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題名 論台灣華語 [gei wo]、台灣閩南語 [ka gua]、及台灣客語 [lau ngai]句式的語法化
On the Grammaticalization of Taiwan Mandarin [gei wo], Taiwan Southern Min [ka gua], and Taiwan Hakka [lau ngai] constructions作者 曾柏溫 貢獻者 賴惠玲
曾柏溫關鍵詞 給字句
語法化
主觀化
主觀性
祈使句
評價用法
give construction
grammaticalization
subjectivity
subjectification
imperative construction
evaluative meaning日期 2011 上傳時間 30-十月-2012 11:16:30 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文採用Traugott (2010)及Hopper and Traugott (2003)的語法化觀點，探討台灣華語「給我」、台灣閩南語「共我」、及台灣客語「摎ngai」句式在動前位置的祈使用法，主要分析產生此祈使用法的背後動因與機制，包含類推(analogy)、重新分析(reanalysis)、轉喻(metonymy)、語用強化(pragmatic strengthening)、及語言接觸(language contact)等概念。本論文的另一焦點為探討台灣華語「給我」的評價用法，此為台灣華語的新興用法，尚未見於台灣閩南語及台灣客語中。本研究將提出，語法化、主觀性(subjectivity)、及主觀化(subjectification)能闡釋新興用法產生的動因與機制。
This thesis aims to investigate the preverbal [gei wo], [ka gua], and [lau ngai] construction in Taiwan Mandarin, Taiwan Southern Min, and Taiwan Hakka. The original meaning of these constructions presents beneficial meaning, but they can also frequently appear in imperative constructions. While the extant literature has discussed the pragmatic functions of the imperative meaning, why and how the imperative meaning emerges is still unexplored. Aspects of grammaticalization are adopted (cf. Traugott 2010; Hopper and Traugott 2003). To elaborate how and why the imperative meaning emerges, syntactic and semantic mechanisms and their motivations are proposed. The other issue of the thesis aims to explore the newly emergent evaluative [gei wo] construction in Taiwan Mandarin. In addition to mechanisms and motivation for its development, the notion of subjectivity and subjectification plays a crucial role to account for the motivation for the emergence of the construction in question. Overall, this thesis illuminates the notion that the emergence of special constructions can derive from their original constructions through cognitive and functional foundation.參考文獻 Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2010. Imperatives and Commands. Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Anttila, Raimo. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistic. The Macmillan Company, New York.Anttila, Raimo. 2003. Analogy: The warp and woof of cognition. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Joseph, Brian D., and Richard D. Janda, 425-440. Oxley: Blackwell. Athanasiadou, Ankeliki. 2007. On the subjectivity of intensifiers. Language Science 29.4: 554-565.Barcelena, Antonio (ed.). 2000. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Campbell, Lyle, and Richard Janda. 2001. Introduction: Conceptions of grammaticalization and their problems. Language Sciences 23: 93-112.Chang, Li-hsiang. 2008. Stance uses of the Mandarin LE constructions in conversational discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 41.11: 2240-2256.Chen, Hongyao. 2010. Function and Cognition of Modern Chinese Adverb "Ye". PhD. Dissertation. Northeast Normal University.Cheng, Ying and Tsao, Feng-fu. 1995. Minnanyu ka yongfa zhijian de guanxi [The relationships between the uses of ka in Southern Min]. Language Teaching and Linguistics in Taiwan, Vol. I: Southern Min, ed. by Feng-fu Tsao and Mei-hui Tsai, 23-45. Taipei: Crane.De Smet, Hendrik. 2009. Analyzing reanalysis. Lingua 119: 1728-1755.De Smet, Hendrik and Jean-Christophe Verstraete. 2006. Coming to terms with subjectivity. Cognitive Linguistics 17.3: 365-392.Djamouri, Redouane and Waltraud Paul . 2009. Verb-to-preposition reanalysis in Chinese. Historical syntax and linguistic theory, eds. by Crisma, P., and Longobardi, G., 194-211. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Fisher, Olga C. M. 2007. Morphosyntactic Change: Functional and Formal Perspectives (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology, 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Fischer, Olga C. M. 2008. On analogy as the motivation for grammaticalization. Studies in Language 32.2: 336-382.Fischer, Olga C. M. 2010. An analogical approach to grammaticalization. Grammaticalization: Current Views and Issues, eds. by K. Stathi, E. Gehweiler and E. König, 181-219. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.Fischer, Olga C. M. 2010. An iconic, analogical approach to grammaticalization. Signergy, eds. by C.J. Conradie, R. Johl, M. Beukes, O. Fischer and C. Ljungberg, 279-298. Amsterdam [etc.]: Benjamins.Haiman, John. (ed.) 1985. Iconicity in Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Harris, Alice and Campbell, Lyle. 1995. Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Harris, Alice. 2005.Cross-linguistic perspectives on syntactic change. The Handbook. of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda, 529-551. Malden: Blackwell.Heine, Bernd, Claudi, Ilrike, and Hünnemeyer, Friederike. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Heine, Bernd. 2002. On the role of context in grammaticalization. New Reflections on Grammaticalization, eds. by I. Wischer and G. Diewald, 83-102. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.Heine, Bernd. 2003. Grammaticalization. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Joseph, Brian D., and Richard D. Janda, 441-480. Oxley: Blackwell. Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Her, One-Soon. 2006. Justifying part-of-speech assignments for Mandarin gei. Lingua 116.8, 1274-1302.Hideki, Kimura. 2005. Beijinghua geiziju kuozhanwei beidongju de yuyidongyin. [On the semantic motivation of the extension of sentences with gei into passive ones in Beijing dialect]. Hanyu Xuebao 10: 14-21.Hock, Hans Henrich. 2003. Analogical change. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Joseph, Brian D., and Richard D. Janda, 575-601. Oxley: Blackwell. Hoefler, Stefan. and Andrew D. M. Smith 2008. Reanalysis vs Metaphor: What grammaticalisation CAN tell us about language evolution. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Evolution of Language, eds. by A. D. M. Smith and K. Smith and R. Ferrer-i-Cancho, 163-170. World Scientific.Holyoak, Keith James. 2005. Analogy. The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning, eds. by Keith James Holyoak and Robert G. Morrison, 117-142. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Hopper, Paul J., and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2003. Grammaticalization (2nd edition). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Hu, Huiying. 2007. An Analysis of the Modern Chinese GEI Constructions-the CG-Based Approach. MA thesis, Anhui University.Kövecses, Zoltán and Radden, Günter. 1998. Metonymy: Developing a cognitive linguistic view. Cognitive Linguistics 9.1: 37-77.Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago.Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: Embodied Mind and It`s Challenge to Western Thought. NY: Basic Books.Lai, Huei-ling. 2001. On Hakka BUN: A case of polygrammaticalization. Language and Linguistics 2.2: 137-153.Lai, Huei-ling. 2003a. Hakka LAU constructions: a constructional approach. Language and Linguistics 4.3: 353-378.Lai, Huei-ling. 2003b. The semantic extension of Hakka LAU. Language and Linguistics 4.3: 533-561.Langacker, R. W. 1999. Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton der Gruyter.Lee, Chiachun. 2008. Contact-Induced Grammatical Change: The Case of GEI in Taiwan Mandarin. PhD. Dissertation, National Tsinghua University.Lee, Chiachun. 2009. Gei3 in Taiwanese Mandarin: Newly developed constructions, sources and layers. Research in Theoretical Linguistics 3: 36-58.Lehmann, Christian.1985. Grammaticalization: synchronic and diachronic change. Lingua e Stile 20: 303-318.Lehmann, Christian. 2002. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Second, revised edition. Erfurt: Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität (ASSidUE, 9).Lehmann, Christian. 2002. New reflections on grammaticalization and lexicalization. New Reflections on Grammaticalization, eds. by Wischer, Ilse and Diewald, Gabriele, 1-18.Amsterdam & Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1991. Semantic change and heterosemy in grammaticalization. Language 67.3: 475-509.Lien, Chinfa. 2002. Grammatical function words 乞, 度, 共, 甲, 將 and 力 in Li4 Jing4 Ji4 荔鏡記 and their Development in Southern Min. Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology: Linguistic Section. Dialect Variations in Chinese, ed. by Dah-an Ho, 179-216. Institute of Linguistics, Preparatory Office.Martin, James R. and P. R. R. White. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.Meillet, Antoine.1912. L`évolution des formes grammaticales. Scientia (Rivista di scienza) 12.26: 384-400.Michaellis, Laura A. 2003. Word meaning, sentence meaning and construction meaning. Cognitive Perspectives on Lexical Semantics, eds. by H. Cuyckens, R. Driven and J. Taylor, 163-209. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. (http://spot.colorado.edu/~michaeli/MichaelisWordMeaning.pdf, accessed April 22, 2012.)Newman, John. 1996. Give: A Cognitive Linguistic Study. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Newman, John (Eds). 1998. The Linguistics of Giving. [Studies in Typological Linguistics 36], 307-325. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Nuyts, Jan. 2001. Subjectivity as an evidential dimension in epistemic modal expressions. Journal of Pragmatics 33.3: 383-400.Powell, M. J. 1992. The systematic development of correlated interpersonal and metalinguistic uses in stance adverbs. Cognitive Linguistics 3: 75-110.Shang, Guowen. 2010. Deviation and limit of subjective quantity: an analysis of the semantics of tai ‘too’ in Mandarin. Journal of Applied Chinese 7: 255-287.Shang, Guowen. 2011. The Subjectivity of Adjectives in Spoken Mandarin. PhD. Dissertation. National University of Singapore.Shen, Jiaxuan. 1999 Zai zi ju he gei zi ju [Zai construction and Gei construction]. Zhongguo Yuwen 269: 94-102.Soh, Hooi Ling. 2009. Speaker presupposition and Mandarin Chinese sentence-final -le: a unified analysis of “change of state” and the “contrary to expectation’ reading. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 27.3: 623-657.Stern, Gustaf. 1968 [1931]. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Orig. publ. Goteborg, Elanders boktryckeri aktiebolag, 1931.)Su, Chien-tang. 2011. Exploration of the Multifunctional Preposition ‘共’ in MinQin Southern Min Scrip. Paper presented at NSC-ANR Workshop on Reflections of Diachronic Change Mirrored in Early Southern Min Texts. Nov. 26-27. National Tsing Hua University. Taiwan.Sun, C.C. June. 2003. The grammaticalization and lexicalization of the pragmatic marker gĕi wo in Mandarin. Lacus Forum 29: Linguistics and the Real World, eds. by Douglas W. Coleman, William J. Sullivan, and Arle Lommel, 349-358. Houston: LACUS.Tai, James H-Y. 1985. Temporal sequence and Chinese word order. Iconicity in Syntax, ed. by John Haiman, 49-72. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Tai, James H-Y. 1993. Iconicity: motivations in Chinese grammar. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory: Studies in Honor of Gerald A. Sanders, eds. by Mushira Eid and Gregory Iverson, 153-173. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Takahashi, Hidemitsu. 2004. The English Imperative: A Cognitive and Functional Analysis. Ph.D. Thesis, Hokkaido University.Takahashi, Hidemitsu. 2011. The imperative in English: The Six-Parameter Approach to Analyzing its Force. Journal of the Graduate School of Letters 6: 1-13. Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido UniversityTraugott, Elizabeth Closs and Ekkehard König. 1991. The semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited. Approaches to Grammaticalization, eds. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine, 189-218. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Dasher, Richard B. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Graeme Trousdale. 2010. Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization: How do they intersect? Gradience, Gradualness, and Grammaticalization, eds. by Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Graeme Trousdale, 19-44. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Bernd Heine (eds.). 1991. Approaches to Grammaticzlization. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1995. Subjectification in grammaticalization. Subjectivity and Subjectivisation, eds. by Dieter Stein and Susan Wright, 37-54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2010a. Grammaticalization. Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics, eds. by Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik, 269-283. London: Continuum Press.Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2010b. (Inter)subjectivity and (inter)subjectification: a reassessment. Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization, eds. by Davidse, Kristin, Vandelanotte, Lieven, Cuyckens, Hubert. M. de Gruyter.Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2011. Pragmatics and language change. The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics, eds. by Keith Allan and Kasia Jaszczolt, 549-565. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Tsai, W.-T. D. 2009. A Topography of Affective and Focus Constructions in Chinese. Lecture of Research Center of Theoritical Linguistics, Language University, Beijing, China.Tsai, W.-T. D. 2010. 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The Grammaticalization of Gei. Yin Dou Xue Kan. 30.4: 108-114. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98555014
100資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555014 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 賴惠玲 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 曾柏溫 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 曾柏溫 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2011 en_US dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 11:16:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 11:16:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 11:16:30 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0098555014 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54513 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98555014 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文採用Traugott (2010)及Hopper and Traugott (2003)的語法化觀點，探討台灣華語「給我」、台灣閩南語「共我」、及台灣客語「摎ngai」句式在動前位置的祈使用法，主要分析產生此祈使用法的背後動因與機制，包含類推(analogy)、重新分析(reanalysis)、轉喻(metonymy)、語用強化(pragmatic strengthening)、及語言接觸(language contact)等概念。本論文的另一焦點為探討台灣華語「給我」的評價用法，此為台灣華語的新興用法，尚未見於台灣閩南語及台灣客語中。本研究將提出，語法化、主觀性(subjectivity)、及主觀化(subjectification)能闡釋新興用法產生的動因與機制。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis aims to investigate the preverbal [gei wo], [ka gua], and [lau ngai] construction in Taiwan Mandarin, Taiwan Southern Min, and Taiwan Hakka. The original meaning of these constructions presents beneficial meaning, but they can also frequently appear in imperative constructions. While the extant literature has discussed the pragmatic functions of the imperative meaning, why and how the imperative meaning emerges is still unexplored. Aspects of grammaticalization are adopted (cf. Traugott 2010; Hopper and Traugott 2003). To elaborate how and why the imperative meaning emerges, syntactic and semantic mechanisms and their motivations are proposed. The other issue of the thesis aims to explore the newly emergent evaluative [gei wo] construction in Taiwan Mandarin. In addition to mechanisms and motivation for its development, the notion of subjectivity and subjectification plays a crucial role to account for the motivation for the emergence of the construction in question. Overall, this thesis illuminates the notion that the emergence of special constructions can derive from their original constructions through cognitive and functional foundation. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgment ivTable of Contents vFigures and Tables viiiChinese Abstract xEnglish Abstract xiCHAPTERⅠ. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Motivation and Purpose 11.2 Organization of the Thesis 5Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW 72.1 Studies on Gei in TM 82.1.1 Semantic Extensions of Gei 82.1.1.1 Newman (1996) 82.1.1.2 Her (2006) 92.1.1.3 Hu (2007) 102.1.1.4 Lee (2008, 2009) 112.1.2 [Gei Wo] in TM 142.1.2.1 Generative Perspective Studies 142.1.2.2 Semantic Extension Studies 162.1.2.3 Grammaticalization Studies 172.2 Studies on Semantic Extensions of Ka in TSM 192.3 Studies on Semantic Extensions of Lau in TH 202.4 Remarks 22Ⅲ. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 253.1 Mechanisms for Syntactic Change 273.1.1 Reanalysis 273.1.2 Analogy 353.2 Mechanisms for Semantic Change 383.2.1 Metaphorization 383.2.2 Metonymization 393.3 Motivation for Language Change 433.3.1 Pragmatic Strengthening 433.3.2 Subjectivity, Subjectification, and Counter-expectation 453.4 Remarks 50Ⅳ. ANALYSIS 534.1 The Emergence of Imperative Meaning 534.1.1 Mechanisms for Syntactic Change: Reanalysis and Analogy 534.1.2 Mechanisms for Semantic Change: Metonymy 654.2 The Emergence of Evaluative Meaning in TM 734.2.1 Mechanism for Syntactic Change: Analogy 744.2.2 Mechanisms for Semantic Change: Metonymy 754.3 Motivation for Language Change 774.3.1 Pragmatic Strengthening 774.3.2 Subjectivity, Subjectification, and Counter-expectation 884.4 Remarks 98Ⅴ. CONCLUDING REMARKS 1015.1 Summary of the Thesis 1015.2 Implications and Future Studies 104REFERENCES 107 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555014 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 給字句 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語法化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主觀化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主觀性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 祈使句 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 評價用法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) give construction en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) grammaticalization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) subjectivity en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) subjectification en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) imperative construction en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) evaluative meaning en_US dc.title (題名) 論台灣華語 [gei wo]、台灣閩南語 [ka gua]、及台灣客語 [lau ngai]句式的語法化 zh_TW dc.title (題名) On the Grammaticalization of Taiwan Mandarin [gei wo], Taiwan Southern Min [ka gua], and Taiwan Hakka [lau ngai] constructions en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2010. Imperatives and Commands. Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Anttila, Raimo. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistic. The Macmillan Company, New York.Anttila, Raimo. 2003. Analogy: The warp and woof of cognition. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Joseph, Brian D., and Richard D. Janda, 425-440. Oxley: Blackwell. Athanasiadou, Ankeliki. 2007. On the subjectivity of intensifiers. Language Science 29.4: 554-565.Barcelena, Antonio (ed.). 2000. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Campbell, Lyle, and Richard Janda. 2001. Introduction: Conceptions of grammaticalization and their problems. Language Sciences 23: 93-112.Chang, Li-hsiang. 2008. Stance uses of the Mandarin LE constructions in conversational discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 41.11: 2240-2256.Chen, Hongyao. 2010. Function and Cognition of Modern Chinese Adverb "Ye". PhD. Dissertation. Northeast Normal University.Cheng, Ying and Tsao, Feng-fu. 1995. Minnanyu ka yongfa zhijian de guanxi [The relationships between the uses of ka in Southern Min]. Language Teaching and Linguistics in Taiwan, Vol. I: Southern Min, ed. by Feng-fu Tsao and Mei-hui Tsai, 23-45. Taipei: Crane.De Smet, Hendrik. 2009. Analyzing reanalysis. Lingua 119: 1728-1755.De Smet, Hendrik and Jean-Christophe Verstraete. 2006. Coming to terms with subjectivity. Cognitive Linguistics 17.3: 365-392.Djamouri, Redouane and Waltraud Paul . 2009. Verb-to-preposition reanalysis in Chinese. Historical syntax and linguistic theory, eds. by Crisma, P., and Longobardi, G., 194-211. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Fisher, Olga C. M. 2007. Morphosyntactic Change: Functional and Formal Perspectives (Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology, 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Fischer, Olga C. M. 2008. On analogy as the motivation for grammaticalization. Studies in Language 32.2: 336-382.Fischer, Olga C. M. 2010. An analogical approach to grammaticalization. Grammaticalization: Current Views and Issues, eds. by K. Stathi, E. Gehweiler and E. König, 181-219. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.Fischer, Olga C. M. 2010. An iconic, analogical approach to grammaticalization. Signergy, eds. by C.J. Conradie, R. Johl, M. Beukes, O. Fischer and C. Ljungberg, 279-298. Amsterdam [etc.]: Benjamins.Haiman, John. (ed.) 1985. Iconicity in Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Harris, Alice and Campbell, Lyle. 1995. Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Harris, Alice. 2005.Cross-linguistic perspectives on syntactic change. The Handbook. of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda, 529-551. Malden: Blackwell.Heine, Bernd, Claudi, Ilrike, and Hünnemeyer, Friederike. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Heine, Bernd. 2002. On the role of context in grammaticalization. New Reflections on Grammaticalization, eds. by I. Wischer and G. Diewald, 83-102. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.Heine, Bernd. 2003. Grammaticalization. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Joseph, Brian D., and Richard D. Janda, 441-480. Oxley: Blackwell. Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Her, One-Soon. 2006. Justifying part-of-speech assignments for Mandarin gei. Lingua 116.8, 1274-1302.Hideki, Kimura. 2005. Beijinghua geiziju kuozhanwei beidongju de yuyidongyin. [On the semantic motivation of the extension of sentences with gei into passive ones in Beijing dialect]. Hanyu Xuebao 10: 14-21.Hock, Hans Henrich. 2003. Analogical change. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, eds. by Joseph, Brian D., and Richard D. Janda, 575-601. Oxley: Blackwell. Hoefler, Stefan. and Andrew D. M. Smith 2008. Reanalysis vs Metaphor: What grammaticalisation CAN tell us about language evolution. 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