1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 中文顏色詞彙處理機制：心理語言學的實證
The Lexical process of color terms in Chinese: Evidence from Psycholinguistics
作者 蕭裕台
貢獻者 萬依萍
I-Ping Wan
蕭裕台
關鍵詞 詞彙處理模型
史楚普效應
音韻近似度
語誤
語言規劃單位
Lexical model
Stroop effect
Phonological similarity
Speech errors
Advanced planning unit
日期 2011
上傳時間 17-Apr-2012 09:05:33 (UTC+8)
摘要 長久以來，序列式詞彙處理模式以及互動式詞彙處理模式經常爭論孰為合理的語誤生成模型。這份研究企圖利用心理學實證角度探究此議題。原屬於心理學範疇的史楚普技術(1935)或可提供語言學多方面的視角，尤其在我們處理顏色詞彙時詞彙譯碼歷程上與視覺表徵之間的關係。因此我們試圖將此經典心理學技術轉化成宜於語言學研究的語誤誘發實驗。藉由控制變項間的語音近似度，創制了四項實驗，分別是：顏色唸名實驗、顏色誦讀實驗、史楚普唸名實驗、同音詞唸名實驗。結果顯示，即便受試者對語音近似度並未在單項實驗中產生語誤數量與反應時間的差異，但它在不同實驗任務之間卻誘使受試者產生不一樣的反應結果，包括數量上及時間上的顯著差異。
此外，我們針對語誤，分析其與目標字之間的關係，研判部分音韻效應是否對詞彙處理網絡造成顯著影響。結果顯示，史楚普效應、音韻結構、音法限制以及聲調效應在語誤數量中均出現顯著的生成量；音節首、韻部以及母音則並未出現顯著效應。史楚普技術除了在語誤證據中為文字閱讀提供自動化效應的解釋外，也讓我們看到音韻效應在不同視覺任務指派中產生顯著差異的結果。如此看來，互動式模型提供了較為簡潔的解釋。來自二元視覺刺激(視覺色彩與顏色詞)的詞彙競爭，該框架可以合理提供理論基礎，並解釋不同視覺任務之間音韻關係依存度的不同。
另一方面，我們亦援引同樣技術設計出以音韻單位為導向的唸名實驗，討論語言輸出前規劃單位之議題。我們發現，僅含聲調的音節以及無聲調的音節可在詞彙網絡中做為語言規劃之心理處理單位，促進詞彙處理效能。其他單位如音節首、介音、母音、韻尾、聲調則無法出現顯著效應。同時亦於實驗中發現，中文聲調於規劃階段時，應是屬於詞彙結構上的聲調，而非純粹的聲韻調。
Serial-ordering model and interactive processing model have long been discussed as whether people process languages in a sequential level of processing or the consequence of levels interacting altogether by looking at speech errors. Stroop technique (1935) in psychology could give linguistics some insights on the relation between lexical encoding and visual representation when people process colors. We tried to adapt this classical psychological experiment for an experiment of speech error elicitation. By means of controlling the phonological similarity, we created four experiments: color naming, color reading, Stroop naming, and homophonous naming tasks. The result first showed that even though phonological similarity did not induce significant difference in error amount and response time within single task, it still caused significant difference in these results among these tasks.
Second, after analyzing the linguistic relation between targets and speech errors, we found that Stroop effect, syllable structure, phonotactic regularity, and tone induced apparent effects in error generation, while initial, rhyme, and vowel did not. Stroop effect not only provided the evidence from speech errors where character representation was an autonomous mechanism in lexical process, but also provided a fact that phonological effect would impacted differently on amount of error according to the type of visual task. It seems that interactive account could help explain the result easily, as the competition from dual visual inputs could be given a theoretical basis to account for the phonological dependency according to certain visual task which subjects were assigned to.
Finally, we also discussed the issue of advanced planning unit in lexical process. In the shared unit task with Stroop technique, we found that only the units of tonal syllable and bare syllable could serve as possible planning units in lexical network, and tone in Chinese should be attributed to a type of lexical tone in planning, rather than a pure phonological tone. To sum up, the purpose of the study attempts to provide empirical evidence to examine the above issues.
參考文獻 Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575–589.
Berg, T. (2005). A Structural Account of Phonological Paraphasias. Brain and Language, 94, 104-129.
Boomer, D. S. & Laver, J. D. M. (1968). Slips of the tongue. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 3, 2-12.
Buckingham, H. W. (1980). On correlating aphasic errors with slips-of-tongue. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 199-220.
Butterworth, B. L. (1980). Evidence from pauses in speech. In B. Butterworth (Ed.), Language production (Vol. 1, pp. 155-176). London: Academic Press.
Butterworth, B. L. (1982). Speech errors: Old date in search of new theories. In A. Culter (Ed.), Slips of tongue and language production. Amsterdam: Mouton.
Chen, J.-Y. (1999). The representation and processing of tone in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from slips of the tongue. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20, 289-301.
Chen, J.-Y. & Dell, G. S. (2003). Word Form Encoding in Chinese Speech Production. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 45 (4), 313-322.
Dell, G. S. (1986). A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review 93 (3), 283-321.
Dell, G. S. (1988). The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language 27, 124-142.
Dell, G. S.& Gordon, J. K. (2003). Neighbors in the lexicon: Friends or foes? In N. O. Schiller and A. S. Meyer (Eds.), Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production: Differences and similarities. New York: Mouton de Grugter.
Dell, G. S.& Juliano, C. (1996). Computational models of phonological encoding. In T. Dijkstra & K. de Smedt (Eds.) Computational psycholinguistics: AI and connectionist models of human language processing (pp. 328-359). Taylor & Francis.
Dell, G. S.& Juliano & Govindjee, A. (1993). Structure and content in language production: A theory of frame constraints in phonological speech errors. Cognitive Science, 17, 149-195.
Dell, G. S. & O’Seaghdha, P. G. (1991). Mediated and convergent lexical priming in language production: A comment on Levelt at al. (1991). Psychological Review.
Dell, G. S. & O’Seaghdha, P. G. (1992). Stages of lexical access in language production. Cognition 42, 287-314.
Dell, G. S. & Reich, P. A. (1981) Stages in sentence production: An analysis of speech error data. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 611-629.
Dell, G. S., & Repka, R. J. (1992). Errors in inner speech. In B. J. Baars (Ed.), Experimental slips and human error: Exploring the architecture of volition, 237–262. New York: Plenum.
Dell, G. S. & Svec, W. R. (1997). Language Production and Serial Order: A Functional Analysis and a Model, Psychological Review, 104 (1), 123-147.
Dell, G. S. & Schwartz, M. F. & Martin, N. & Gagnon, D. A. (1997). Lexical Access in Aphasic and Nonaphasic Speakers. Psychological Review, 104 (4), 801-838.
Dell, G. S., Lawler, E. N., Harris, H. D., & Gordon, J. K. (2004). Models of errors of omission in aphasic naming. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 125–145.
Fay, D. & Cutler, A. (1977). The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford University Press.
Forster, K. I. (1976). Accessing the mental lexicon. In F. J. Wales & E. Walker (Eds.) New Approaches to language mechanisms (pp.257-287). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Fromkin, V. (1971). The nonanomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Linguistics 4, 47-68.
Fromkin (1973). Speech errors as linguistic evidence. The Hauge: Mouton.
Fromkin, V. & Ratner, N. B. (1998). Speech production. In J. B. Gleason & N. B. Ratner (Eds.), Psycholinguistics (pp. 309-346). California: Wadsworth.
Garrett, M. F. (1980). Levels of processing in sentence production. In B. Butterworth (Ed.), Speech production (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press.
Garrett, M. F. (1988). Processes in language production. In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey III. Language: Psychological and biological aspects (pp.69-96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, Jean K. (2002). Phonological neighborhood effects in aphasic speech errors: spontaneous and structured contexts. Brain and Language, 82, 113-145.
Hockett, C. F. (1967). Where the tongue slips, there slip I. In V. Fromkin (Ed.), Speech errors as linguistic evidence (pp.93-119). Netherlands: Mouton, the Hague.
Hotopf, W. H. N. (1980). Semantic similarity as a factor in whole-word slips of the tongue. In V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Errors in linguistic performance: Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand, 97–109. New York: Academic Press.
Huang, C. T. James, Li, Y.-H. Audrey & Li, Y. (2008). The syntax of Chinese. Cambridge University Press.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intension to articulation. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Levelt, W. J. M. (ed.) (1993). Lexical Access in Speech Production. UK: Blackwell Publisher.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1993). Accessing Words in Speech Production: Stages, Processes and Representations. Lexical Access in Speech Production, 1-22.
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–75.
Levitt, A.G. & Healy, A.F. (1985). The roles of phonese frequency, similarity, and availability in the experimental elicitation of speech errors. Journal of Memory and Language 24, 717-733.
Luce, P. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (1998). Recognizing spoken words: the Neighborhood Activation Model. Ear and Hearing, 1–36.
Mackay, D. G. (1970). Spoonerisms: The structure of errors in the serial order of speech. Neuropsychologia 8, 323-350.
Mackay, D. G. (1972). The structure of wrds and syllables: Evidence from errors in speech. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 210-227.
Maddieson, Ian (1986). The size and structural of phonological inventories: analysis of UPSID. In Ohala, John & Jeri Jaeger (eds), Experimental Phonology. Academic Press.
Martin, N., Gagnon, D. A., Schwartz, M. F., Dell, G. S. & Saffran, E. M. (1996). Phonological facilitation of semantic errors in normal and aphasic speakers. Language and Cognitive Processes 11 (3), 257-282.
Martin, N., & Ayala, J. (2004). Measurements of auditoryverbal STM in aphasia: effects of task, item and word processing impairment. Brain and Language, 8, 464–483.
McClelland & Rumelhart (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88 (5), 375-407.
Meringer, R. & Mayer, K. (1895). Versprechen und Verlesen: eine psychologisch-linguistische Studie. Stuttgart: Goschense Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Meyer, A. S. (1990). The time course of phonological encoding in language production: The encoding of successive syllables of a word. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 524-545.
Meyer, A. S. (1991). The time course of phonological encoding in language production: Phonological encoding inside a syllable. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 69-89.
Nooteboom, S.G. (1969). The tongue slips into patterns. Leyden Studies in Linguistics and Phonetics. The Hague: Mouton.
Oppenheim, G. M. & Dell, G. S. (2008). Inner speech slips exhibit lexical bias, but not the phonemic similarity effect. Cognition, 106, 528-537.
Packard, J. L. (1986). Tone Production deficits in nonfluent aphasic Chinese speech, Brain and Language, 29, 212-223.
Rapp, D. N. & Samuel, A.G. (2002). A reason to rhyme: Phonological and semantic influences on lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28 (3), 564-571.
Roelofs, A. (1996). Computationa; models of lemma retrieval. In T. Dijkstra & K. de Smedt (Eds.) Computational Psycholinguistics: AI and connectionist mode4ls of human language processing (pp.308-327). Taylor & Francis.
Roelofs, A. (1997) The WEAVER model of word-form encoding in speech production.
Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A.S. (1998). Metrical structure in planning the production of spoken words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 922–939.
Schwartz, M. F. & Dell, G. S. & Martin, N. (2004). Testing the interactive two-step model of lexical access: Part I. picture naming, Brain and Language, 91, 71-72.
Sevald, C. A., Dell, G. S., &Cole, J. (1995). Syllable structure in speech production: Are syllable chunks or schemas? Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 807-820.
Shattuck-Hufnagel (1979). Speech errors as evidence for a serial ordering mechanism in sentence production. In W. E. Cooper & E. C. T. Walkers (Eds.), Sentence processing (pp.295-342). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Assiciates.
Shattuck-Hufnagel (1986). The representation of phonologoical information during speech production planning: Evidence from vowel errors in spontaneous speech. Phonology Yearbook 3, 117-149.
Shattuck-Hufnagel (1987). The role of word onset consonants in speech production planning: New evidence from speech error patterns. In E. Keller & M. Gopnik (Eds.), Motor and sensory processing in language (pp. 17-51). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schwartz, M. F. (1994). Disordered Speech Production in Aphasic and Normal Speakers. Brain and Language, 47, 52-88.
Sokolov, A. N. (1972). Inner speech and thought. New York: Plenum.
Stemberger, J. P. (1983). Speech errors and theoretical phonology: A review. Bloomington: Indiana Linguistics Club.
Stemberger, J. P. (1984). Structural Errors in Normal and Agrammatic Speech. Cognitve Neuropsychology, 1 (4), 281-313.
Stemberger, J. P. (1985). An interactive activation model of language production. In W. E. Andrew (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language (pp. 143-186). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd., Publishers.
Stemberger, J. P. (1989). Speech errors in early child language production. Journal of Memory and Language, 28( 2), 164-188.
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
Vitevitch, M. S. (1997). The neighborhood characteristics of malapropisms. Language and Speech, 40, 211–228.
Vitevitch, M. S., & Luce, P. A. (1998). When words compete: levels of processing in perception of spoken words. Psychological Science, 9, 325–329.
Vitevitch, M. S. (2002, July). The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 28(4), 735–747.
Vitevitch, M. S., Armbruster, J., & Chu, S. (2004). Sublexical and lexical representations in speech production: effects of phonotactic probability and onset density. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 30(2), 514–529.
Vitevitch, M. S., & Sommers, M. S. (2003). The facilitative influence of phonological similarity and neighborhood frequency in speech production in younger and older adults. Memory and Cognition, 31, 491–504.
Vitevitch, M. S., & Stamer, M. K. (2006). The curious case of competition in Spanish speech production. Language & Cognitive Processes, 21(6), 760–770.
Wan, I. P. & Jeri J. (1998) Speexh errors and the representation of tone in Mandarin Chinese. Phonology, 15, 417-461.
Wan, I. P. (1999). Mandarin phonology: Evidence from speech errors. Ph D. Dissertation.
Wan, I. P. (2007). Aphonological Investigation in Speech Errors and Aphasic Speech in Mandarin. Taipei: Crane.
Wells, R. (1951). Predicting slips of the tongue. Yale Scientific Magazine, 3, 9-30.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
97555009
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor I-Ping Wanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蕭裕台zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 蕭裕台zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Apr-2012 09:05:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Apr-2012 09:05:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Apr-2012 09:05:33 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097555009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/52705-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97555009zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 長久以來，序列式詞彙處理模式以及互動式詞彙處理模式經常爭論孰為合理的語誤生成模型。這份研究企圖利用心理學實證角度探究此議題。原屬於心理學範疇的史楚普技術(1935)或可提供語言學多方面的視角，尤其在我們處理顏色詞彙時詞彙譯碼歷程上與視覺表徵之間的關係。因此我們試圖將此經典心理學技術轉化成宜於語言學研究的語誤誘發實驗。藉由控制變項間的語音近似度，創制了四項實驗，分別是：顏色唸名實驗、顏色誦讀實驗、史楚普唸名實驗、同音詞唸名實驗。結果顯示，即便受試者對語音近似度並未在單項實驗中產生語誤數量與反應時間的差異，但它在不同實驗任務之間卻誘使受試者產生不一樣的反應結果，包括數量上及時間上的顯著差異。
此外，我們針對語誤，分析其與目標字之間的關係，研判部分音韻效應是否對詞彙處理網絡造成顯著影響。結果顯示，史楚普效應、音韻結構、音法限制以及聲調效應在語誤數量中均出現顯著的生成量；音節首、韻部以及母音則並未出現顯著效應。史楚普技術除了在語誤證據中為文字閱讀提供自動化效應的解釋外，也讓我們看到音韻效應在不同視覺任務指派中產生顯著差異的結果。如此看來，互動式模型提供了較為簡潔的解釋。來自二元視覺刺激(視覺色彩與顏色詞)的詞彙競爭，該框架可以合理提供理論基礎，並解釋不同視覺任務之間音韻關係依存度的不同。
另一方面，我們亦援引同樣技術設計出以音韻單位為導向的唸名實驗，討論語言輸出前規劃單位之議題。我們發現，僅含聲調的音節以及無聲調的音節可在詞彙網絡中做為語言規劃之心理處理單位，促進詞彙處理效能。其他單位如音節首、介音、母音、韻尾、聲調則無法出現顯著效應。同時亦於實驗中發現，中文聲調於規劃階段時，應是屬於詞彙結構上的聲調，而非純粹的聲韻調。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Serial-ordering model and interactive processing model have long been discussed as whether people process languages in a sequential level of processing or the consequence of levels interacting altogether by looking at speech errors. Stroop technique (1935) in psychology could give linguistics some insights on the relation between lexical encoding and visual representation when people process colors. We tried to adapt this classical psychological experiment for an experiment of speech error elicitation. By means of controlling the phonological similarity, we created four experiments: color naming, color reading, Stroop naming, and homophonous naming tasks. The result first showed that even though phonological similarity did not induce significant difference in error amount and response time within single task, it still caused significant difference in these results among these tasks.
Second, after analyzing the linguistic relation between targets and speech errors, we found that Stroop effect, syllable structure, phonotactic regularity, and tone induced apparent effects in error generation, while initial, rhyme, and vowel did not. Stroop effect not only provided the evidence from speech errors where character representation was an autonomous mechanism in lexical process, but also provided a fact that phonological effect would impacted differently on amount of error according to the type of visual task. It seems that interactive account could help explain the result easily, as the competition from dual visual inputs could be given a theoretical basis to account for the phonological dependency according to certain visual task which subjects were assigned to.
Finally, we also discussed the issue of advanced planning unit in lexical process. In the shared unit task with Stroop technique, we found that only the units of tonal syllable and bare syllable could serve as possible planning units in lexical network, and tone in Chinese should be attributed to a type of lexical tone in planning, rather than a pure phonological tone. To sum up, the purpose of the study attempts to provide empirical evidence to examine the above issues.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledges……………………………………………………iv
VITA………………………………………………………………viii
Table of Contents ……………………………………………x
List of Tables ………………………………………………xii
List of Figures …………………………………… ………xiv
Chinese Abstract ……………………………………………xv
English Abstract ……………………………………………xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………5
2.1. Models of Speech Production ……………………5
2.1.1. Utterance Generator Model of Speech Production …5
2.1.2. Levelt’s Lexical Model ………………………9
2.1.3. Interactive Activation Model ………………11
2.1.4. Connectionist Model………………………………14
2.2. Linguistic Effects in previous studies ……17
2.2.1. Initialness Effect…………………………… …17
2.2.2. Rhyme Effect ………………………………………18
2.2.3. Phonological Similarity Effect…………… 19
2.2.4. Syllable Structure Effect ……………………20
2.2.5. Tone Effect …………………………………………21
2.2.6. Phonotactic Regularity Effect……………… 22
2.2.7. Stroop Effect ………………………………………23
2.3. The Planning Unit in Sound Production………24
2.4. Literature Summary and Research Hypothesis …25
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY…………………………………… 28
3.1. General Methods of Task 1 ~ 4 …………………29
3.1.1. Subjects ………………………………………………29
3.1.2. Colors and Phonological Similarity ………31
3.1.3. Test Items ……………………………………………44
3.1.3.1. Task 1: Color Naming Test……………………45
3.1.3.2. Task 2: Color Reading Test…………………47
3.1.3.3. Task 3: Stroop Naming Test…………………48
3.1.3.4. Task 4: Homophonous Naming Task …………50
3.1.4. General Procedure and Data Analysis for Task 1~4 …53
3.2. Task 5: Shared Units Naming Task ………………55
3.2.1. Shared Unit: Onset ……………………………… 55
3.2.2. Shared Unit: Vowel ………………………………58
3.2.3. Shared Unit: Rhyme …………………………………60
3.2.4. Shared Unit: Bare Syllable ……………………62
3.2.5. Shared Unit: Bare Tone …………………………64
3.2.6. Shared Unit: Tonal Syllable …………………67
3.2.7. General Procedure of Shared Unit Naming Task …69
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………71
4.1. The Structure of Speech error and Reaction Time: Task 1~4 ……………………………………………………………………71
4.2. Phonological Effect on Lexical Encoding ……83
4.2.1 Within Task………………………………………………83
4.2.2 Between Tasks……………………………………………84
4.2.3 Generation of Speech Errors and RT in Stroop’s Tasks…………………………………………………………………87
4.3. Linguistic Effects and Speech Errors: Test1~4 …88
4.3.1. Initialness Effect …………………………………91
4.3.2. Rhyme Effect ………………………………………… 92
4.3.3. Tone Effect ……………………………………………93
4.3.4. Syllable Structure Effect ………………………94
4.3.5. Phonotactic Regularity Effect …………………96
4.3.6. Stroop Effect …………………………………………96
4.4. The Structure of Speech error and Reaction Time: Task 5 ………………………………………………………………………98
4.5. Summary: Reflections on Lexical Process Models …105
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION ………………………………………108
References…………………………………………………………110
Appendix 1: Stimuli Design…………………………………117
Appendix 2: Overview of Results…………………………123		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙處理模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 史楚普效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音韻近似度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語誤zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言規劃單位zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lexical modelen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Stroop effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Phonological similarityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Speech errorsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Advanced planning uniten_US
dc.title (題名) 中文顏色詞彙處理機制：心理語言學的實證zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Lexical process of color terms in Chinese: Evidence from Psycholinguisticsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575–589.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berg, T. (2005). A Structural Account of Phonological Paraphasias. Brain and Language, 94, 104-129.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boomer, D. S. & Laver, J. D. M. (1968). Slips of the tongue. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 3, 2-12.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Buckingham, H. W. (1980). On correlating aphasic errors with slips-of-tongue. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 199-220.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Butterworth, B. L. (1980). Evidence from pauses in speech. In B. Butterworth (Ed.), Language production (Vol. 1, pp. 155-176). London: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Butterworth, B. L. (1982). Speech errors: Old date in search of new theories. In A. Culter (Ed.), Slips of tongue and language production. Amsterdam: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, J.-Y. (1999). The representation and processing of tone in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from slips of the tongue. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20, 289-301.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, J.-Y. & Dell, G. S. (2003). Word Form Encoding in Chinese Speech Production. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 45 (4), 313-322.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S. (1986). A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review 93 (3), 283-321.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S. (1988). The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language 27, 124-142.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S.& Gordon, J. K. (2003). Neighbors in the lexicon: Friends or foes? In N. O. Schiller and A. S. Meyer (Eds.), Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production: Differences and similarities. New York: Mouton de Grugter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S.& Juliano, C. (1996). Computational models of phonological encoding. In T. Dijkstra & K. de Smedt (Eds.) Computational psycholinguistics: AI and connectionist models of human language processing (pp. 328-359). Taylor & Francis.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S.& Juliano & Govindjee, A. (1993). Structure and content in language production: A theory of frame constraints in phonological speech errors. Cognitive Science, 17, 149-195.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S. & O’Seaghdha, P. G. (1991). Mediated and convergent lexical priming in language production: A comment on Levelt at al. (1991). Psychological Review.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S. & O’Seaghdha, P. G. (1992). Stages of lexical access in language production. Cognition 42, 287-314.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S. & Reich, P. A. (1981) Stages in sentence production: An analysis of speech error data. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 611-629.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S., & Repka, R. J. (1992). Errors in inner speech. In B. J. Baars (Ed.), Experimental slips and human error: Exploring the architecture of volition, 237–262. New York: Plenum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S. & Svec, W. R. (1997). Language Production and Serial Order: A Functional Analysis and a Model, Psychological Review, 104 (1), 123-147.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S. & Schwartz, M. F. & Martin, N. & Gagnon, D. A. (1997). Lexical Access in Aphasic and Nonaphasic Speakers. Psychological Review, 104 (4), 801-838.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, G. S., Lawler, E. N., Harris, H. D., & Gordon, J. K. (2004). Models of errors of omission in aphasic naming. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 125–145.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fay, D. & Cutler, A. (1977). The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Forster, K. I. (1976). Accessing the mental lexicon. In F. J. Wales & E. Walker (Eds.) New Approaches to language mechanisms (pp.257-287). Amsterdam: North-Holland.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fromkin, V. (1971). The nonanomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Linguistics 4, 47-68.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fromkin (1973). Speech errors as linguistic evidence. The Hauge: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fromkin, V. & Ratner, N. B. (1998). Speech production. In J. B. Gleason & N. B. Ratner (Eds.), Psycholinguistics (pp. 309-346). California: Wadsworth.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garrett, M. F. (1980). Levels of processing in sentence production. In B. Butterworth (Ed.), Speech production (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Garrett, M. F. (1988). Processes in language production. In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey III. Language: Psychological and biological aspects (pp.69-96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gordon, Jean K. (2002). Phonological neighborhood effects in aphasic speech errors: spontaneous and structured contexts. Brain and Language, 82, 113-145.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hockett, C. F. (1967). Where the tongue slips, there slip I. In V. Fromkin (Ed.), Speech errors as linguistic evidence (pp.93-119). Netherlands: Mouton, the Hague.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hotopf, W. H. N. (1980). Semantic similarity as a factor in whole-word slips of the tongue. In V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Errors in linguistic performance: Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand, 97–109. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, C. T. James, Li, Y.-H. Audrey & Li, Y. (2008). The syntax of Chinese. Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intension to articulation. Cambridge: MIT Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levelt, W. J. M. (ed.) (1993). Lexical Access in Speech Production. UK: Blackwell Publisher.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levelt, W. J. M. (1993). Accessing Words in Speech Production: Stages, Processes and Representations. Lexical Access in Speech Production, 1-22.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–75.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levitt, A.G. & Healy, A.F. (1985). The roles of phonese frequency, similarity, and availability in the experimental elicitation of speech errors. Journal of Memory and Language 24, 717-733.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Luce, P. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (1998). Recognizing spoken words: the Neighborhood Activation Model. Ear and Hearing, 1–36.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mackay, D. G. (1970). Spoonerisms: The structure of errors in the serial order of speech. Neuropsychologia 8, 323-350.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mackay, D. G. (1972). The structure of wrds and syllables: Evidence from errors in speech. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 210-227.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maddieson, Ian (1986). The size and structural of phonological inventories: analysis of UPSID. In Ohala, John & Jeri Jaeger (eds), Experimental Phonology. Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Martin, N., Gagnon, D. A., Schwartz, M. F., Dell, G. S. & Saffran, E. M. (1996). Phonological facilitation of semantic errors in normal and aphasic speakers. Language and Cognitive Processes 11 (3), 257-282.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Martin, N., & Ayala, J. (2004). Measurements of auditoryverbal STM in aphasia: effects of task, item and word processing impairment. Brain and Language, 8, 464–483.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McClelland & Rumelhart (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88 (5), 375-407.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meringer, R. & Mayer, K. (1895). Versprechen und Verlesen: eine psychologisch-linguistische Studie. Stuttgart: Goschense Verlagsbuchhandlung.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meyer, A. S. (1990). The time course of phonological encoding in language production: The encoding of successive syllables of a word. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 524-545.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Meyer, A. S. (1991). The time course of phonological encoding in language production: Phonological encoding inside a syllable. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 69-89.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Nooteboom, S.G. (1969). The tongue slips into patterns. Leyden Studies in Linguistics and Phonetics. The Hague: Mouton.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oppenheim, G. M. & Dell, G. S. (2008). Inner speech slips exhibit lexical bias, but not the phonemic similarity effect. Cognition, 106, 528-537.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Packard, J. L. (1986). Tone Production deficits in nonfluent aphasic Chinese speech, Brain and Language, 29, 212-223.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rapp, D. N. & Samuel, A.G. (2002). A reason to rhyme: Phonological and semantic influences on lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28 (3), 564-571.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roelofs, A. (1996). Computationa; models of lemma retrieval. In T. Dijkstra & K. de Smedt (Eds.) Computational Psycholinguistics: AI and connectionist mode4ls of human language processing (pp.308-327). Taylor & Francis.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roelofs, A. (1997) The WEAVER model of word-form encoding in speech production.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A.S. (1998). Metrical structure in planning the production of spoken words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 922–939.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwartz, M. F. & Dell, G. S. & Martin, N. (2004). Testing the interactive two-step model of lexical access: Part I. picture naming, Brain and Language, 91, 71-72.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sevald, C. A., Dell, G. S., &Cole, J. (1995). Syllable structure in speech production: Are syllable chunks or schemas? Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 807-820.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shattuck-Hufnagel (1979). Speech errors as evidence for a serial ordering mechanism in sentence production. In W. E. Cooper & E. C. T. Walkers (Eds.), Sentence processing (pp.295-342). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Assiciates.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shattuck-Hufnagel (1986). The representation of phonologoical information during speech production planning: Evidence from vowel errors in spontaneous speech. Phonology Yearbook 3, 117-149.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Shattuck-Hufnagel (1987). The role of word onset consonants in speech production planning: New evidence from speech error patterns. In E. Keller & M. Gopnik (Eds.), Motor and sensory processing in language (pp. 17-51). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Schwartz, M. F. (1994). Disordered Speech Production in Aphasic and Normal Speakers. Brain and Language, 47, 52-88.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sokolov, A. N. (1972). Inner speech and thought. New York: Plenum.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stemberger, J. P. (1983). Speech errors and theoretical phonology: A review. Bloomington: Indiana Linguistics Club.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stemberger, J. P. (1984). Structural Errors in Normal and Agrammatic Speech. Cognitve Neuropsychology, 1 (4), 281-313.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stemberger, J. P. (1985). An interactive activation model of language production. In W. E. Andrew (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language (pp. 143-186). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd., Publishers.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stemberger, J. P. (1989). Speech errors in early child language production. Journal of Memory and Language, 28( 2), 164-188.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vitevitch, M. S. (1997). The neighborhood characteristics of malapropisms. Language and Speech, 40, 211–228.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vitevitch, M. S., & Luce, P. A. (1998). When words compete: levels of processing in perception of spoken words. Psychological Science, 9, 325–329.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vitevitch, M. S. (2002, July). The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 28(4), 735–747.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vitevitch, M. S., Armbruster, J., & Chu, S. (2004). Sublexical and lexical representations in speech production: effects of phonotactic probability and onset density. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 30(2), 514–529.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vitevitch, M. S., & Sommers, M. S. (2003). The facilitative influence of phonological similarity and neighborhood frequency in speech production in younger and older adults. Memory and Cognition, 31, 491–504.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Vitevitch, M. S., & Stamer, M. K. (2006). The curious case of competition in Spanish speech production. Language & Cognitive Processes, 21(6), 760–770.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wan, I. P. & Jeri J. (1998) Speexh errors and the representation of tone in Mandarin Chinese. Phonology, 15, 417-461.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wan, I. P. (1999). Mandarin phonology: Evidence from speech errors. Ph D. Dissertation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wan, I. P. (2007). Aphonological Investigation in Speech Errors and Aphasic Speech in Mandarin. Taipei: Crane.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wells, R. (1951). Predicting slips of the tongue. Yale Scientific Magazine, 3, 9-30.zh_TW