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題名 詞彙歧義解困的次要語義偏向效應再視：中文多義詞的眼動研究證據
Revisiting the subordinate bias effect of lexical ambiguity resolution: evidence from eye movements in reading Chinese
作者 盧怡璇
Lu, I Hsuan
貢獻者 蔡介立
盧怡璇
Lu, I Hsuan
關鍵詞 同形異義詞
眼動
詞彙歧義解困
次要語義偏向效應
口語理解-視覺典範
Homograph
Eye movements
Lexical ambiguity resolution
Subordinate bias effect
Visual world paradigm
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 11:16:27 (UTC+8)
摘要 過去二十多年來，心理語言學研究關注詞彙歧義解困 (lexical ambiguity resolution)歷程發生時，語義脈絡與多義詞的語義頻率之間的交互作用。許多研究發現，當語境支持非均勢同形異義詞 (unbalanced homograph) 的次要語義時，同形異義詞的凝視時間長於與其有相同字形頻率的單義詞 (unambiguous control)，此為次要語義偏向效應 (subordinate bias effect)。根據再排序觸接模型 (reordered-access model)，次要語義偏向效應來自於主要語義與次要語義的競爭；相對地，選擇觸接模型 (selective access model)則認為只有與語境相關的語義被激發，因此，次要語義偏向效應是因為提取到一個使用頻率較低的語義。本論文進行兩個眼動實驗。實驗一檢視中文多義詞的次要語義偏向效應以區辨兩種詞彙歧義解困模型分別提出的解釋。本實驗的材料使用了低頻同形異義詞、低頻單義詞、以及高頻單義詞。結果顯示，當使用的單義詞與多義詞字形頻率相同時，在目標詞及後目標詞上(目標詞後一個詞)皆發生了次要語義偏向效應。實驗二利用口語理解─視覺典範中透過受試者理解語音訊息時同步記錄眼動的作業方式來探究次要語義偏向效應是否來自於主要語義的激發。當口語句子中的目標詞被唸出後，會計算出隨著時間增加眼睛落在四個雙字詞的凝視比例。結果發現次要語義因為語境的選擇在聽到目標詞後大約500毫秒時就可被激發，主要語義則在一聽完多義詞後被激發。因此，多義詞的兩個語義在聽到目標詞後大約900至1300毫秒時(相當於在後目標詞時)發生競爭。整體而言，本研究顯示即使語境支持多義詞的次要語義，主要語義依然會被激發。因此，次要語義偏向效應是由兩個語義競爭後所造成的結果，符合再排序觸接模型的解釋。
Research in psycholinguistics throughout the last two decades has focused on the interaction between linguistic context and meaning dominance during lexical ambiguity resolution. Many studies demonstrated the subordinate bias effect when the preceding context biased for the subordinate meaning (i.e. infrequent meaning) of an unbalanced homograph. According to the reordered access model, the SBE is due to competition between the dominant and subordinate meanings. On the contrary, the selective access model assumes only the context-relevant meaning is activated and the SBE is a result of access to a low frequent meaning.
Two eye tracking experiments of sentence reading and sentence listening were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the SBE of Chinese homographs to differentiate the two accounts. We utilized low frequency homographs along with their matched low and high-frequency unambiguous words. The results showed the SBE emerging in fixation durations of the target region and post-target region (i.e. next two words of the target), when unambiguous controls were matched to the word-form frequency of ambiguous words.
Experiment 2 used visual world paradigm to explore temporal dynamics of dominant meaning activation responsible for the SBE in an instructional eyetracking-during-listening task. Fixation probabilities on four disyllabic printed words were analyzed during a time period after a target word was uttered in a spoken sentence. The results supported the reordered access model. The subordinate meaning was activated by contextual information at about 500 ms after the onset of acoustic homograph at the time when context penetrated to make its favored meaning available. Soon after the offset of homograph, the dominant meaning became active. Both meanings associated with the homograph were activated during the time windows of 901 ms to 1300 ms, which approximately corresponding to the acoustic onset of post target. In sum, our studies demonstrate that the dominant meaning is activated even when the contextual information biases to the subordinate meaning of a homograph. The subordinate bias effect is the result of competition from two meanings, conforming to the reordered access model.
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On-line resources

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教育部國語推行委員會編. 1998 [2007]. 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本(臺灣學術網第四版 ver.2). http://140.111.34.46/newDict/dict/index.html (Retrieved May, 2011)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
97555016
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡介立zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 盧怡璇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lu, I Hsuanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 盧怡璇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lu, I Hsuanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 11:16:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 11:16:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 11:16:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097555016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54511-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97555016zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 過去二十多年來，心理語言學研究關注詞彙歧義解困 (lexical ambiguity resolution)歷程發生時，語義脈絡與多義詞的語義頻率之間的交互作用。許多研究發現，當語境支持非均勢同形異義詞 (unbalanced homograph) 的次要語義時，同形異義詞的凝視時間長於與其有相同字形頻率的單義詞 (unambiguous control)，此為次要語義偏向效應 (subordinate bias effect)。根據再排序觸接模型 (reordered-access model)，次要語義偏向效應來自於主要語義與次要語義的競爭；相對地，選擇觸接模型 (selective access model)則認為只有與語境相關的語義被激發，因此，次要語義偏向效應是因為提取到一個使用頻率較低的語義。本論文進行兩個眼動實驗。實驗一檢視中文多義詞的次要語義偏向效應以區辨兩種詞彙歧義解困模型分別提出的解釋。本實驗的材料使用了低頻同形異義詞、低頻單義詞、以及高頻單義詞。結果顯示，當使用的單義詞與多義詞字形頻率相同時，在目標詞及後目標詞上(目標詞後一個詞)皆發生了次要語義偏向效應。實驗二利用口語理解─視覺典範中透過受試者理解語音訊息時同步記錄眼動的作業方式來探究次要語義偏向效應是否來自於主要語義的激發。當口語句子中的目標詞被唸出後，會計算出隨著時間增加眼睛落在四個雙字詞的凝視比例。結果發現次要語義因為語境的選擇在聽到目標詞後大約500毫秒時就可被激發，主要語義則在一聽完多義詞後被激發。因此，多義詞的兩個語義在聽到目標詞後大約900至1300毫秒時(相當於在後目標詞時)發生競爭。整體而言，本研究顯示即使語境支持多義詞的次要語義，主要語義依然會被激發。因此，次要語義偏向效應是由兩個語義競爭後所造成的結果，符合再排序觸接模型的解釋。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Research in psycholinguistics throughout the last two decades has focused on the interaction between linguistic context and meaning dominance during lexical ambiguity resolution. Many studies demonstrated the subordinate bias effect when the preceding context biased for the subordinate meaning (i.e. infrequent meaning) of an unbalanced homograph. According to the reordered access model, the SBE is due to competition between the dominant and subordinate meanings. On the contrary, the selective access model assumes only the context-relevant meaning is activated and the SBE is a result of access to a low frequent meaning.
Two eye tracking experiments of sentence reading and sentence listening were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the SBE of Chinese homographs to differentiate the two accounts. We utilized low frequency homographs along with their matched low and high-frequency unambiguous words. The results showed the SBE emerging in fixation durations of the target region and post-target region (i.e. next two words of the target), when unambiguous controls were matched to the word-form frequency of ambiguous words.
Experiment 2 used visual world paradigm to explore temporal dynamics of dominant meaning activation responsible for the SBE in an instructional eyetracking-during-listening task. Fixation probabilities on four disyllabic printed words were analyzed during a time period after a target word was uttered in a spoken sentence. The results supported the reordered access model. The subordinate meaning was activated by contextual information at about 500 ms after the onset of acoustic homograph at the time when context penetrated to make its favored meaning available. Soon after the offset of homograph, the dominant meaning became active. Both meanings associated with the homograph were activated during the time windows of 901 ms to 1300 ms, which approximately corresponding to the acoustic onset of post target. In sum, our studies demonstrate that the dominant meaning is activated even when the contextual information biases to the subordinate meaning of a homograph. The subordinate bias effect is the result of competition from two meanings, conforming to the reordered access model.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements iv
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xi
國立政治大學研究所碩士論文提要 xiii
Abstract xv
Chapter 1 1
1.1 General background 1
1.2 Research questions 6
Chapter 2 8
2.1 Issues of lexical ambiguity resolution 8
2.1.1 Processing models of lexical ambiguity resolution 8
2.1.2 Empirical evidence for lexical ambiguity resolution 13
2.1.2.1 Eye-tracking paradigm and lexical ambiguity resolution 13
2.2 Subordinate Bias Effect (SBE) revisited 16
2.2.1 Reordered versus selective access model 17
2.2.2 The fate of unselected meaning 22
2.2.3 Visual world paradigm 23
2.3 Chinese lexical ambiguity resolution 27
2.3.1 The linguistic characteristics of Chinese word 27
2.3.2 Studies of lexical ambiguity resolution in Chinese 29
Chapter 3 33
3.1 Norming study one: Interpretation Preference Task 33
3.1.1 Participants 34
3.1.2 Materials 34
3.1.3 Procedure 34
3.1.4 Results 35
3.2 Norming study two : Meaning Relatedness Task 36
3.2.1 Participants 36
3.2.2 Materials 36
3.2.3 Procedure 36
3.2.4 Results 37
3.3 Norming study three : Cloze Task 37
3.3.1 Participants 38
3.3.2 Materials 38
3.3.3 Procedure 38
3.3.4 Results 39
3.4 Norming study four : Contextual Bias Task 40
3.4.1 Participants 40
3.4.2 Materials 40
3.4.3 Procedure 40
3.4.4 Results 41
Chapter 4 43
4.1 Method 44
4.1.1 Participants 44
4.1.2 Materials and Design 44
4.1.3 Apparatus 46
4.1.4 Procedure 47
4.2 Data Analysis 49
4.3 Results 52
4.3.1 Target word region 52
4.3.2 Pre-target and post-target region 53
4.4 Discussion 56
Chapter 5 59
5.1 Method 61
5.1.1 Participants 61
5.1.2 Materials and Design 61
5.1.3 Norming studies 65
5.1.3.1 Norming study one: Cloze Task 65
5.1.3.2 Norming study two: Plausibility Rating 65
5.1.3.3 Norming study three: Semantic Relatedness Rating 66
5.1.4 Procedure 68
5.2 Results 70
5.3 Discussion 75
Chapter 6 79
6.1 Dynamic processing of context influence and meaning dominance 79
6.2 The competition account of subordinate bias effect 82
6.3 Time course of activation of ‘unselected’ semantic representation 83
6.4 Future Research 86
Reference 89
Appendixes 95
A. Examples of questionnaire in Norming study two: Meaning Relatedness Task (Experiment 1) 95
B. Norming study four: Contextual Bias Task (Experiment 1) 96
C. Experiment materials of Experiment 1 97
D. Experiment materials of Experiment 2 100		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同形異義詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 眼動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙歧義解困zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 次要語義偏向效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口語理解-視覺典範zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Homographen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Eye movementsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lexical ambiguity resolutionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subordinate bias effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Visual world paradigmen_US
dc.title (題名) 詞彙歧義解困的次要語義偏向效應再視：中文多義詞的眼動研究證據zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Revisiting the subordinate bias effect of lexical ambiguity resolution: evidence from eye movements in reading Chineseen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
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