkelas, S. and Zoll, C. (2007). Is grammar dependence real? A comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology. Linguistics 45, 133-171.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Itô, Junko and Mester, A. (1993). Japanese phonology: constraint domains and structure preservation. LRC–93–06, University of California, Santa Cruz.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Itô, Junko and Mester, A. (1999). The phonological lexicon. ROA-256. 1-33.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kelly, Michael H. (1998). To ‘brunch’ or to ‘brench’: some aspects of blend structure. Linguistics 36, 579-590.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kemmer, S. (2003). Schemas and lexical blends. In Motivation in Language, Cuyckens, Hubert, Thomas Berg, René Dirven and Klaus-Uwe Panther (eds.), 69-97.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kubozono, H. (1989). The mora and syllable structure in Japanese: Evidence from speech errors. Language and Speech 32(3), 249-278.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kubozono, H. (1990). Phonological constraints on blending in English as a case for phonology–morphology interface. Yearbook of Morphology 3, 1-20.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lappe, S. (2008). English Prosodic Morphology. Springer Verlag.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lombardi, L. (1996). Positional faithfulness and voicing assimilation in Optimal. To appear in NLLT.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lunden, A. (2004). Reduplicant placement, anchoring and locality. ROA 885.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Marantz, A. (1982). Re Reduplication. Linguistic Inquiry 13, 435-482.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, J. J. and Prince, A. (1993). Prosodic Morphology I: Constraint Interaction and Satisfaction. Technical Report #3, Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, J. J. and Prince, A. (1995b). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In J.Beckman, L. Dickey, & S. Urbanczyk (Eds.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory (pp. 249-384 ).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, J. J. and Prince, A. (1999). Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology. In The Prosody-Morphology Interface, ed. Rene Kager, Harry van der Hulst, and Wim Zonneveld, 218-309. Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, J. J. (2008). Doing Optimality Theory. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Minkova, D. and Stockwell, R. (2001). English Words: History and Structure. Cambridge University Presszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morén, B. (2003). Weight Typology: an Optimality Theoretic Approach. The Linguistic Review 20, 281-304.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nelson, N. (1998). Right anchor, aweigh. Ms., Rutgers University, ROA-284-0998.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nelson, N. (2003). Asymmetric anchoring. Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pulleyblank, D. (n.d.). Optimality Theory and Features. In D. Archangeli, & D.T. Langendoen (Eds.), Optimality Theory: an overview (pp. 59-101). Oxford: Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Terao, Y. (1984). On blends. Tsukuba Working Papers in Linguistics 3, 15-31.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Orgun, C. O. (1996). Sign-based morphology and phonology: with special attention to Optimality Theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.zh_TW